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Economy of Brazil vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Brazil has a GDP of $2.28T compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 11/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $2.13T in government debt (93.3% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Brazil vs Norway GDP by year

Brazil
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Norway
2025 $2,279,920,092,492 $530,755,719,439
2024 $2,185,821,610,689 $500,886,328,034
2023 $2,191,131,765,685 $502,197,633,323
2022 $1,951,923,942,083 $617,321,834,099
2021 $1,670,647,398,905 $521,592,200,233
2020 $1,476,107,231,310 $382,252,517,922
2019 $1,873,288,205,060 $424,244,886,364
2018 $1,916,933,898,011 $454,588,871,811
2017 $2,063,514,977,366 $415,673,181,543
2016 $1,795,693,482,853 $383,284,047,619
2015 $1,802,212,206,815 $400,669,174,331
2014 $2,456,043,727,199 $515,829,568,897
2013 $2,472,819,535,557 $540,132,255,319
2012 $2,465,227,802,807 $525,082,939,407
2011 $2,616,156,223,918 $512,868,581,628
2010 $2,208,837,745,101 $440,132,138,425
2009 $1,666,996,438,581 $395,664,488,017
2008 $1,695,855,083,498 $472,060,283,688
2007 $1,397,114,486,369 $407,813,774,161
2006 $1,107,626,541,435 $349,773,283,645
2005 $891,633,839,894 $311,417,306,946
2004 $669,289,424,806 $265,662,977,688
2003 $558,233,745,652 $229,192,678,173
2002 $509,795,273,807 $195,359,978,957
2001 $559,983,634,799 $173,590,978,347
2000 $655,448,231,984 $170,620,327,660
1999 $599,642,024,320 $161,304,620,987
1998 $863,710,759,256 $152,955,958,172
1997 $883,206,179,730 $160,013,571,974
1996 $850,426,432,992 $162,427,517,132
1995 $769,333,050,987 $151,083,627,983
1994 $525,369,467,296 $126,324,387,894
1993 $368,292,034,381 $119,841,699,440
1992 $328,191,909,882 $129,998,873,602
1991 $342,534,090,909 $121,149,331,318
1990 $384,959,818,182 $119,344,377,526
1989 $412,990,820,287 $102,226,808,603
1988 $307,881,930,752 $101,497,621,605
1987 $283,056,836,894 $93,913,320,965
1986 $256,480,852,471 $78,438,205,742
1985 $210,879,844,639 $65,211,464,198
1984 $188,339,974,087 $61,866,078,539
1983 $189,656,506,321 $61,417,685,434
1982 $271,314,113,768 $62,453,362,256
1981 $258,015,174,749 $63,392,804,251
1980 $237,393,489,893 $64,176,789,764
1979 $221,338,204,480 $52,935,763,512
1978 $200,278,646,124 $46,355,988,784
1977 $176,344,101,402 $41,362,637,363
1976 $153,168,949,208 $35,815,449,464
1975 $129,203,555,239 $32,742,543,381
1974 $109,794,519,728 $27,033,413,362
1973 $83,592,275,863 $22,433,660,550
1972 $58,434,858,375 $17,283,931,878
1971 $48,869,830,902 $14,523,306,736
1970 $42,327,664,794 $12,753,503,479
1969 $37,171,640,819 $11,083,505,596
1968 $33,930,457,425 $10,178,705,992
1967 $31,086,389,195 $9,532,076,026
1966 $28,283,323,733 $8,712,528,095
1965 $22,465,522,884 $8,073,570,566
1964 $20,963,733,695 $7,172,430,304
1963 $23,287,712,878 $6,522,268,053
1962 $19,231,747,852 $6,078,186,245
1961 $17,275,940,449 $5,642,867,672
1960 $17,030,465,539 $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Norway by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $10,713 - $94,594 -
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $2,581 $6,688 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $2,819 - $24,185 -
1988 $2,141 - $24,112 -
1987 $2,006 - $22,430 -
1986 $1,854 - $18,822 -
1985 $1,556 - $15,704 -
1984 $1,420 - $14,943 -
1983 $1,461 - $14,877 -
1982 $2,138 - $15,178 -
1981 $2,080 - $15,463 -
1980 $1,959 - $15,708 -
1979 $1,870 - $12,998 -
1978 $1,733 - $11,421 -
1977 $1,562 - $10,230 -
1976 $1,390 - $8,896 -
1975 $1,201 - $8,171 -
1974 $1,045 - $6,783 -
1973 $815 - $5,664 -
1972 $583 - $4,395 -
1971 $500 - $3,721 -
1970 $444 - $3,291 -
1969 $399 - $2,881 -
1968 $374 - $2,667 -
1967 $351 - $2,519 -
1966 $328 - $2,321 -
1965 $268 - $2,168 -
1964 $257.3 - $1,941 -
1963 $294.2 - $1,779 -
1962 $250.2 - $1,670 -
1961 $231.6 - $1,563 -
1960 $235.3 - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,713, ranking 85/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Brazil Norway
Gross domestic product
$2.28T
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
11/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
2.29%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$10,713
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$2.13T
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
93.3%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,999
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,555
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$871B
2025
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires
386,000
2026
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires
70
2026
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
39.3%
2024
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2024
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.4%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
14.5%
2026
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
5.83%
2025
4.5%
2025
Population
213964342
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.4% 93.3% 49.6% 45%
2024 45.5% 87% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 45.3% 84% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 46.2% 96% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 43% 87.1% 48.4% 39%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 44% 28.8%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 40.4% 63% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 41.9% 67% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 39.7% 68% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 46.3% 34%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 45.9% 26%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 - 28% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 - 30% 49.7% 51%
1993 - 32.6% 50.5% 54%
1992 - 37.1% 51.6% 45.3%
1991 - 38.1% 50.3% 39.5%
1990 - 40.6% 49.1% 29.1%
1989 - 40.2% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 - 46.9% 52.6% 30.5%
1987 - 50.3% 50.5% 31.3%
1986 11.7% 49.4% 48.1% 37.8%
1985 11.1% 52.6% 44% 30.2%
1984 10% 55.8% 44.5% 27.8%
1983 9.7% 51.5% 46.4% 27.4%
1982 8.1% 32.8% 46.6% 29.7%
1981 7.8% 34.6% 46.1% 32.9%
1980 6.8% 39.7% 46.1% 36.8%
1979 9% 36.6% 47.2% 39.6%
1978 10.2% 37% 47.9% 49.9%
1977 10.4% 31% 46.5% 43.8%
1976 10.6% 31.8% 45.2% 38.5%
1975 10.7% 27.7% 43.5% 36.7%
1974 10.5% 25.7% 42.2% 35.4%
1973 11% 22.4% 42.3% 37.7%
1972 12.6% 22.5% 42.2% 38.9%
1971 11.7% 17.9% 40.7% 38.5%
1970 11.4% 17% 38.9% 38.6%
1969 11.2% 16.5% 38% 22.3%
1968 14.4% 15.8% 36.2% 22.5%
1967 13.5% 13.8% 34.9% 22.6%
1966 14.6% 19.6% 33.5% 22.4%
1965 14% 17.6% 32.9% 23%
1964 25.4% 22.2% 32% 24.2%
1963 22.8% 20.4% 31.9% 25.3%
1962 23.1% 23.7% 30.6% 26.7%
1961 12% 25.7% 20.4% 27.7%
1960 13.7% 22.3% 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government spending was $1.08T, accounting for 47.4% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 93.3% in Brazil and 45% in Norway, ranking 29/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Norway
2025 -8.07% 9.34%
2024 -6.17% 12.8%
2023 -7.71% 15.9%
2022 -3.96% 24.7%
2021 -2.63% 9.93%
2020 -11.6% -2.46%
2019 -4.86% 6.28%
2018 -6.99% 7.56%
2017 -7.97% 4.79%
2016 -7.99% 3.91%
2015 -9.28% 5.8%
2014 -6.27% 8.34%
2013 -3.42% 10.3%
2012 -2.35% 13.4%
2011 -2.74% 13%
2010 -3.55% 10.6%
2009 -4.23% 10%
2008 -2.39% 18.3%
2007 -2.66% 16.8%
2006 -4.87% 17.7%
2005 -3.36% 14.7%
2004 -2.95% 10.8%
2003 -5.4% 7.21%
2002 -4.15% 9.05%
2001 -3.47% 13.2%
2000 -3.32% 15.1%
1999 -5.17% 5.75%
1998 -7.22% 3.09%
1997 -5.6% 7.41%
1996 -5.35% 6.05%
1995 - 2.98%
1994 - 0.04%
1993 - -1.65%
1992 - -2.08%
1991 - -0.12%
1990 - 1.96%
1989 - 1.81%
1988 - 2.65%
1987 - 4.56%
1986 -1.6% 5.87%
1985 -1.3% 9.84%
1984 -0.4% 6.97%
1983 0.1% 6.03%
1982 1.4% 3.96%
1981 1% 4.82%
1980 2.5% 5.38%
1979 0.4% 2.16%
1978 -0.1% 0.94%
1977 0.1% 1.01%
1976 0.1% 2.2%
1975 0% 2.88%
1974 0.6% 4.06%
1973 0.1% 4.99%
1972 -0.1% 3.93%
1971 -0.3% 3.71%
1970 -0.4% 2.83%
1969 -0.6% 3.57%
1968 -1.6% 3.38%
1967 -2.1% 4.19%
1966 -1.3% 3.59%
1965 -2% 2.78%
1964 -8.79% 3.08%
1963 -5.78% 2.6%
1962 -6.82% 4%
1961 -2.93% -0.7%
1960 -3.85% 1.42%
1959 -0.18% 1.89%
1958 -0.76% 1.7%
1957 -0.29% 1.55%
1956 -0.14% 1.22%
1955 -0.62% 0.82%
1954 -0.49% -0.54%
1953 -1.26% 1.3%
1952 0.64% 2.15%
1951 0.87% 1.59%
1950 -1.58% -0.89%
1949 -1.22% -0.72%
1948 0.002% -0.35%
1947 0.25% -4.66%
1946 -1.78% -3.82%
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -0.54%
1938 -0.59% 0.03%
1937 -1.62% -0.16%
1936 -0.27% -0.7%
1935 -0.5% -1.1%
1934 -2.28% -0.59%
1933 -1.56% -1.29%
1932 -6.47% -1.14%
1931 -1.56% -1.15%
1930 -3.58% -0.46%
1929 -0.09% -0.83%
1928 0.57% -0.81%
1927 0.12% -0.76%
1926 -0.76% -1.59%
1925 -0.07% -1.92%
1924 -0.45% -2.96%
1923 -1.94% -3.58%
1922 -3.8% -4.28%
1921 -2.98% -5.47%
1920 -3.11% -1.15%
1919 -3.69% -2.11%
1918 -4.51% -1.17%
1917 -4.8% 0.2%
1916 -4.35% -0.36%
1915 -6.33% -2.04%
1914 -7.32% -1.09%
1913 -1.91% -0.9%
1912 -3.05% -0.89%
1911 -2.15% -0.05%
1910 -2.06% 0.3%
1909 -1.62% -0.52%
1908 -1.89% -0.06%
1907 0.38% 0.16%
1906 0.28% -0.59%
1905 0.96% -0.52%
1904 -0.62% -0.75%
1903 1.79% -1.12%
1902 1.59% -1.52%
1901 -2.46% -1.41%
1900 -5.57% -1.99%
1899 -2.13% -1.35%
1898 -14% -1.39%
1897 -2.38% -0.63%
1896 -0.79% -1.57%
1895 -1.33% -1.66%
1894 -4.11% -1.13%
1893 -1.77% -1.25%
1892 -2.6% -0.94%
1891 0.51% -0.44%
1890 -3.02% -0.2%
1889 -3.79% -0.07%
1888 0.63% -0.23%
1887 -0.76% -0.17%
1886 -3.8% -0.2%
1885 -5.71% -0.005%
1884 -3.89% -0.08%
1883 -3.33% -0.17%
1882 -1.58% -0.62%
1881 -1.9% -1.13%
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $184B, equivalent to 8.07% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 47 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 5 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 3.32% of GDP, compared to surplus of 6.35% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Norway
2025 5% 3.06%
2024 4.4% 3.15%
2023 4.6% 5.52%
2022 9.3% 5.76%
2021 8.3% 3.48%
2020 3.2% 1.29%
2019 3.7% 2.17%
2018 3.7% 2.76%
2017 3.4% 1.88%
2016 8.7% 3.55%
2015 9% 2.17%
2014 6.3% 2.04%
2013 6.2% 2.12%
2012 5.4% 0.7%
2011 6.6% 1.28%
2010 5% 2.42%
2009 4.9% 2.2%
2008 5.7% 3.75%
2007 3.6% 0.71%
2006 4.2% 2.33%
2005 6.9% 1.53%
2004 6.6% 0.45%
2003 14.7% 2.49%
2002 8.4% 1.29%
2001 6.8% 3%
2000 7% 3.09%
1999 4.9% 2.37%
1998 3.2% 2.25%
1997 6.9% 2.57%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.09%, compared with 2.46% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 5% in Brazil and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.13B
Machinery & equipment $200M
Raw agricultural goods $154M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $30.2M
Animal & marine products $17.2M
Metals $12.8M
Chemicals & pharma $3.07M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.77M
Wood & paper products $1.57M
Weapons & explosives $756K
Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $411M
Miscellaneous $258M
Animal & marine products $111M
Metals $88.5M
Raw materials & minerals $36.9M
Chemicals & pharma $28M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.81M
Wood & paper products $2.65M
Precious metals & jewellery $872K

Balance of trade

Brazil Norway
Current account balance
-$66.7B
2025
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2025
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.93%
2025
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$291B
2025
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$351B
2025
$177B
2025
Service imports
$105B
2025
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$54.4B
2025
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.5%
2025
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.8%
2025
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Norway
Economic freedom 52.4 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 9/197
Property rights 49.2 99.6
Government integrity 37.2 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 96.4
Tax burden 70.6 63.3
Government spending 39.8 42
Fiscal health 28 96.4
Business freedom 65.7 91.2
Labor freedom 57 69.3
Monetary freedom 76 72.4
Trade freedom 69 85.6
Investment freedom 40 75
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Norway
2026 52.4 78.8
2025 55.1 78.3
2024 53.2 77.5
2023 53.5 76.9
2022 53.3 76.9
2021 53.4 73.4
2020 53.7 73.4
2019 51.9 73
2018 51.4 74.3
2017 52.9 74
2016 56.5 70.8
2015 56.6 71.8
2014 56.9 70.9
2013 57.7 70.5
2012 57.9 68.8
2011 56.3 70.3
2010 55.6 69.4
2009 56.7 70.2
2008 56.2 68.6
2007 56.2 67.9
2006 60.9 67.9
2005 61.7 64.5
2004 62 66.2
2003 63.4 67.2
2002 61.5 67.4
2001 61.9 67.1
2000 61.1 70.1
1999 61.3 68.6
1998 52.3 68
1997 52.6 65.1
1996 48.1 65.4
1995 51.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Norway
Services, % of GDP
59.7%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
20.1%
2025
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.09%
2025
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.25T
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,670
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$359B
2025
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2025
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.5B
2025
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$5.62B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.1%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/norway | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.