Indonesia ranked 16/197 by economy size with a GDP of $1.4T and 119/197 by GDP per capita at $4,925. Indonesia has $561B in government debt, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 41%.
In 2025, Indonesia made up 1.26% of the world's economy, compared to 0.25% in 1967.
The chart below shows GDP in nominal terms, GDP adjusted for inflation (in constant dollars), and a bar chart of year-over-year inflation-adjusted growth.
| Year | GDP | GDP growth | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current $ | Constant $ | ||
| 1960 | - | $52,777,607,845 | - |
| 1961 | - | $55,807,383,385 | - |
| 1962 | - | $56,835,342,943 | - |
| 1963 | - | $55,563,919,279 | - |
| 1964 | - | $57,525,157,910 | - |
| 1965 | - | $58,147,343,958 | - |
| 1966 | - | $59,770,437,998 | - |
| 1967 | $5,667,756,628 | $60,595,510,801 | - |
| 1968 | $7,076,465,300 | $67,209,619,011 | 24.9% |
| 1969 | $8,337,423,313 | $71,794,859,672 | 17.8% |
| 1970 | $9,150,684,932 | $77,218,698,920 | 9.75% |
| 1971 | $9,333,536,370 | $82,642,538,168 | 2% |
| 1972 | $10,997,590,361 | $88,458,625,142 | 17.8% |
| 1973 | $16,273,253,012 | $95,627,290,483 | 48% |
| 1974 | $25,802,409,639 | $102,928,121,319 | 58.6% |
| 1975 | $30,463,855,422 | $108,051,163,594 | 18.1% |
| 1976 | $37,269,156,627 | $115,492,177,179 | 22.3% |
| 1977 | $45,808,915,663 | $125,610,822,866 | 22.9% |
| 1978 | $51,455,719,076 | $134,110,994,998 | 12.3% |
| 1979 | $51,400,186,343 | $143,933,699,326 | -0.11% |
| 1980 | $72,482,337,397 | $158,154,460,399 | 41% |
| 1981 | $85,518,233,419 | $170,691,612,499 | 18% |
| 1982 | $90,158,449,295 | $174,526,106,274 | 5.43% |
| 1983 | $81,052,283,384 | $181,843,928,959 | -10.1% |
| 1984 | $84,853,700,028 | $194,528,502,793 | 4.69% |
| 1985 | $85,289,488,375 | $199,318,073,805 | 0.51% |
| 1986 | $79,954,072,545 | $211,028,100,540 | -6.26% |
| 1987 | $75,929,617,558 | $221,423,191,493 | -5.03% |
| 1988 | $84,300,174,486 | $234,222,555,729 | 11% |
| 1989 | $94,451,427,877 | $251,687,564,196 | 12% |
| 1990 | $106,140,727,334 | $269,915,108,913 | 12.4% |
| 1991 | $116,621,996,217 | $288,571,594,912 | 9.87% |
| 1992 | $128,026,966,580 | $307,321,553,097 | 9.78% |
| 1993 | $158,006,700,302 | $327,286,415,429 | 23.4% |
| 1994 | $176,892,143,932 | $351,963,716,551 | 12% |
| 1995 | $202,132,028,723 | $380,895,160,094 | 14.3% |
| 1996 | $227,369,679,375 | $410,674,256,276 | 12.5% |
| 1997 | $215,748,998,610 | $429,975,448,805 | -5.11% |
| 1998 | $95,445,547,873 | $373,533,751,956 | -55.8% |
| 1999 | $140,001,351,215 | $376,488,874,893 | 46.7% |
| 2000 | $165,021,012,078 | $395,012,382,598 | 17.9% |
| 2001 | $160,446,947,785 | $409,404,526,220 | -2.77% |
| 2002 | $195,660,611,165 | $427,825,582,126 | 21.9% |
| 2003 | $234,772,463,824 | $448,277,224,149 | 20% |
| 2004 | $256,836,875,295 | $470,829,486,220 | 9.4% |
| 2005 | $285,868,619,196 | $497,631,790,442 | 11.3% |
| 2006 | $364,570,515,618 | $525,006,275,303 | 27.5% |
| 2007 | $432,216,737,775 | $558,318,040,162 | 18.6% |
| 2008 | $510,228,634,992 | $591,893,632,243 | 18% |
| 2009 | $539,580,085,612 | $619,291,626,017 | 5.75% |
| 2010 | $755,094,157,622 | $657,835,433,774 | 39.9% |
| 2011 | $892,969,104,563 | $698,422,460,479 | 18.3% |
| 2012 | $917,869,913,333 | $740,537,688,618 | 2.79% |
| 2013 | $912,524,136,718 | $781,691,320,691 | -0.58% |
| 2014 | $890,814,755,534 | $820,828,013,231 | -2.38% |
| 2015 | $860,854,232,686 | $860,854,232,686 | -3.36% |
| 2016 | $931,877,364,038 | $904,181,621,780 | 8.25% |
| 2017 | $1,015,618,744,160 | $950,021,694,164 | 8.99% |
| 2018 | $1,042,271,532,989 | $999,178,586,309 | 2.62% |
| 2019 | $1,119,099,871,350 | $1,049,330,233,997 | 7.37% |
| 2020 | $1,059,054,842,698 | $1,027,656,193,885 | -5.37% |
| 2021 | $1,186,509,691,087 | $1,065,709,127,397 | 12% |
| 2022 | $1,319,101,183,380 | $1,122,268,412,650 | 11.2% |
| 2023 | $1,371,169,301,564 | $1,178,932,006,500 | 3.95% |
| 2024 | $1,396,300,098,191 | $1,238,236,350,137 | 1.83% |
Economic Statistics of Indonesia
Indonesia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$1.4T
2024 |
16/197 |
| GDP growth |
1.83%
2023-2024 |
165/196 |
| GDP per capita |
$4,925
2024 |
119/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$16,448
2024 |
107/197 |
| Government debt |
$561B
2024 |
17/185 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
41%
2025 |
132/185 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,979
2024 |
120/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$3,538
2025 |
134/197 |
| Listed domestic companies |
903
2023 |
10/103 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$758B
2023 |
16/100 |
| Number of millionaires |
178,605
2024 |
26/34 |
| Millionaire frequency |
1 in 1,066
2024 |
33/34 |
| Number of billionaires |
33
2025 |
19/78 |
| Billionaire frequency |
1 in 5,770,279
2025 |
61/78 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
28.8%
2024 |
74/169 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.5%
2024 |
36/169 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
16.7%
2025 |
179/195 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.18%
2023-2024 |
133/195 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4.75%
2025 |
63/105 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.31%
2023 |
144/196 |
| Population |
287460768
|
4/197 |
Indonesia's GDP per capita
Indonesia has a GDP per capita of $4,925, ranking 119/197, a GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) of $16,448, ranking 107/197, and a median annual after tax income of $3,538, ranking 134/197.
| Year | Current $ | |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1967 | $53.2 | - |
| 1968 | $64.7 | - |
| 1969 | $74.1 | - |
| 1970 | $79.1 | - |
| 1971 | $78.5 | - |
| 1972 | $90.1 | - |
| 1973 | $129.9 | - |
| 1974 | $200.7 | - |
| 1975 | $231.1 | - |
| 1976 | $275.7 | - |
| 1977 | $331 | - |
| 1978 | $362 | - |
| 1979 | $353 | - |
| 1980 | $487 | - |
| 1981 | $561 | - |
| 1982 | $578 | - |
| 1983 | $508 | - |
| 1984 | $520 | - |
| 1985 | $511 | - |
| 1986 | $470 | - |
| 1987 | $438 | - |
| 1988 | $477 | - |
| 1989 | $524 | - |
| 1990 | $578 | $3,044 |
| 1991 | $624 | $3,305 |
| 1992 | $674 | $3,538 |
| 1993 | $817 | $3,793 |
| 1994 | $900 | $4,096 |
| 1995 | $1,011 | $4,451 |
| 1996 | $1,119 | $4,807 |
| 1997 | $1,045 | $5,037 |
| 1998 | $455 | $4,356 |
| 1999 | $657 | $4,386 |
| 2000 | $764 | $4,639 |
| 2001 | $732 | $4,849 |
| 2002 | $881 | $5,076 |
| 2003 | $1,043 | $5,353 |
| 2004 | $1,127 | $5,700 |
| 2005 | $1,238 | $6,134 |
| 2006 | $1,558 | $6,583 |
| 2007 | $1,823 | $7,096 |
| 2008 | $2,125 | $7,569 |
| 2009 | $2,218 | $7,868 |
| 2010 | $3,066 | $8,353 |
| 2011 | $3,579 | $8,937 |
| 2012 | $3,632 | $9,530 |
| 2013 | $3,567 | $9,866 |
| 2014 | $3,441 | $10,065 |
| 2015 | $3,288 | $10,028 |
| 2016 | $3,521 | $10,263 |
| 2017 | $3,799 | $10,688 |
| 2018 | $3,861 | $11,372 |
| 2019 | $4,107 | $11,986 |
| 2020 | $3,854 | $11,729 |
| 2021 | $4,287 | $12,757 |
| 2022 | $4,731 | $14,285 |
| 2023 | $4,876 | $15,416 |
| 2024 | $4,925 | $16,448 |
Indonesia's government spending, deficit, and chart
This chart shows Indonesia's government spending, budget balance, and debt over time, each expressed as a share of GDP.
Over the past 50 years, Indonesia recorded a fiscal deficit in 43 years — average annual deficit equal to -1.38% of GDP. In 2024, government spending reached $236B (16.7% of GDP), with a deficit of -2.59%.
The national debt reached $561B, ranking 17th out of 185 countries by total size, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 41%, ranking 132nd.
| Year | % of GDP | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Government spending | Government debt | Government deficit/surplus | |
| 1951 | 16.7% | - | 1.52% |
| 1952 | 18.3% | - | -3.66% |
| 1953 | 18.6% | - | -2.33% |
| 1954 | 15.8% | - | -3.16% |
| 1955 | 12.8% | - | -1.6% |
| 1956 | 13.8% | - | -1.38% |
| 1957 | 15.2% | - | -2.92% |
| 1958 | 19.4% | - | -6.67% |
| 1959 | 13.8% | - | -4.06% |
| 1960 | 14.4% | - | -1.65% |
| 1961 | 15.1% | - | -4.57% |
| 1962 | 7.89% | - | -3.1% |
| 1963 | 10.3% | - | -5.24% |
| 1964 | 9.55% | - | -5.58% |
| 1965 | 10.7% | - | -6.62% |
| 1966 | 9.18% | - | -5.06% |
| 1967 | 10.4% | - | -0.35% |
| 1968 | 8.82% | - | 0% |
| 1969 | 12.8% | - | -2.8% |
| 1970 | 13.8% | 46.7% | -3.02% |
| 1971 | 14.5% | 50.5% | -2.51% |
| 1972 | 15.7% | 51.2% | -1.82% |
| 1973 | 16.3% | 43.1% | -1.33% |
| 1974 | 17.3% | 34.4% | -0.35% |
| 1975 | 20.5% | 36.7% | -2.33% |
| 1976 | 21.8% | 38.1% | -2.63% |
| 1977 | 19.5% | 27.7% | -0.38% |
| 1978 | 20.1% | 30.3% | -2.03% |
| 1979 | 20.9% | 22% | -0.67% |
| 1980 | 22.1% | 17.3% | -0.82% |
| 1981 | 24.4% | 16.4% | -0.69% |
| 1982 | 18.8% | 18.6% | -1.11% |
| 1983 | 18.2% | 23.1% | -1% |
| 1984 | 16.1% | 23.5% | 1.83% |
| 1985 | 18.5% | 28% | -0.45% |
| 1986 | 20.9% | 38.3% | -2.94% |
| 1987 | 18% | 49.7% | -0.9% |
| 1988 | 17.3% | 45.6% | -2.68% |
| 1989 | 16.5% | 42.5% | -1.72% |
| 1990 | 15.8% | 40.8% | -0.55% |
| 1991 | 15% | 39.2% | -0.87% |
| 1992 | 16.8% | 42.6% | -2.95% |
| 1993 | 14.1% | 40.4% | -0.59% |
| 1994 | 13.5% | 37% | 0.005% |
| 1995 | 11.9% | 32% | 0.64% |
| 1996 | 11.5% | 27.5% | 0.96% |
| 1997 | 15.2% | 26.4% | -1.03% |
| 1998 | 15.1% | 72.5% | -1.89% |
| 1999 | 15.1% | 95.9% | -0.96% |
| 2000 | 15.3% | 87.4% | -1.87% |
| 2001 | 19.5% | 73.7% | -1.76% |
| 2002 | 16.9% | 62.3% | -0.58% |
| 2003 | 18.2% | 55.6% | -1.08% |
| 2004 | 17.8% | 51.3% | -0.26% |
| 2005 | 17.4% | 42.6% | 0.46% |
| 2006 | 18.4% | 35.8% | 0.45% |
| 2007 | 18.7% | 38.1% | -0.95% |
| 2008 | 19.4% | 30.3% | 0.05% |
| 2009 | 17% | 26.5% | -1.64% |
| 2010 | 16.9% | 26.4% | -1.24% |
| 2011 | 17.7% | 23.1% | -0.7% |
| 2012 | 18.8% | 23% | -1.59% |
| 2013 | 18.8% | 24.9% | -1.96% |
| 2014 | 18.4% | 24.6% | -1.8% |
| 2015 | 17.6% | 27% | -2.72% |
| 2016 | 16.9% | 28% | -2.56% |
| 2017 | 16.4% | 29.4% | -2.26% |
| 2018 | 16.6% | 30.4% | -1.69% |
| 2019 | 16.4% | 30.6% | -2.09% |
| 2020 | 18.4% | 39.7% | -6.07% |
| 2021 | 18.1% | 41.1% | -4.4% |
| 2022 | 17.3% | 40.1% | -2.31% |
| 2023 | 17% | 39.6% | -1.91% |
| 2024 | 16.9% | 40.2% | -2.29% |
| 2025 | 16.7% | 41% | -2.59% |
Inflation rate by year
Over the past 20 years, Indonesia has had an average annual inflation rate of 5.28%. In 2024, inflation was 2.18%. The bar chart below shows consumer price inflation by year.
| Year | Inflation |
|---|---|
| 1960 | 39.6% |
| 1961 | 13.7% |
| 1962 | 131.4% |
| 1963 | 145.9% |
| 1964 | 109% |
| 1965 | 307% |
| 1966 | 1,136% |
| 1967 | 106% |
| 1968 | 128.8% |
| 1969 | 15.5% |
| 1970 | 12.4% |
| 1971 | 4.23% |
| 1972 | 6.52% |
| 1973 | 31% |
| 1974 | 40.5% |
| 1975 | 19.2% |
| 1976 | 19.8% |
| 1977 | 11.1% |
| 1978 | 8.11% |
| 1979 | 16.2% |
| 1980 | 18% |
| 1981 | 12.3% |
| 1982 | 9.45% |
| 1983 | 11.8% |
| 1984 | 10.5% |
| 1985 | 4.72% |
| 1986 | 5.82% |
| 1987 | 9.28% |
| 1988 | 8.05% |
| 1989 | 6.42% |
| 1990 | 7.82% |
| 1991 | 9.42% |
| 1992 | 7.52% |
| 1993 | 9.67% |
| 1994 | 8.53% |
| 1995 | 9.42% |
| 1996 | 7.97% |
| 1997 | 6.23% |
| 1998 | 58.5% |
| 1999 | 20.5% |
| 2000 | 3.69% |
| 2001 | 11.5% |
| 2002 | 11.9% |
| 2003 | 6.76% |
| 2004 | 6.06% |
| 2005 | 10.5% |
| 2006 | 13.1% |
| 2007 | 6.41% |
| 2008 | 10.2% |
| 2009 | 4.39% |
| 2010 | 5.13% |
| 2011 | 5.36% |
| 2012 | 4.28% |
| 2013 | 6.41% |
| 2014 | 6.39% |
| 2015 | 6.36% |
| 2016 | 3.53% |
| 2017 | 3.81% |
| 2018 | 3.2% |
| 2019 | 3.03% |
| 2020 | 1.92% |
| 2021 | 1.56% |
| 2022 | 4.21% |
| 2023 | 3.67% |
| 2024 | 2.18% |
Balance of trade
|
Indonesia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$8.68B
2024 |
174/189 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-0.62%
2024 |
81/189 |
| Goods imports |
$223B
2024 |
24/188 |
| Goods exports |
$263B
2024 |
25/188 |
| Service imports |
$57.6B
2024 |
29/188 |
| Service exports |
$39B
2024 |
38/188 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
20.4%
2024 |
165/180 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
22.2%
2024 |
140/193 |
Indonesia's top 10 trading partners
Indonesia's biggest trading partner accounting for 28.1%% of all exports and imports is China, with a trade balance between the two of -$10.3B — Indonesia exports $62.4B worth of goods and services to China and imports $72.7B.
Below is the list of the top 10 trade partners of Indonesia.
| Rank | Country | Trade value | Share of total trade | Export to | Import from | Top export to | Top import from |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
China
|
$135B | 28.1% | $62.4B | $72.7B | Metals | Machinery & equipment |
| 2 |
United States
|
$38.4B | 7.96% | $26.4B | $12B | Textiles & consumer goods | Raw materials & minerals |
| 3 |
Japan
|
$35.7B | 7.41% | $20.7B | $15B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 4 |
Singapore
|
$33.7B | 7% | $12.2B | $21.5B | Raw materials & minerals | Raw materials & minerals |
| 5 |
India
|
$26B | 5.4% | $20.3B | $5.66B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 6 |
Malaysia
|
$22.9B | 4.76% | $12B | $10.9B | Raw materials & minerals | Raw materials & minerals |
| 7 |
South Korea
|
$20.1B | 4.17% | $10.8B | $9.34B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 8 |
Thailand
|
$17.4B | 3.61% | $7.7B | $9.71B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 9 |
Vietnam
|
$15.9B | 3.31% | $9.47B | $6.45B | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 10 |
Australia
|
$15.4B | 3.2% | $4.96B | $10.4B | Metals | Raw materials & minerals |
Indonesia's top 10 exports
|
Indonesia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Raw materials & minerals | $73.1B | 18/193 |
| Metals | $43.8B | 8/192 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $39.5B | 9/192 |
| Machinery & equipment | $35.1B | 33/193 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $24.6B | 16/193 |
| Transport & tourism services | $18.5B | 33/188 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $16.5B | 30/193 |
| Wood & paper products | $12.1B | 12/192 |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $9.53B | 22/190 |
| Business & finance services | $6.96B | 40/188 |
Indonesia's top 10 imports
|
Indonesia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Machinery & equipment | $76.7B | 28/193 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $53.4B | 19/193 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $27.2B | 28/193 |
| Transport & tourism services | $24.8B | 31/188 |
| Metals | $20.4B | 23/193 |
| Business & finance services | $15.1B | 31/188 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $15B | 25/193 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $12.6B | 18/193 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $12.5B | 15/193 |
| IT & IP services | $7.78B | 25/182 |
Economic freedom indices
|
Indonesia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 65.2 | 65/197 |
| Property rights | 39.8 | 126/182 |
| Government integrity | 40.1 | 126/182 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 45.3 | 126/182 |
| Tax burden | 81.8 | 74/181 |
| Government spending | 90.9 | 20/180 |
| Fiscal health | 84.9 | 58/181 |
| Business freedom | 73 | 63/182 |
| Labor freedom | 59.3 | 69/182 |
| Monetary freedom | 78 | 14/180 |
| Trade freedom | 79.4 | 56/181 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 113/181 |
| Financial freedom | 60 | 47/181 |
Indonesia's economic freedom by year
Indonesia is ranked 59/180 for economic freedom with a score of 65.2, compared to 122/163 and a score of 52.9 in 2005.
| Year | Index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | Judicial effectiveness | Tax burden | Government spending | Fiscal health | |
| 1995 | 54.9 | - | 73.1 | 89.7 | - |
| 1996 | 61 | - | 80 | 90 | - |
| 1997 | 62 | - | 79.9 | 90.3 | - |
| 1998 | 63.4 | - | 80.1 | 94.3 | - |
| 1999 | 61.5 | - | 80 | 95.4 | - |
| 2000 | 55.2 | - | 79.7 | 76.5 | - |
| 2001 | 52.5 | - | 80.4 | 86.8 | - |
| 2002 | 54.8 | - | 79.4 | 86.8 | - |
| 2003 | 55.8 | - | 77.5 | 91.1 | - |
| 2004 | 52.1 | - | 77.5 | 84.4 | - |
| 2005 | 52.9 | - | 77.5 | 90 | - |
| 2006 | 51.9 | - | 77.3 | 86 | - |
| 2007 | 53.2 | - | 77.5 | 89.1 | - |
| 2008 | 53.2 | - | 77.5 | 89.7 | - |
| 2009 | 53.4 | - | 77.5 | 88 | - |
| 2010 | 55.5 | - | 81.9 | 89.1 | - |
| 2011 | 56 | - | 83 | 88.9 | - |
| 2012 | 56.4 | - | 83.5 | 91.6 | - |
| 2013 | 56.9 | - | 83.4 | 89.2 | - |
| 2014 | 58.5 | - | 83.4 | 89.8 | - |
| 2015 | 58.1 | - | 83.3 | 88.3 | - |
| 2016 | 59.4 | - | 83.4 | 89 | - |
| 2017 | 61.9 | 39.3 | 83.6 | 89.9 | 90.1 |
| 2018 | 64.2 | 45.2 | 83.7 | 90.7 | 89.4 |
| 2019 | 65.8 | 53.5 | 83.7 | 91.4 | 88.1 |
| 2020 | 67.2 | 56.2 | 83.4 | 91.7 | 90.2 |
| 2021 | 66.9 | 48.9 | 83.7 | 91.8 | 90.7 |
| 2022 | 64.4 | 43.2 | 85.3 | 91.2 | 80.1 |
| 2023 | 63.5 | 39.3 | 81.9 | 90.6 | 66.8 |
| 2024 | 63.5 | 44.5 | 81.7 | 90.2 | 66.8 |
| 2025 | 65.2 | 45.3 | 81.8 | 90.9 | 84.9 |
More economic indicators
|
Indonesia
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
43.8%
2024 |
164/191 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
39.3%
2024 |
21/194 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
12.6%
2024 |
62/193 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$1.39T
2024 |
16/194 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$16,010
2024 |
103/191 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$156B
2024 |
20/177 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$15.7B
2024 |
182/188 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$24.1B
2024 |
17/193 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$8.39B
2024 |
29/187 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
4.38%
2023 |
53/119 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
9%
2024 |
155/176 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
31.4%
2024 |
30/176 |
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GDP per capita
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.