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Economy of Bahamas vs Brazil compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Bahamas has a GDP of $15.8B compared to $2.19T for Brazil, ranking 140/197 and 10/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Bahamas has $11.5B in government debt (72.5% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (87.3% of GDP) in Brazil.

Bahamas vs Brazil GDP by year

Bahamas
Brazil
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bahamas Brazil
2024 $15,832,800,000 $2,185,821,648,944
2023 $15,271,300,000 $2,191,131,869,706
2022 $13,896,800,000 $1,951,923,832,084
2021 $12,037,000,000 $1,670,647,464,063
2020 $10,363,200,000 $1,476,107,292,152
2019 $13,277,000,000 $1,873,288,158,839
2018 $12,819,200,000 $1,916,933,708,353
2017 $12,446,900,000 $2,063,514,688,806
2016 $11,880,900,000 $1,795,693,265,999
2015 $11,837,600,000 $1,802,211,999,456
2014 $11,139,100,000 $2,456,043,766,032
2013 $10,475,300,000 $2,472,819,362,044
2012 $10,720,400,000 $2,465,228,293,707
2011 $10,070,450,000 $2,616,156,606,579
2010 $10,095,760,000 $2,208,838,108,484
2009 $9,981,960,000 $1,666,996,294,252
2008 $10,526,000,000 $1,695,855,391,758
2007 $10,618,340,000 $1,397,114,247,189
2006 $10,167,250,000 $1,107,626,711,163
2005 $9,836,200,000 $891,633,826,625
2004 $9,055,290,000 $669,289,321,945
2003 $8,870,090,000 $558,233,724,165
2002 $8,881,160,000 $509,795,270,685
2001 $8,317,830,000 $559,983,704,094
2000 $8,076,470,000 $655,448,188,259
1999 $7,683,870,000 $599,642,075,004
1998 $6,833,220,000 $863,711,007,325
1997 $6,332,360,000 $883,206,452,795
1996 $3,609,000,000 $850,426,433,004
1995 $3,429,000,000 $769,333,330,412
1994 $3,259,000,000 $525,369,851,354
1993 $3,092,000,000 $368,295,778,245
1992 $3,109,000,000 $328,187,960,872
1991 $3,111,160,000 $342,609,231,343
1990 $3,166,000,000 $390,725,626,003
1989 $3,062,000,000 $412,990,820,287
1988 $2,817,900,000 $307,881,930,752
1987 $2,713,999,900 $283,056,836,894
1986 $2,472,500,000 $256,480,852,471
1985 $2,320,699,900 $210,879,844,639
1984 $2,041,100,000 $188,339,974,087
1983 $1,732,800,000 $189,656,506,321
1982 $1,578,300,000 $271,314,113,768
1981 $1,426,500,000 $258,015,174,749
1980 $1,335,300,000 $237,393,489,893
1979 $1,139,800,100 $221,338,204,480
1978 $832,400,000 $200,278,646,124
1977 $713,000,000 $176,344,101,402
1976 $642,100,000 $153,168,949,208
1975 $596,200,000 $129,203,555,239
1974 $632,400,000 $109,794,519,728
1973 $670,900,000 $83,592,275,863
1972 $590,900,000 $58,434,858,375
1971 $573,400,000 $48,869,830,902
1970 $539,500,000 $42,327,664,794
1969 $538,700,000 $37,171,640,819
1968 $453,800,000 $33,930,457,425
1967 $398,000,000 $31,086,389,195
1966 $346,800,000 $28,283,323,733
1965 $300,272,048 $22,465,522,884
1964 $266,560,043 $20,963,733,695
1963 $237,650,038 $23,287,712,878
1962 $212,170,034 $19,231,747,852
1961 $190,022,030 $17,275,940,449
1960 $169,736,027 $17,030,465,539

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bahamas vs Brazil by year

Bahamas
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bahamas Brazil
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $39,455 $41,198 $10,311 $22,338
2023 $38,232 $39,090 $10,378 $21,176
2022 $34,957 $36,791 $9,281 $19,877
2021 $30,368 $31,065 $7,973 $18,076
2020 $26,179 $27,205 $7,074 $16,102
2019 $33,640 $36,116 $9,030 $16,070
2018 $32,642 $35,228 $9,301 $15,464
2017 $31,875 $34,282 $10,081 $14,559
2016 $30,617 $32,285 $8,836 $14,309
2015 $30,719 $32,138 $8,936 $14,821
2014 $29,137 $31,726 $12,275 $15,827
2013 $27,643 $30,294 $12,459 $15,722
2012 $28,552 $31,036 $12,522 $15,198
2011 $27,091 $30,074 $13,397 $15,212
2010 $27,473 $29,625 $11,403 $14,452
2009 $27,513 $29,197 $8,679 $13,391
2008 $29,392 $30,679 $8,908 $13,445
2007 $30,052 $31,232 $7,410 $12,673
2006 $29,185 $30,402 $5,934 $11,751
2005 $28,602 $29,143 $4,828 $11,081
2004 $26,650 $27,660 $3,664 $10,526
2003 $26,429 $27,031 $3,091 $9,802
2002 $26,782 $27,171 $2,856 $9,617
2001 $25,372 $26,351 $3,176 $9,304
2000 $24,940 $25,422 $3,767 $9,092
1999 $24,041 $24,184 $3,494 $8,635
1998 $21,667 $22,556 $5,106 $8,599
1997 $20,368 $21,606 $5,299 $8,602
1996 $11,784 $21,287 $5,179 $8,301
1995 $11,375 $20,377 $4,757 $8,097
1994 $10,991 $19,441 $3,299 $7,727
1993 $10,613 $18,781 $2,349 $7,260
1992 $10,873 $18,636 $2,127 $6,869
1991 $11,082 $19,296 $2,258 $6,867
1990 $11,473 $19,817 $2,620 $6,688
1989 $11,291 - $2,819 -
1988 $10,576 - $2,141 -
1987 $10,361 - $2,006 -
1986 $9,601 - $1,854 -
1985 $9,167 - $1,556 -
1984 $8,202 - $1,420 -
1983 $7,081 - $1,461 -
1982 $6,559 - $2,138 -
1981 $6,029 - $2,080 -
1980 $5,743 - $1,959 -
1979 $4,994 - $1,870 -
1978 $3,720 - $1,733 -
1977 $3,253 - $1,562 -
1976 $2,993 - $1,390 -
1975 $2,841 - $1,201 -
1974 $3,080 - $1,045 -
1973 $3,341 - $815 -
1972 $3,014 - $583 -
1971 $3,004 - $500 -
1970 $2,916 - $444 -
1969 $3,027 - $399 -
1968 $2,668 - $374 -
1967 $2,453 - $351 -
1966 $2,239 - $328 -
1965 $2,030 - $268 -
1964 $1,883 - $257.3 -
1963 $1,759 - $294.2 -
1962 $1,651 - $250.2 -
1961 $1,555 - $231.6 -
1960 $1,459 - $235.3 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

The Bahamas' GDP per capita is $39,455, ranking 30/197, compared to $10,311 in Brazil, ranking 85/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Bahamas ranks 57th at $41,198, while Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338.

Economic indicators

Bahamas Brazil
Gross domestic product
$15.8B
2024
$2.19T
2024
GDP rank
140/197
2024
10/197
2024
GDP growth
3.38%
2023-2024
3.42%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$39,455
2024
$10,311
2024
GDP per capita rank
30/197
2024
85/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$41,198
2024
$22,338
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
57/197
2024
88/197
2024
Government debt
$11.5B
2024
$1.91T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
72.5%
2024
87.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$28,616
2024
$8,999
2024
Government debt per person rank
25/185
2024
60/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$29,535
2026
$6,263
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$659B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
433,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
56
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
40.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
1.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2024
45.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.41%
2023-2024
4.4%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4%
2016
15%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.65%
2023
6.8%
2024
Population
405203
213824938

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bahamas
Spending

Debt
Brazil
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bahamas Brazil
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.6% 72.5% 45.7% 87.3%
2023 22.2% 74.8% 45.3% 84%
2022 23.9% 79.1% 43.4% 83.9%
2021 26.9% 84.5% 40.4% 88.9%
2020 28.2% 81.9% 46.2% 96%
2019 19.9% 59.3% 43% 87.1%
2018 19.2% 60.6% 44.2% 84.8%
2017 22.5% 53.4% 44.3% 82.7%
2016 19.4% 51% 45.5% 77.4%
2015 17.9% 48.5% 46.2% 71.7%
2014 17.6% 46.3% 41.4% 61.6%
2013 18.4% 44.8% 39.8% 59.6%
2012 16.5% 36.4% 39.3% 61.6%
2011 17.1% 35.3% 39.4% 60.6%
2010 15.3% 33.7% 39.5% 62.4%
2009 15.6% 30.9% 40.5% 64.7%
2008 14.4% 25.5% 39.9% 61.4%
2007 13.3% 23% 40.4% 63%
2006 13% 22.8% 42.6% 64.6%
2005 12.3% 22% 41.9% 67%
2004 12.4% 21.4% 39.7% 68%
2003 11.8% 20.9% 41.3% 71.5%
2002 11.3% 18.8% 44.5% 76.1%
2001 11.2% 18.2% 39.8% 67.3%
2000 11.3% 18.7% 34.5% 62.2%
1999 8.78% 18.7% 39.6% 44.5%
1998 11.6% 20% 40.9% 38.9%
1997 12.5% 20.8% 38.6% 31.8%
1996 11.2% 20.2% 38.2% 30.7%
1995 11.2% 20.5% - 28%
1994 11.4% 20.4% - 30%
1993 11.5% 19.8% - 32.6%
1992 11.8% 17.9% - 37.1%
1991 12% 15.4% - 38.1%
1990 11.4% 13.2% - 40.6%
1989 - - - 40.2%
1988 - - - 46.9%
1987 - - - 50.3%
1986 - - 11.7% 49.4%
1985 - - 11.1% 52.6%
1984 - - 10% 55.8%
1983 - - 9.7% 51.5%
1982 - - 8.1% 32.8%
1981 - - 7.8% 34.6%
1980 - - 6.8% 39.7%
1979 - - 9% 36.6%
1978 - - 10.2% 37%
1977 - - 10.4% 31%
1976 - - 10.6% 31.8%
1975 - - 10.7% 27.7%
1974 - - 10.5% 25.7%
1973 - - 11% 22.4%
1972 - - 12.6% 22.5%
1971 - - 11.7% 17.9%
1970 - - 11.4% 17%
1969 - - 11.2% 16.5%
1968 - - 14.4% 15.8%
1967 - - 13.5% 13.8%
1966 - - 14.6% 19.6%
1965 - - 14% 17.6%
1964 - - 25.4% 22.2%
1963 - - 22.8% 20.4%
1962 - - 23.1% 23.7%
1961 - - 12% 25.7%
1960 - - 13.7% 22.3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

In 2024, the Bahamas' government spending was $3.26B, accounting for 20.6% of its GDP, while Brazil spent $998B, or 45.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 72.5% in the Bahamas and 87.3% in Brazil, ranking 53/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bahamas

Brazil
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bahamas Brazil
2024 -1.18% -6.19%
2023 -3.49% -7.71%
2022 -5.16% -3.96%
2021 -11.1% -2.63%
2020 -8.09% -11.6%
2019 -1.65% -4.86%
2018 -3.24% -6.99%
2017 -5.92% -7.97%
2016 -2.61% -7.99%
2015 -3.24% -9.28%
2014 -4.38% -6.27%
2013 -5.16% -3.42%
2012 -3.15% -2.35%
2011 -2.87% -2.74%
2010 -2.56% -3.55%
2009 -2.45% -4.23%
2008 -0.83% -2.39%
2007 -0.76% -2.66%
2006 -0.43% -4.87%
2005 -1.11% -3.36%
2004 -1.93% -2.95%
2003 -1.63% -5.4%
2002 -1.62% -4.15%
2001 0.3% -3.47%
2000 0.09% -3.32%
1999 1.68% -5.17%
1998 -0.41% -7.22%
1997 -1.56% -5.6%
1996 -0.15% -5.35%
1995 0.18% -
1994 -0.39% -
1993 -1.05% -
1992 -2.23% -
1991 -2.29% -
1990 -2.64% -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 - -1.6%
1985 - -1.3%
1984 - -0.4%
1983 - 0.1%
1982 - 1.4%
1981 - 1%
1980 - 2.5%
1979 - 0.4%
1978 - -0.1%
1977 - 0.1%
1976 - 0.1%
1975 - 0%
1974 - 0.6%
1973 - 0.1%
1972 - -0.1%
1971 - -0.3%
1970 - -0.4%
1969 - -0.6%
1968 - -1.6%
1967 - -2.1%
1966 - -1.3%
1965 - -2%
1964 - -8.79%
1963 - -5.78%
1962 - -6.82%
1961 - -2.93%
1960 - -3.85%
1959 - -0.18%
1958 - -0.76%
1957 - -0.29%
1956 - -0.14%
1955 - -0.62%
1954 - -0.49%
1953 - -1.26%
1952 - 0.64%
1951 - 0.87%
1950 - -1.58%
1949 - -1.22%
1948 - 0.002%
1947 - 0.25%
1946 - -1.78%
1945 - -2.87%
1944 - -2.37%
1943 - -0.75%
1942 - -2.55%
1941 - -2.15%
1940 - -1.13%
1939 - -1.2%
1938 - -0.59%
1937 - -1.62%
1936 - -0.27%
1935 - -0.5%
1934 - -2.28%
1933 - -1.56%
1932 - -6.47%
1931 - -1.56%
1930 - -3.58%
1929 - -0.09%
1928 - 0.57%
1927 - 0.12%
1926 - -0.76%
1925 - -0.07%
1924 - -0.45%
1923 - -1.94%
1922 - -3.8%
1921 - -2.98%
1920 - -3.11%
1919 - -3.69%
1918 - -4.51%
1917 - -4.8%
1916 - -4.35%
1915 - -6.33%
1914 - -7.32%
1913 - -1.91%
1912 - -3.05%
1911 - -2.15%
1910 - -2.06%
1909 - -1.62%
1908 - -1.89%
1907 - 0.38%
1906 - 0.28%
1905 - 0.96%
1904 - -0.62%
1903 - 1.79%
1902 - 1.59%
1901 - -2.46%
1900 - -5.57%
1899 - -2.13%
1898 - -14%
1897 - -2.38%
1896 - -0.79%
1895 - -1.33%
1894 - -4.11%
1893 - -1.77%
1892 - -2.6%
1891 - 0.51%
1890 - -3.02%
1889 - -3.79%
1888 - 0.63%
1887 - -0.76%
1886 - -3.8%
1885 - -5.71%
1884 - -3.89%
1883 - -3.33%
1882 - -1.58%
1881 - -1.9%
1880 - -4.84%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

In 2024, the Bahamas' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $187M, equivalent to 1.18% of GDP. This compares to Brazil's deficit of $135B, or 6.19% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, the Bahamas recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Brazil ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, the Bahamas posted an annual deficit equal to 2.37% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.09% of GDP for Brazil.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bahamas

Brazil
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bahamas Brazil
2024 0.41% 4.4%
2023 3.05% 4.6%
2022 5.61% 9.3%
2021 2.9% 8.3%
2020 0.04% 3.2%
2019 2.49% 3.7%
2018 2.27% 3.7%
2017 1.52% 3.4%
2016 -0.35% 8.7%
2015 1.86% 9%
2014 1.51% 6.3%
2013 0.72% 6.2%
2012 1.97% 5.4%
2011 3.2% 6.6%
2010 1.34% 5%
2009 2.06% 4.9%
2008 4.49% 5.7%
2007 2.49% 3.6%
2006 2.39% 4.2%
2005 1.59% 6.9%
2004 0.98% 6.6%
2003 3.03% 14.7%
2002 2.17% 8.4%
2001 2.04% 6.8%
2000 1.61% 7%
1999 1.25% 4.9%
1998 1.34% 3.2%
1997 0.54% 6.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Bahamas has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 6.13% in Brazil. In 2024, inflation was 0.41% in the Bahamas and 4.4% in Brazil.

Top exports between countries

Bahamas
Export category Export value
Metals $62K
Textiles & consumer goods $43K
Machinery & equipment $17K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Brazil
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $125M
Animal & marine products $28.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.61M
Machinery & equipment $2.46M
Raw agricultural goods $1.97M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.78M
Wood & paper products $1.27M
Metals $1.26M
Chemicals & pharma $1.17M
Miscellaneous $23K

Balance of trade

Bahamas Brazil
Current account balance
-$1.05B
2024
-$66.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
127/190
2024
188/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.65%
2024
-3.03%
2024
Goods imports
$4.6B
2024
$274B
2024
Goods exports
$874M
2024
$340B
2024
Service imports
$2.47B
2024
$103B
2024
Service exports
$5.9B
2024
$48.1B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.5%
2024
17.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.8%
2024
17.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bahamas Brazil
Economic freedom 65.1 52.4
Economic freedom ranking 66/197 148/197
Property rights 62.7 49.2
Government integrity 67.1 37.2
Judicial effectiveness 79.8 55.6
Tax burden 96.1 70.6
Government spending 83.8 39.8
Fiscal health 9.1 28
Business freedom 69.4 65.7
Labor freedom 66.5 57
Monetary freedom 77.2 76
Trade freedom 59.4 69
Investment freedom 50 40
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bahamas
Brazil
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bahamas Brazil
2026 65.1 52.4
2025 63.2 55.1
2024 62.5 53.2
2023 62.6 53.5
2022 68.7 53.3
2021 64.6 53.4
2020 64.5 53.7
2019 62.9 51.9
2018 63.3 51.4
2017 61.1 52.9
2016 70.9 56.5
2015 68.7 56.6
2014 69.8 56.9
2013 70.1 57.7
2012 68 57.9
2011 68 56.3
2010 67.3 55.6
2009 70.3 56.7
2008 71.1 56.2
2007 72 56.2
2006 72.3 60.9
2005 72.6 61.7
2004 72.1 62
2003 73.5 63.4
2002 74.4 61.5
2001 74.8 61.9
2000 73.9 61.1
1999 74.7 61.3
1998 74.5 52.3
1997 74.5 52.6
1996 74 48.1
1995 71.8 51.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Bahamas is 65.1, ranking 66/197, compared to 52.4 for Brazil, ranking 148/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bahamas Brazil
Services, % of GDP
77.2%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
9.63%
2024
20.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.51%
2024
5.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$14.9B
2024
$2.11T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$39,550
2024
$21,590
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.51B
2023
$330B
2024
Total reserves ranking
122/177
2023
11/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$77.6M
2024
-$47.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$241M
2024
$74.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$163M
2024
$26.3B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
5.4%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.3%
2020
4.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
17%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/brazil | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.