Poland ranked 21/197 by economy size with a GDP of $915B and 48/197 by GDP per capita at $25,023. Poland has $506B in government debt, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 60.7%.
In 2025, Poland made up 0.82% of the world's economy, compared to 0.29% in 1990.
The chart below shows GDP in nominal terms, GDP adjusted for inflation (in constant dollars), and a bar chart of year-over-year inflation-adjusted growth.
| Year | GDP | GDP growth | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Current $ | Constant $ | ||
| 1990 | $65,977,748,211 | $194,797,367,585 | - |
| 1991 | $85,500,935,935 | $181,131,204,775 | 29.6% |
| 1992 | $94,337,050,693 | $185,686,615,838 | 10.3% |
| 1993 | $96,043,157,273 | $192,628,157,713 | 1.81% |
| 1994 | $110,803,635,288 | $202,823,584,826 | 15.4% |
| 1995 | $142,838,527,115 | $218,906,804,616 | 28.9% |
| 1996 | $160,813,026,223 | $232,246,717,071 | 12.6% |
| 1997 | $159,893,964,917 | $247,015,068,311 | -0.57% |
| 1998 | $175,282,269,667 | $258,431,144,714 | 9.62% |
| 1999 | $170,704,452,715 | $270,575,301,764 | -2.61% |
| 2000 | $172,953,527,033 | $283,174,187,558 | 1.32% |
| 2001 | $191,823,200,371 | $286,667,833,930 | 10.9% |
| 2002 | $199,694,463,256 | $292,117,946,677 | 4.1% |
| 2003 | $218,561,225,998 | $302,410,346,200 | 9.45% |
| 2004 | $256,268,656,145 | $317,805,438,387 | 17.3% |
| 2005 | $306,999,913,151 | $328,168,510,413 | 19.8% |
| 2006 | $345,897,630,736 | $348,521,872,927 | 12.7% |
| 2007 | $429,715,132,138 | $372,083,512,402 | 24.2% |
| 2008 | $535,612,030,672 | $388,394,800,371 | 24.6% |
| 2009 | $440,891,472,247 | $398,551,823,849 | -17.7% |
| 2010 | $478,111,630,684 | $411,181,642,128 | 8.44% |
| 2011 | $527,848,543,023 | $432,791,139,408 | 10.4% |
| 2012 | $498,148,649,703 | $439,333,996,551 | -5.63% |
| 2013 | $518,179,836,405 | $442,340,098,156 | 4.02% |
| 2014 | $542,134,167,179 | $459,682,079,851 | 4.62% |
| 2015 | $480,054,118,583 | $480,054,118,583 | -11.5% |
| 2016 | $473,259,623,976 | $494,605,411,858 | -1.42% |
| 2017 | $528,356,723,263 | $520,089,746,651 | 11.6% |
| 2018 | $594,616,632,477 | $552,573,816,156 | 12.5% |
| 2019 | $602,683,770,145 | $577,884,228,678 | 1.36% |
| 2020 | $605,914,186,118 | $566,120,997,480 | 0.54% |
| 2021 | $689,170,171,187 | $605,337,233,055 | 13.7% |
| 2022 | $695,607,522,885 | $637,150,470,885 | 0.93% |
| 2023 | $812,451,128,979 | $638,740,867,489 | 16.8% |
| 2024 | $914,696,430,325 | $657,413,741,876 | 12.6% |
Economic Statistics of Poland
Poland
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$915B
2024 |
21/197 |
| GDP growth |
12.6%
2023-2024 |
25/196 |
| GDP per capita |
$25,023
2024 |
48/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$50,378
2024 |
44/197 |
| Government debt |
$506B
2024 |
20/185 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
60.7%
2025 |
75/185 |
| Government debt per person |
$13,833
2024 |
41/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$19,229
2025 |
46/197 |
| Listed domestic companies |
749
2024 |
12/103 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$197B
2024 |
33/100 |
| Number of billionaires |
10
2025 |
34/78 |
| Billionaire frequency |
1 in 2,924,354
2025 |
55/78 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
22.9%
2023 |
149/169 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.3%
2023 |
45/169 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
50.1%
2025 |
17/195 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.78%
2023-2024 |
78/195 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4.75%
2025 |
65/105 |
| Unemployment rate |
2.81%
2024 |
155/196 |
| Population |
36176920
|
42/197 |
Poland's GDP per capita
Poland has a GDP per capita of $25,023, ranking 48/197, a GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) of $50,378, ranking 44/197, and a median annual after tax income of $19,229, ranking 46/197.
| Year | Current $ | |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1990 | $1,731 | $6,181 |
| 1991 | $2,236 | $5,921 |
| 1992 | $2,459 | $6,189 |
| 1993 | $2,497 | $6,556 |
| 1994 | $2,875 | $7,035 |
| 1995 | $3,701 | $7,709 |
| 1996 | $4,164 | $8,307 |
| 1997 | $4,137 | $8,965 |
| 1998 | $4,534 | $9,520 |
| 1999 | $4,416 | $10,081 |
| 2000 | $4,521 | $10,719 |
| 2001 | $5,015 | $11,176 |
| 2002 | $5,223 | $11,841 |
| 2003 | $5,721 | $12,330 |
| 2004 | $6,712 | $13,415 |
| 2005 | $8,044 | $13,936 |
| 2006 | $9,069 | $15,208 |
| 2007 | $11,273 | $16,834 |
| 2008 | $14,049 | $18,372 |
| 2009 | $11,556 | $19,290 |
| 2010 | $12,568 | $20,993 |
| 2011 | $13,868 | $22,809 |
| 2012 | $13,087 | $23,728 |
| 2013 | $13,622 | $24,434 |
| 2014 | $14,262 | $25,460 |
| 2015 | $12,638 | $26,995 |
| 2016 | $12,464 | $28,360 |
| 2017 | $13,913 | $30,170 |
| 2018 | $15,658 | $32,345 |
| 2019 | $15,875 | $35,882 |
| 2020 | $16,151 | $37,089 |
| 2021 | $18,636 | $41,060 |
| 2022 | $18,891 | $46,077 |
| 2023 | $22,145 | $46,758 |
| 2024 | $25,023 | $50,378 |
Poland's government spending, deficit, and chart
This chart shows Poland's government spending, budget balance, and debt over time, each expressed as a share of GDP.
Over the past 31 years, Poland recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 years — average annual deficit equal to -4.09% of GDP. In 2024, government spending reached $454B (50.1% of GDP), with a deficit of -6.16%.
The national debt reached $506B, ranking 20th out of 185 countries by total size, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 60.7%, ranking 75th.
| Year | % of GDP | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Government spending | Government debt | Government deficit/surplus | |
| 1950 | 21.6% | - | - |
| 1951 | 22.2% | - | - |
| 1952 | 25.2% | - | - |
| 1953 | 35.8% | - | - |
| 1954 | 39.2% | - | - |
| 1955 | 47.1% | - | - |
| 1956 | 44% | - | - |
| 1957 | 39.9% | - | - |
| 1958 | 39.9% | - | - |
| 1959 | 39.4% | - | - |
| 1960 | 39.2% | - | - |
| 1961 | 42.8% | - | - |
| 1962 | 43% | - | - |
| 1963 | 33.3% | - | - |
| 1964 | 33.5% | - | - |
| 1965 | 31.8% | - | - |
| 1966 | 31.7% | - | - |
| 1967 | 29.6% | - | - |
| 1968 | 27.3% | - | - |
| 1969 | 26.3% | - | - |
| 1970 | 25.8% | - | - |
| 1971 | 24.1% | - | - |
| 1972 | 24.1% | - | - |
| 1973 | 24.5% | - | - |
| 1974 | 28.6% | - | - |
| 1975 | 34.1% | - | - |
| 1976 | 34.8% | - | - |
| 1977 | 35.6% | - | - |
| 1978 | 35.8% | - | - |
| 1979 | 35.6% | - | - |
| 1980 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | - | 90% | - |
| 1991 | - | 77.2% | - |
| 1992 | - | 82.2% | - |
| 1993 | - | 84.2% | - |
| 1994 | - | 64.5% | - |
| 1995 | 47.5% | 48.7% | -4.39% |
| 1996 | 50.7% | 43.2% | -4.84% |
| 1997 | 46.1% | 42.7% | -4.61% |
| 1998 | 44% | 38.7% | -4.25% |
| 1999 | 42.5% | 39.4% | -2.3% |
| 2000 | 43.1% | 36.4% | -4% |
| 2001 | 44.7% | 37.2% | -4.73% |
| 2002 | 45.1% | 41.6% | -4.8% |
| 2003 | 45.5% | 46.4% | -6.02% |
| 2004 | 43.3% | 44.9% | -4.99% |
| 2005 | 44.1% | 46.5% | -3.93% |
| 2006 | 44.3% | 47.1% | -3.53% |
| 2007 | 42.8% | 44.4% | -1.88% |
| 2008 | 44% | 46.6% | -3.6% |
| 2009 | 44.9% | 49.7% | -7.24% |
| 2010 | 46% | 53.7% | -7.43% |
| 2011 | 44.1% | 54.8% | -4.97% |
| 2012 | 43.2% | 54.5% | -3.8% |
| 2013 | 43.2% | 56.9% | -4.25% |
| 2014 | 42.7% | 51.1% | -3.66% |
| 2015 | 41.5% | 51.1% | -2.59% |
| 2016 | 41.1% | 54.1% | -2.38% |
| 2017 | 41.1% | 50.4% | -1.49% |
| 2018 | 41% | 48.2% | -0.24% |
| 2019 | 41.4% | 45.2% | -0.73% |
| 2020 | 47.7% | 56.6% | -6.85% |
| 2021 | 43.6% | 53% | -1.75% |
| 2022 | 43.3% | 48.8% | -3.43% |
| 2023 | 47% | 49.7% | -5.29% |
| 2024 | 49.7% | 55.3% | -6.58% |
| 2025 | 50.1% | 60.7% | -6.16% |
Inflation rate by year
Over the past 20 years, Poland has had an average annual inflation rate of 3.4%. In 2024, inflation was 3.78%. The bar chart below shows consumer price inflation by year.
| Year | Inflation |
|---|---|
| 1971 | 1.1% |
| 1972 | -0.1% |
| 1973 | 2.48% |
| 1974 | 7.05% |
| 1975 | 2.26% |
| 1976 | 4.41% |
| 1977 | 4.9% |
| 1978 | 8.1% |
| 1979 | 7.03% |
| 1980 | 9.68% |
| 1981 | 19.1% |
| 1982 | 103.6% |
| 1983 | 25.5% |
| 1984 | 15.4% |
| 1985 | 11.5% |
| 1986 | 16.5% |
| 1987 | 26.4% |
| 1988 | 58.7% |
| 1989 | 244.6% |
| 1990 | 568% |
| 1991 | 76.8% |
| 1992 | 46.1% |
| 1993 | 37% |
| 1994 | 33% |
| 1995 | 28% |
| 1996 | 19.8% |
| 1997 | 14.9% |
| 1998 | 11.6% |
| 1999 | 7.15% |
| 2000 | 9.9% |
| 2001 | 5.41% |
| 2002 | 1.91% |
| 2003 | 0.68% |
| 2004 | 3.38% |
| 2005 | 2.18% |
| 2006 | 1.28% |
| 2007 | 2.46% |
| 2008 | 4.16% |
| 2009 | 3.8% |
| 2010 | 2.58% |
| 2011 | 4.24% |
| 2012 | 3.56% |
| 2013 | 0.99% |
| 2014 | 0.05% |
| 2015 | -0.87% |
| 2016 | -0.66% |
| 2017 | 2.08% |
| 2018 | 1.81% |
| 2019 | 2.23% |
| 2020 | 3.37% |
| 2021 | 5.06% |
| 2022 | 14.4% |
| 2023 | 11.5% |
| 2024 | 3.78% |
Balance of trade
|
Poland
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$341M
2024 |
98/189 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-0.04%
2024 |
76/189 |
| Goods imports |
$367B
2024 |
17/188 |
| Goods exports |
$360B
2024 |
19/188 |
| Service imports |
$75.2B
2024 |
25/188 |
| Service exports |
$119B
2024 |
19/188 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
48.3%
2024 |
83/180 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
52.3%
2024 |
51/193 |
Poland's top 10 trading partners
Poland's biggest trading partner accounting for 23.2%% of all exports and imports is Germany, with a trade balance between the two of +$30.5B — Poland exports $105B worth of goods and services to Germany and imports $74.1B.
Below is the list of the top 10 trade partners of Poland.
| Rank | Country | Trade value | Share of total trade | Export to | Import from | Top export to | Top import from |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Germany
|
$179B | 23.2% | $105B | $74.1B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 2 |
China
|
$58.7B | 7.63% | $3.61B | $55.1B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 3 |
France
|
$36.9B | 4.8% | $23.4B | $13.5B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 4 |
Czech Republic
|
$36B | 4.68% | $23.4B | $12.5B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 5 |
Italy
|
$35.5B | 4.62% | $17.5B | $18.1B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 6 |
Netherlands
|
$32.8B | 4.26% | $17.9B | $14.9B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 7 |
United States
|
$32.2B | 4.18% | $12.9B | $19.3B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 8 |
United Kingdom
|
$27.4B | 3.56% | $20.5B | $6.93B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
| 9 |
Ukraine
|
$23.3B | 3.03% | $17.6B | $5.77B | Machinery & equipment | Processed food, beverages & tobacco |
| 10 |
Spain
|
$19.7B | 2.56% | $11.1B | $8.64B | Machinery & equipment | Machinery & equipment |
Poland's top 10 exports
|
Poland
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Machinery & equipment | $151B | 15/193 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $50.6B | 8/193 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $42.9B | 16/193 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $33.2B | 11/192 |
| Metals | $32.6B | 14/192 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $21.5B | 42/193 |
| Animal & marine products | $16.5B | 9/192 |
| Wood & paper products | $15.3B | 8/192 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $8.71B | 22/193 |
| Transport & tourism services | $3.25B | 87/188 |
Poland's top 10 imports
|
Poland
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Machinery & equipment | $146B | 17/193 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $52.7B | 15/193 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $42.9B | 22/193 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $42.2B | 10/193 |
| Metals | $33.2B | 14/193 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $19.8B | 13/193 |
| Wood & paper products | $10.4B | 11/193 |
| Animal & marine products | $9.68B | 13/193 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $9.43B | 21/193 |
| Miscellaneous | $7.13B | 16/193 |
Economic freedom indices
|
Poland
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 67.1 | 51/197 |
| Property rights | 72.3 | 47/182 |
| Government integrity | 58.4 | 47/182 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 52.3 | 47/182 |
| Tax burden | 73.8 | 131/181 |
| Government spending | 39.7 | 155/180 |
| Fiscal health | 75.9 | 81/181 |
| Business freedom | 77.8 | 43/182 |
| Labor freedom | 56.8 | 98/182 |
| Monetary freedom | 68.5 | 121/180 |
| Trade freedom | 79.6 | 50/181 |
| Investment freedom | 80 | 17/181 |
| Financial freedom | 70 | 29/181 |
Poland's economic freedom by year
Poland is ranked 45/180 for economic freedom with a score of 67.1, compared to 71/163 and a score of 59.6 in 2005.
| Year | Index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | Judicial effectiveness | Tax burden | Government spending | Fiscal health | |
| 1995 | 50.7 | - | 51 | 9.6 | - |
| 1996 | 57.8 | - | 48 | 32.6 | - |
| 1997 | 56.8 | - | 49.5 | 26.8 | - |
| 1998 | 59.2 | - | 51.6 | 33.2 | - |
| 1999 | 59.6 | - | 53.2 | 36 | - |
| 2000 | 60 | - | 58.1 | 33.7 | - |
| 2001 | 61.8 | - | 61.3 | 44.5 | - |
| 2002 | 65 | - | 65.3 | 49.6 | - |
| 2003 | 61.8 | - | 65.6 | 46.1 | - |
| 2004 | 58.7 | - | 64.9 | 35.1 | - |
| 2005 | 59.6 | - | 68.3 | 30.3 | - |
| 2006 | 59.3 | - | 68.7 | 39.5 | - |
| 2007 | 58.1 | - | 68.6 | 44.8 | - |
| 2008 | 60.3 | - | 68.6 | 43.5 | - |
| 2009 | 60.3 | - | 69 | 42.2 | - |
| 2010 | 63.2 | - | 74.9 | 46.8 | - |
| 2011 | 64.1 | - | 74 | 43.8 | - |
| 2012 | 64.2 | - | 74.4 | 40.3 | - |
| 2013 | 66 | - | 76 | 43 | - |
| 2014 | 67 | - | 76.1 | 43.2 | - |
| 2015 | 68.6 | - | 82.1 | 47.1 | - |
| 2016 | 69.3 | - | 75.5 | 46.5 | - |
| 2017 | 68.3 | 58 | 76 | 46.9 | 76.1 |
| 2018 | 68.5 | 56.6 | 75.9 | 47.8 | 81.5 |
| 2019 | 67.8 | 44 | 74.9 | 48.8 | 86.4 |
| 2020 | 69.1 | 42.8 | 74.7 | 48.8 | 92.2 |
| 2021 | 69.7 | 48.9 | 73.9 | 48.1 | 94.6 |
| 2022 | 68.7 | 54.7 | 73.6 | 41.9 | 78.3 |
| 2023 | 67.7 | 60.2 | 73.2 | 40 | 78.1 |
| 2024 | 66 | 52.2 | 72.6 | 38.5 | 67.4 |
| 2025 | 67.1 | 52.3 | 73.8 | 39.7 | 75.9 |
More economic indicators
|
Poland
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
59.9%
2024 |
74/191 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
26.4%
2024 |
75/194 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.6%
2024 |
135/193 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$788B
2024 |
22/194 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$48,680
2024 |
42/191 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$223B
2024 |
17/177 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$13B
2024 |
180/188 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$21.4B
2024 |
19/193 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$8.36B
2024 |
30/187 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
13.3%
2024 |
141/176 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
17.7%
2024 |
143/176 |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
Relevant pages:
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.