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Economy of Brazil vs Denmark compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.19T compared to $425B for Denmark, ranking 10/197 and 37/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.91T in government debt (87.3% of GDP), compared to $134B (31.5% of GDP) in Denmark.

Brazil vs Denmark GDP by year

Brazil
Denmark
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Denmark
2024 $2,185,821,648,944 $424,524,722,037
2023 $2,191,131,869,706 $404,651,706,118
2022 $1,951,923,832,084 $400,114,306,337
2021 $1,670,647,464,063 $406,110,162,088
2020 $1,476,107,292,152 $355,631,021,932
2019 $1,873,288,158,839 $345,401,473,013
2018 $1,916,933,708,353 $355,293,374,912
2017 $2,063,514,688,806 $331,610,593,962
2016 $1,795,693,265,999 $312,181,849,372
2015 $1,802,211,999,456 $301,758,922,338
2014 $2,456,043,766,032 $352,832,602,064
2013 $2,472,819,362,044 $344,631,016,965
2012 $2,465,228,293,707 $326,792,574,245
2011 $2,616,156,606,579 $344,315,595,263
2010 $2,208,838,108,484 $322,345,594,075
2009 $1,666,996,294,252 $322,619,152,195
2008 $1,695,855,391,758 $354,979,471,960
2007 $1,397,114,247,189 $320,213,157,595
2006 $1,107,626,711,163 $283,386,151,544
2005 $891,633,826,625 $265,150,087,712
2004 $669,289,321,945 $251,986,155,631
2003 $558,233,724,165 $218,421,193,436
2002 $509,795,270,685 $178,788,209,558
2001 $559,983,704,094 $164,881,594,415
2000 $655,448,188,259 $164,043,817,224
1999 $599,642,075,004 $177,887,720,536
1998 $863,711,007,325 $176,877,077,513
1997 $883,206,452,795 $173,241,365,735
1996 $850,426,433,004 $187,481,157,846
1995 $769,333,330,412 $184,848,481,008
1994 $525,369,851,354 $156,017,919,221
1993 $368,295,778,245 $143,111,306,004
1992 $328,187,960,872 $152,966,494,260
1991 $342,609,231,343 $139,180,507,778
1990 $390,725,626,003 $138,217,740,684
1989 $412,990,820,287 $112,312,200,761
1988 $307,881,930,752 $115,540,189,705
1987 $283,056,836,894 $109,183,446,340
1986 $256,480,852,471 $87,748,695,217
1985 $210,879,844,639 $62,452,421,011
1984 $188,339,974,087 $58,868,891,335
1983 $189,656,506,321 $60,331,158,447
1982 $271,314,113,768 $60,084,214,872
1981 $258,015,174,749 $61,459,941,461
1980 $237,393,489,893 $70,811,287,816
1979 $221,338,204,480 $70,393,030,603
1978 $200,278,646,124 $60,320,089,218
1977 $176,344,101,402 $49,711,709,588
1976 $153,168,949,208 $44,503,607,444
1975 $129,203,555,239 $40,418,967,666
1974 $109,794,519,728 $34,125,712,481
1973 $83,592,275,863 $30,718,181,337
1972 $58,434,858,375 $23,230,667,549
1971 $48,869,830,902 $19,086,192,720
1970 $42,327,664,794 $17,075,457,733
1969 $37,171,640,819 $15,414,902,667
1968 $33,930,457,425 $13,505,574,133
1967 $31,086,389,195 $13,059,064,806
1966 $28,283,323,733 $11,931,740,293
1965 $22,465,522,884 $10,870,670,865
1964 $20,963,733,695 $9,677,401,337
1963 $23,287,712,878 $8,466,044,980
1962 $19,231,747,852 $7,953,274,741
1961 $17,275,940,449 $7,058,361,229
1960 $17,030,465,539 $6,361,166,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Denmark by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Denmark
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $71,026 $81,878
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $68,044 $77,892
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $67,781 $78,914
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $69,341 $69,715
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $60,985 $62,682
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $59,404 $60,595
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $61,325 $57,234
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $57,522 $55,272
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $54,501 $51,821
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $53,094 $48,897
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $62,520 $47,880
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $61,378 $46,869
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $58,444 $44,755
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $61,810 $44,444
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $58,105 $43,038
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $58,413 $40,524
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $64,617 $41,467
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $58,632 $39,110
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $52,119 $37,392
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $48,926 $34,238
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $46,625 $33,016
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $40,519 $30,864
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $33,257 $30,667
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $30,768 $29,459
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $30,722 $28,648
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $33,426 $26,642
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $33,346 $25,799
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $32,780 $24,887
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $35,622 $23,723
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $35,321 $22,677
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $29,968 $21,669
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $27,582 $20,217
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $29,579 $19,830
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $27,003 $19,067
1990 $2,620 $6,688 $26,886 $18,225
1989 $2,819 - $21,882 -
1988 $2,141 - $22,525 -
1987 $2,006 - $21,296 -
1986 $1,854 - $17,137 -
1985 $1,556 - $12,213 -
1984 $1,420 - $11,517 -
1983 $1,461 - $11,797 -
1982 $2,138 - $11,740 -
1981 $2,080 - $12,000 -
1980 $1,959 - $13,822 -
1979 $1,870 - $13,757 -
1978 $1,733 - $11,818 -
1977 $1,562 - $9,770 -
1976 $1,390 - $8,773 -
1975 $1,201 - $7,988 -
1974 $1,045 - $6,764 -
1973 $815 - $6,117 -
1972 $583 - $4,654 -
1971 $500 - $3,846 -
1970 $444 - $3,464 -
1969 $399 - $3,151 -
1968 $374 - $2,776 -
1967 $351 - $2,701 -
1966 $328 - $2,487 -
1965 $268 - $2,284 -
1964 $257.3 - $2,049 -
1963 $294.2 - $1,807 -
1962 $250.2 - $1,711 -
1961 $231.6 - $1,531 -
1960 $235.3 - $1,389 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,311, ranking 85/197, compared to $71,026 in Denmark, ranking 12/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878.

Economic indicators

Brazil Denmark
Gross domestic product
$2.19T
2024
$425B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
37/197
2024
GDP growth
3.42%
2023-2024
3.48%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,311
2024
$71,026
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$81,878
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
14/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2024
$134B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
87.3%
2024
31.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,999
2024
$22,340
2024
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2024
30/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,263
2026
$53,468
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
$151B
2004
Number of millionaires
433,000
2025
376,000
2025
Number of billionaires
56
2025
9
2025
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
25.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.7%
2024
47.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.4%
2023-2024
1.37%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
1.6%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
6.15%
2024
Population
213824938
6032403

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Denmark
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Denmark
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.7% 87.3% 47.3% 31.5%
2023 45.3% 84% 47.4% 33.8%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 45.1% 34.2%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 49.7% 40.7%
2020 46.2% 96% 53.3% 46.3%
2019 43% 87.1% 49.8% 38.3%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 50.8% 38.5%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 50.6% 40.2%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 52.4% 41.7%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 54.4% 44.6%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 55.1% 48.7%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 55.6% 47.8%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 57.9% 48.7%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 56.3% 50%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 56.5% 46.1%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 56.3% 43%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 50.3% 35.5%
2007 40.4% 63% 49.5% 29.5%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 49.7% 33.2%
2005 41.9% 67% 51.1% 39.4%
2004 39.7% 68% 52.8% 46.2%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 53.5% 48.2%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 53.1% 50.3%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 53% 50.1%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 52.9% 53.6%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 54.7% 56.8%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 55.6% 60.3%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 56.2% 64.4%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 58.2% 68.3%
1995 - 28% 58.7% 71.5%
1994 - 30% 59.5% 75.3%
1993 - 32.6% 59.5% 78.7%
1992 - 37.1% 56.4% 66.7%
1991 - 38.1% 55.5% 63.2%
1990 - 40.6% 55.1% 62.4%
1989 - 40.2% 56.2% 62.2%
1988 - 46.9% 56.1% 64.7%
1987 - 50.3% 54% 62.5%
1986 11.7% 49.4% 52.3% 66.8%
1985 11.1% 52.6% 55.5% 74.7%
1984 10% 55.8% 56.6% 77.7%
1983 9.7% 51.5% 57.9% 74.2%
1982 8.1% 32.8% 57.7% 64.5%
1981 7.8% 34.6% 56.3% 51.7%
1980 6.8% 39.7% 52.7% 39.2%
1979 9% 36.6% 49.6% 31.8%
1978 10.2% 37% 47.2% 25.5%
1977 10.4% 31% 45.6% 15.2%
1976 10.6% 31.8% 45% 11.4%
1975 10.7% 27.7% 45.3% 7.01%
1974 10.5% 25.7% 43.6% 6.2%
1973 11% 22.4% 39.5% 8.94%
1972 12.6% 22.5% 42.1% 11.5%
1971 11.7% 17.9% 42.2% 12.9%
1970 11.4% 17% 24.4% 7.62%
1969 11.2% 16.5% 25.3% 8.36%
1968 14.4% 15.8% 24.3% 9.36%
1967 13.5% 13.8% 22.2% 10.1%
1966 14.6% 19.6% 21.1% 11.2%
1965 14% 17.6% 17.1% 12.9%
1964 25.4% 22.2% 17.6% 14.5%
1963 22.8% 20.4% 18.2% 13.7%
1962 23.1% 23.7% 17% 15.3%
1961 12% 25.7% 15.6% 16.4%
1960 13.7% 22.3% 16.4% 20.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $998B, accounting for 45.7% of its GDP, while Denmark spent $201B, or 47.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 87.3% in Brazil and 31.5% in Denmark, ranking 38/185 and 155/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Denmark
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Denmark
2024 -6.19% 4.46%
2023 -7.71% 3.43%
2022 -3.96% 3.39%
2021 -2.63% 4.12%
2020 -11.6% 0.36%
2019 -4.86% 4.28%
2018 -6.99% 0.81%
2017 -7.97% 1.69%
2016 -7.99% 0.3%
2015 -9.28% -0.9%
2014 -6.27% 1.43%
2013 -3.42% -0.94%
2012 -2.35% -3.2%
2011 -2.74% -1.77%
2010 -3.55% -2.52%
2009 -4.23% -2.75%
2008 -2.39% 3.46%
2007 -2.66% 5.31%
2006 -4.87% 5.29%
2005 -3.36% 5.2%
2004 -2.95% 2.23%
2003 -5.4% 0.14%
2002 -4.15% 0.25%
2001 -3.47% 1.13%
2000 -3.32% 1.79%
1999 -5.17% 1.06%
1998 -7.22% -0.28%
1997 -5.6% -1.22%
1996 -5.35% -2.4%
1995 - -3.5%
1994 - -3.85%
1993 - -3.73%
1992 - -2.6%
1991 - -3.15%
1990 - -1.78%
1989 - 0.3%
1988 - 1.46%
1987 - 2.46%
1986 -1.6% 3.23%
1985 -1.3% -1.38%
1984 -0.4% -3.58%
1983 0.1% -6.29%
1982 1.4% -8.22%
1981 1% -5.84%
1980 2.5% -2.32%
1979 0.4% -0.69%
1978 -0.1% 0.41%
1977 0.1% 0.37%
1976 0.1% 0.19%
1975 0% -1.23%
1974 0.6% 3.7%
1973 0.1% 4.97%
1972 -0.1% 5.01%
1971 -0.3% 4.96%
1970 -0.4% 0.7%
1969 -0.6% 0.3%
1968 -1.6% -0.06%
1967 -2.1% 1.49%
1966 -1.3% 0.99%
1965 -2% 2.13%
1964 -8.79% 1.79%
1963 -5.78% 1.2%
1962 -6.82% -0.09%
1961 -2.93% 1.73%
1960 -3.85% 1.25%
1959 -0.18% 0.79%
1958 -0.76% 0.25%
1957 -0.29% 0.26%
1956 -0.14% -0.01%
1955 -0.62% -1.17%
1954 -0.49% -0.84%
1953 -1.26% 1.75%
1952 0.64% 1.18%
1951 0.87% 0.79%
1950 -1.58% 1.08%
1949 -1.22% 0.63%
1948 0.002% 1.07%
1947 0.25% 0.84%
1946 -1.78% 2.69%
1945 -2.87% -1.03%
1944 -2.37% 0%
1943 -0.75% 0%
1942 -2.55% 0%
1941 -2.15% 0%
1940 -1.13% 0%
1939 -1.2% 0%
1938 -0.59% 0.03%
1937 -1.62% 0.22%
1936 -0.27% -1.36%
1935 -0.5% -0.97%
1934 -2.28% 0.03%
1933 -1.56% 1.69%
1932 -6.47% -3.22%
1931 -1.56% -1.67%
1930 -3.58% 0.03%
1929 -0.09% 0.13%
1928 0.57% -4.99%
1927 0.12% -2.33%
1926 -0.76% -0.48%
1925 -0.07% -3.1%
1924 -0.45% -0.8%
1923 -1.94% -0.56%
1922 -3.8% -1.33%
1921 -2.98% -2.41%
1920 -3.11% -0.46%
1919 -3.69% -0.38%
1918 -4.51% 1.95%
1917 -4.8% 3.1%
1916 -4.35% 1.51%
1915 -6.33% -0.48%
1914 -7.32% 0.43%
1913 -1.91% 0.07%
1912 -3.05% 0.13%
1911 -2.15% -1.02%
1910 -2.06% -1.72%
1909 -1.62% -2.49%
1908 -1.89% -0.82%
1907 0.38% 0.26%
1906 0.28% -0.42%
1905 0.96% 0.22%
1904 -0.62% -0.1%
1903 1.79% 0.03%
1902 1.59% -0.06%
1901 -2.46% -0.71%
1900 -5.57% -0.84%
1899 -2.13% -0.59%
1898 -14% -0.43%
1897 -2.38% -0.61%
1896 -0.79% -0.07%
1895 -1.33% -0.17%
1894 -4.11% -0.26%
1893 -1.77% -0.42%
1892 -2.6% -0.73%
1891 0.51% -0.76%
1890 -3.02% -0.97%
1889 -3.79% -0.55%
1888 0.63% -0.49%
1887 -0.76% -0.68%
1886 -3.8% -0.39%
1885 -5.71% 0.48%
1884 -3.89% 1.2%
1883 -3.33% 0.73%
1882 -1.58% 0.35%
1881 -1.9% 0.42%
1880 -4.84% -2.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 6.19% of GDP. This compares to Denmark's surplus of $18.9B, or 4.46% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 46 of those years, while Denmark ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 3.24% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.38% of GDP for Denmark.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Denmark
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Denmark
2024 4.4% 1.37%
2023 4.6% 3.31%
2022 9.3% 7.7%
2021 8.3% 1.85%
2020 3.2% 0.42%
2019 3.7% 0.76%
2018 3.7% 0.81%
2017 3.4% 1.15%
2016 8.7% 0.25%
2015 9% 0.45%
2014 6.3% 0.56%
2013 6.2% 0.79%
2012 5.4% 2.4%
2011 6.6% 2.76%
2010 5% 2.31%
2009 4.9% 1.3%
2008 5.7% 3.42%
2007 3.6% 1.69%
2006 4.2% 1.92%
2005 6.9% 1.82%
2004 6.6% 1.15%
2003 14.7% 2.08%
2002 8.4% 2.42%
2001 6.8% 2.34%
2000 7% 2.9%
1999 4.9% 2.5%
1998 3.2% 1.85%
1997 6.9% 2.18%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.13%, compared with 1.95% in Denmark. In 2024, inflation was 4.4% in Brazil and 1.37% in Denmark.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $259M
Chemicals & pharma $85.2M
Wood & paper products $67.3M
Machinery & equipment $40M
Raw agricultural goods $34.8M
Raw materials & minerals $34.8M
Animal & marine products $5.67M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.58M
Metals $3.56M
Weapons & explosives $3.21M
Denmark
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $1.72B
Machinery & equipment $382M
Chemicals & pharma $242M
Business & finance services $57.4M
Metals $51.9M
Manufacturing & construction services $40.8M
IT & IP services $33.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $11M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6.84M
Raw materials & minerals $5.39M

Balance of trade

Brazil Denmark
Current account balance
-$66.2B
2024
$52.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2024
14/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.03%
2024
+12.3%
2024
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$132B
2024
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$172B
2024
Service imports
$103B
2024
$125B
2024
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$129B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.6%
2024
60.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
71%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Denmark
Economic freedom 52.4 79
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 8/197
Property rights 49.2 99.9
Government integrity 37.2 98
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 89.3
Tax burden 70.6 43.4
Government spending 39.8 34.8
Fiscal health 28 98
Business freedom 65.7 90.4
Labor freedom 57 65
Monetary freedom 76 80.1
Trade freedom 69 79.4
Investment freedom 40 90
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Denmark
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Denmark
2026 52.4 79
2025 55.1 79.1
2024 53.2 77.8
2023 53.5 77.6
2022 53.3 78
2021 53.4 77.8
2020 53.7 78.3
2019 51.9 76.7
2018 51.4 76.6
2017 52.9 75.1
2016 56.5 75.3
2015 56.6 76.3
2014 56.9 76.1
2013 57.7 76.1
2012 57.9 76.2
2011 56.3 78.6
2010 55.6 77.9
2009 56.7 79.6
2008 56.2 79.2
2007 56.2 77
2006 60.9 75.4
2005 61.7 75.3
2004 62 72.4
2003 63.4 73.2
2002 61.5 71.1
2001 61.9 68.3
2000 61.1 68.3
1999 61.3 68.1
1998 52.3 67.5
1997 52.6 67.5
1996 48.1 67.3
1995 51.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 79 for Denmark, ranking 8/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Denmark
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
63.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
24.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.75%
2024
0.93%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$434B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,590
2024
$84,680
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
25/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.8B
2024
$11.9B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$18.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$30.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
12.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17%
2024
23.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/denmark | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.