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Economy of Indonesia vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Indonesia has a GDP of $1.4T compared to $484B for Norway, ranking 16/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Indonesia has $561B in government debt (40.2% of GDP), compared to $207B (42.7% of GDP) in Norway.

Indonesia vs Norway GDP by year

Indonesia
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Indonesia Norway
2024 $1,396,300,098,191 $483,592,648,313
2023 $1,371,169,301,564 $482,949,731,777
2022 $1,319,101,183,380 $596,297,651,036
2021 $1,186,509,691,087 $503,367,986,030
2020 $1,059,054,842,698 $367,633,418,887
2019 $1,119,099,871,350 $408,742,840,909
2018 $1,042,271,532,989 $439,788,625,884
2017 $1,015,618,744,160 $401,745,275,035
2016 $931,877,364,038 $370,956,547,619
2015 $860,854,232,686 $388,159,512,246
2014 $890,814,755,534 $501,736,471,833
2013 $912,524,136,718 $526,014,468,085
2012 $917,869,913,333 $512,777,309,841
2011 $892,969,104,563 $501,360,549,669
2010 $755,094,157,622 $431,052,143,940
2009 $539,580,085,612 $387,976,400,617
2008 $510,228,634,992 $464,917,553,191
2007 $432,216,737,775 $402,643,260,488
2006 $364,570,515,618 $346,915,160,682
2005 $285,868,619,196 $309,978,579,744
2004 $256,836,875,295 $265,268,662,473
2003 $234,772,463,824 $229,385,469,337
2002 $195,660,611,165 $195,914,852,576
2001 $160,446,947,785 $174,239,354,071
2000 $165,021,012,078 $171,457,201,936
1999 $140,001,351,215 $162,383,706,021
1998 $95,445,547,873 $154,230,295,158
1997 $215,748,998,610 $161,356,631,888
1996 $227,369,679,375 $163,520,109,151
1995 $202,132,028,723 $152,029,612,325
1994 $176,892,143,932 $127,131,319,429
1993 $158,006,700,302 $120,579,213,713
1992 $128,026,966,580 $130,838,040,068
1991 $116,621,996,217 $121,872,464,483
1990 $106,140,727,334 $119,791,843,060
1989 $94,451,427,877 $102,633,934,391
1988 $84,300,174,486 $101,900,260,856
1987 $75,929,617,558 $94,229,907,236
1986 $79,954,072,545 $78,693,118,044
1985 $85,289,488,375 $65,416,879,914
1984 $84,853,700,028 $62,057,955,033
1983 $81,052,283,384 $61,627,240,831
1982 $90,158,449,295 $62,647,195,538
1981 $85,518,233,419 $63,596,654,761
1980 $72,482,337,397 $64,439,382,896
1979 $51,400,186,343 $53,132,244,624
1978 $51,455,719,076 $46,522,900,254
1977 $45,808,915,663 $41,508,030,431
1976 $37,269,156,627 $35,942,270,686
1975 $30,463,855,422 $32,877,805,200
1974 $25,802,409,639 $27,145,693,810
1973 $16,273,253,012 $22,534,253,703
1972 $10,997,590,361 $17,358,610,850
1971 $9,333,536,370 $14,583,114,840
1970 $9,150,684,932 $12,814,123,115
1969 $8,337,423,313 $11,136,187,440
1968 $7,076,465,300 $10,227,087,165
1967 $5,667,756,628 $9,577,383,653
1966 - $8,753,940,267
1965 - $8,111,945,661
1964 - $7,206,522,122
1963 - $6,553,269,536
1962 - $6,107,076,929
1961 - $5,669,689,210
1960 - $5,197,398,721

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Indonesia vs Norway by year

Indonesia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Indonesia Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,925 $16,448 $86,785 $102,038
2023 $4,876 $15,416 $87,497 $103,638
2022 $4,731 $14,285 $109,270 $125,490
2021 $4,287 $12,757 $93,073 $88,984
2020 $3,854 $11,729 $68,340 $67,111
2019 $4,107 $11,986 $76,431 $70,940
2018 $3,861 $11,372 $82,793 $70,254
2017 $3,799 $10,688 $76,132 $64,590
2016 $3,521 $10,263 $70,867 $59,280
2015 $3,288 $10,028 $74,810 $60,738
2014 $3,441 $10,065 $97,667 $66,332
2013 $3,567 $9,866 $103,554 $67,378
2012 $3,632 $9,530 $102,176 $65,774
2011 $3,579 $8,937 $101,222 $62,460
2010 $3,066 $8,353 $88,163 $58,213
2009 $2,218 $7,868 $80,348 $55,648
2008 $2,125 $7,569 $97,504 $62,073
2007 $1,823 $7,096 $85,502 $56,179
2006 $1,558 $6,583 $74,434 $54,358
2005 $1,238 $6,134 $67,047 $47,967
2004 $1,127 $5,700 $57,769 $42,667
2003 $1,043 $5,353 $50,250 $38,680
2002 $881 $5,076 $43,171 $38,056
2001 $732 $4,849 $38,602 $37,829
2000 $764 $4,639 $38,178 $36,994
1999 $657 $4,386 $36,393 $30,574
1998 $455 $4,356 $34,803 $28,200
1997 $1,045 $5,037 $36,629 $28,610
1996 $1,119 $4,807 $37,322 $26,826
1995 $1,011 $4,451 $34,876 $24,360
1994 $900 $4,096 $29,316 $23,027
1993 $817 $3,793 $27,964 $21,584
1992 $674 $3,538 $30,524 $20,623
1991 $624 $3,305 $28,597 $19,580
1990 $578 $3,044 $28,243 $18,461
1989 $524 - $24,281 -
1988 $477 - $24,207 -
1987 $438 - $22,506 -
1986 $470 - $18,883 -
1985 $511 - $15,754 -
1984 $520 - $14,989 -
1983 $508 - $14,928 -
1982 $578 - $15,225 -
1981 $561 - $15,513 -
1980 $487 - $15,772 -
1979 $353 - $13,047 -
1978 $362 - $11,463 -
1977 $331 - $10,266 -
1976 $275.7 - $8,927 -
1975 $231.1 - $8,204 -
1974 $200.7 - $6,812 -
1973 $129.9 - $5,690 -
1972 $90.1 - $4,414 -
1971 $78.5 - $3,736 -
1970 $79.1 - $3,306 -
1969 $74.1 - $2,894 -
1968 $64.7 - $2,680 -
1967 $53.2 - $2,531 -
1966 - - $2,333 -
1965 - - $2,179 -
1964 - - $1,951 -
1963 - - $1,787 -
1962 - - $1,678 -
1961 - - $1,571 -
1960 - - $1,451 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/norway | CC BY

Indonesia's GDP per capita is $4,925, ranking 121/197, compared to $86,785 in Norway, ranking 8/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Indonesia ranks 107th at $16,448, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Indonesia Norway
Gross domestic product
$1.4T
2024
$484B
2024
GDP rank
16/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP growth
5.03%
2023-2024
2.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,925
2024
$86,785
2024
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$16,448
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
107/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$561B
2024
$207B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
40.2%
2024
42.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,978
2024
$37,074
2024
Government debt per person rank
120/185
2024
17/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,371
2026
$49,765
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$758B
2023
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires
178,605
2025
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires
33
2025
17
2025
Income share by richest 10%
28.8%
2024
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2024
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.8%
2024
48.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.18%
2023-2024
3.15%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
4%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.31%
2023
3.98%
2024
Population
288551776
5671119

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Indonesia
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Indonesia Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 16.8% 40.2% 48.5% 42.7%
2023 16.6% 39.6% 45.9% 44.1%
2022 17.3% 40.1% 37.5% 36.1%
2021 18.1% 41.1% 46.3% 41.6%
2020 18.4% 39.7% 56.7% 46%
2019 16.4% 30.6% 50.2% 40.5%
2018 16.6% 30.4% 47.7% 39.3%
2017 16.4% 29.4% 49.2% 38.2%
2016 16.9% 28% 50.4% 37.9%
2015 17.6% 27% 48.2% 34.3%
2014 18.4% 24.6% 45.2% 29.6%
2013 18.8% 24.9% 43.5% 31.4%
2012 18.8% 23% 42.4% 30.9%
2011 17.7% 23.1% 43.3% 29.6%
2010 16.9% 26.4% 44.5% 43%
2009 17% 26.5% 45.6% 42.5%
2008 19.4% 30.3% 39.8% 47.5%
2007 18.7% 38.1% 41% 49.5%
2006 18.4% 35.8% 40.5% 52.6%
2005 17.4% 42.6% 41.8% 42.3%
2004 17.8% 51.3% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 18.2% 55.6% 47.6% 43.1%
2002 16.9% 62.3% 46.1% 33.9%
2001 19.5% 73.7% 43.2% 27.2%
2000 15.3% 87.4% 41.3% 28.7%
1999 15.1% 95.9% 46.4% 25%
1998 15.1% 72.5% 47.8% 23.6%
1997 15.2% 26.4% 45.5% 25.8%
1996 11.5% 27.5% 47% 28.4%
1995 11.9% 32% 49.3% 32.7%
1994 13.5% 37% 49.4% 50.6%
1993 14.1% 40.4% 50.2% 53.7%
1992 16.8% 42.6% 51.3% 45%
1991 15% 39.2% 50% 39.2%
1990 15.8% 40.8% 48.9% 28.9%
1989 16.5% 42.5% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 17.3% 45.6% 52.6% 30.5%
1987 18% 49.7% 50.5% 31.3%
1986 20.9% 38.3% 48.1% 37.8%
1985 18.5% 28% 44% 30.2%
1984 16.1% 23.5% 44.5% 27.8%
1983 18.2% 23.1% 46.4% 27.4%
1982 18.8% 18.6% 46.6% 29.7%
1981 24.4% 16.4% 46.1% 32.9%
1980 22.1% 17.3% 46.1% 36.8%
1979 20.9% 22% 47.2% 39.6%
1978 20.1% 30.3% 47.9% 49.9%
1977 19.5% 27.7% 46.5% 43.8%
1976 21.8% 38.1% 45.2% 38.5%
1975 20.5% 36.7% 43.5% 36.7%
1974 17.3% 34.4% 42.2% 35.4%
1973 16.3% 43.1% 42.3% 37.7%
1972 15.7% 51.2% 42.2% 38.9%
1971 14.5% 50.5% 40.7% 38.5%
1970 13.8% 46.7% 38.9% 38.6%
1969 12.8% - 38% 22.3%
1968 8.82% - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 10.4% - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 9.18% - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 10.7% - 32.9% 23%
1964 9.55% - 32% 24.2%
1963 10.3% - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 7.89% - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 15.1% - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 14.4% - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/norway | CC BY

In 2024, Indonesia's government spending was $235B, accounting for 16.8% of its GDP, while Norway spent $234B, or 48.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 40.2% in Indonesia and 42.7% in Norway, ranking 132/185 and 127/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Indonesia

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Indonesia Norway
2024 -2.3% 13.2%
2023 -1.64% 16.6%
2022 -2.31% 25.5%
2021 -4.4% 10.3%
2020 -6.07% -2.56%
2019 -2.09% 6.52%
2018 -1.69% 7.81%
2017 -2.26% 4.96%
2016 -2.56% 4.04%
2015 -2.72% 5.99%
2014 -1.8% 8.57%
2013 -1.96% 10.6%
2012 -1.59% 13.7%
2011 -0.7% 13.3%
2010 -1.24% 10.9%
2009 -1.64% 10.2%
2008 0.05% 18.5%
2007 -0.95% 17%
2006 0.45% 17.9%
2005 0.46% 14.7%
2004 -0.26% 10.8%
2003 -1.08% 7.2%
2002 -0.58% 9.03%
2001 -1.76% 13.2%
2000 -1.87% 15%
1999 -0.96% 5.71%
1998 -1.89% 3.07%
1997 -1.03% 7.35%
1996 0.96% 6.01%
1995 0.64% 2.96%
1994 0.005% 0.04%
1993 -0.59% -1.64%
1992 -2.95% -2.07%
1991 -0.87% -0.12%
1990 -0.55% 1.95%
1989 -1.72% 1.81%
1988 -2.68% 2.65%
1987 -0.9% 4.56%
1986 -2.94% 5.87%
1985 -0.45% 9.84%
1984 1.83% 6.97%
1983 -1% 6.03%
1982 -1.11% 3.96%
1981 -0.69% 4.82%
1980 -0.82% 5.38%
1979 -0.67% 2.16%
1978 -2.03% 0.94%
1977 -0.38% 1.01%
1976 -2.63% 2.2%
1975 -2.33% 2.88%
1974 -0.35% 4.06%
1973 -1.33% 4.99%
1972 -1.82% 3.93%
1971 -2.51% 3.71%
1970 -3.02% 2.83%
1969 -2.8% 3.57%
1968 0% 3.38%
1967 -0.35% 4.19%
1966 -5.06% 3.59%
1965 -6.62% 2.78%
1964 -5.58% 3.08%
1963 -5.24% 2.6%
1962 -3.1% 4%
1961 -4.57% -0.7%
1960 -1.65% 1.42%
1959 -4.06% 1.89%
1958 -6.67% 1.7%
1957 -2.92% 1.55%
1956 -1.38% 1.22%
1955 -1.6% 0.82%
1954 -3.16% -0.54%
1953 -2.33% 1.3%
1952 -3.66% 2.15%
1951 1.52% 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/norway | CC BY

In 2024, Indonesia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $32.1B, equivalent to 2.3% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $64.1B, or 13.2% of GDP.

Over the past 58 years, Indonesia recorded a fiscal deficit in 50 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 4 years. On average, Indonesia posted an annual deficit equal to 1.39% of GDP, compared to surplus of 6.86% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Indonesia

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Indonesia Norway
2024 2.18% 3.15%
2023 3.67% 5.52%
2022 4.21% 5.76%
2021 1.56% 3.48%
2020 1.92% 1.29%
2019 3.03% 2.17%
2018 3.2% 2.76%
2017 3.81% 1.88%
2016 3.53% 3.55%
2015 6.36% 2.17%
2014 6.39% 2.04%
2013 6.41% 2.12%
2012 4.28% 0.7%
2011 5.36% 1.28%
2010 5.13% 2.42%
2009 4.39% 2.2%
2008 10.2% 3.75%
2007 6.41% 0.71%
2006 13.1% 2.33%
2005 10.5% 1.53%
2004 6.06% 0.45%
2003 6.76% 2.49%
2002 11.9% 1.29%
2001 11.5% 3%
2000 3.69% 3.09%
1999 20.5% 2.37%
1998 58.5% 2.25%
1997 6.23% 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/norway | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Indonesia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.24%, compared with 2.44% in Norway. In 2024, inflation was 2.18% in Indonesia and 3.15% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Indonesia
Export category Export value
Metals $69.4M
Machinery & equipment $40.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $7.2M
Wood & paper products $4.54M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.56M
Chemicals & pharma $2.82M
Raw materials & minerals $1.53M
Raw agricultural goods $783K
Precious metals & jewellery $445K
Weapons & explosives $119K
Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $104M
Miscellaneous $49.2M
Raw materials & minerals $48.8M
Animal & marine products $39.2M
Chemicals & pharma $21.8M
Metals $12.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.26M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.63M
Wood & paper products $1.44M
Precious metals & jewellery $245K

Balance of trade

Indonesia Norway
Current account balance
-$8.72B
2024
$71.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
174/190
2024
11/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.62%
2024
+14.8%
2024
Goods imports
$223B
2024
$97.5B
2024
Goods exports
$263B
2024
$162B
2024
Service imports
$57.6B
2024
$63.6B
2024
Service exports
$39B
2024
$55.6B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
33.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.2%
2024
47.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Indonesia Norway
Economic freedom 65.1 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 67/197 9/197
Property rights 39.7 99.6
Government integrity 42 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 43.1 96.4
Tax burden 81.5 63.3
Government spending 91.4 42
Fiscal health 89.8 96.4
Business freedom 69.2 91.2
Labor freedom 56.8 69.3
Monetary freedom 79.4 72.4
Trade freedom 78.6 85.6
Investment freedom 50 75
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Indonesia
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Indonesia Norway
2026 65.1 78.8
2025 65.2 78.3
2024 63.5 77.5
2023 63.5 76.9
2022 64.4 76.9
2021 66.9 73.4
2020 67.2 73.4
2019 65.8 73
2018 64.2 74.3
2017 61.9 74
2016 59.4 70.8
2015 58.1 71.8
2014 58.5 70.9
2013 56.9 70.5
2012 56.4 68.8
2011 56 70.3
2010 55.5 69.4
2009 53.4 70.2
2008 53.2 68.6
2007 53.2 67.9
2006 51.9 67.9
2005 52.9 64.5
2004 52.1 66.2
2003 55.8 67.2
2002 54.8 67.4
2001 52.5 67.1
2000 55.2 70.1
1999 61.5 68.6
1998 63.4 68
1997 62 65.1
1996 61 65.4
1995 54.9 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Indonesia is 65.1, ranking 67/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Indonesia Norway
Services, % of GDP
43.8%
2024
51.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
39.3%
2024
37%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
12.6%
2024
2.08%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.39T
2024
$547B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$16,010
2024
$106,830
2024
Total reserves including gold
$156B
2024
$81.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
20/177
2024
32/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$15.9B
2024
-$7.83B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$12B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$8.39B
2024
$4.95B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.65%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
9%
2024
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.4%
2024
24.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.