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Economy of Bahrain vs Brazil compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bahrain has a GDP of $49B compared to $2.28T for Brazil, ranking 98/197 and 11/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bahrain has $72.3B in government debt (147.6% of GDP), compared to $2.13T (93.3% of GDP) in Brazil.

Bahrain vs Brazil GDP by year

Bahrain
Brazil
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bahrain Brazil
2025 $48,965,725,532 $2,279,920,092,492
2024 $47,210,732,713 $2,185,821,610,689
2023 $46,192,260,638 $2,191,131,765,685
2022 $46,458,191,489 $1,951,923,942,083
2021 $40,840,212,766 $1,670,647,398,905
2020 $35,837,632,979 $1,476,107,231,310
2019 $40,446,808,511 $1,873,288,205,060
2018 $39,567,978,723 $1,916,933,898,011
2017 $37,204,813,830 $2,063,514,977,366
2016 $33,884,680,851 $1,795,693,482,853
2015 $32,523,297,872 $1,802,212,206,815
2014 $34,772,526,596 $2,456,043,727,199
2013 $33,823,324,468 $2,472,819,535,557
2012 $31,963,404,255 $2,465,227,802,807
2011 $29,914,680,851 $2,616,156,223,918
2010 $26,805,984,043 $2,208,837,745,101
2009 $22,938,218,085 $1,666,996,438,581
2008 $25,710,904,255 $1,695,855,083,498
2007 $21,730,000,000 $1,397,114,486,369
2006 $18,504,760,638 $1,107,626,541,435
2005 $15,968,723,404 $891,633,839,894
2004 $13,150,159,574 $669,289,424,806
2003 $11,074,813,830 $558,233,745,652
2002 $9,593,510,638 $509,795,273,807
2001 $8,976,196,809 $559,983,634,799
2000 $9,062,898,936 $655,448,231,984
1999 $7,528,469,149 $599,642,024,320
1998 $7,031,309,043 $863,710,759,256
1997 $7,219,407,713 $883,206,179,730
1996 $6,938,166,755 $850,426,432,992
1995 $6,651,180,851 $769,333,050,987
1994 $6,330,627,926 $525,369,467,296
1993 $5,913,001,064 $368,292,034,381
1992 $5,402,232,447 $328,191,909,882
1991 $5,248,911,170 $342,534,090,909
1990 $4,809,511,005 $384,959,818,182
1989 $4,393,093,963 $412,990,820,287
1988 $4,209,834,173 $307,881,930,752
1987 $3,856,922,694 $283,056,836,894
1986 $3,470,746,843 $256,480,852,471
1985 $4,152,376,484 $210,879,844,639
1984 $4,440,874,566 $188,339,974,087
1983 $4,247,030,468 $189,656,506,321
1982 $4,145,421,080 $271,314,113,768
1981 $3,943,109,532 $258,015,174,749
1980 $3,493,834,468 $237,393,489,893
1979 $2,710,160,739 $221,338,204,480
1978 $2,272,042,965 $200,278,646,124
1977 $1,989,060,283 $176,344,101,402
1976 $1,581,709,519 $153,168,949,208
1975 $1,099,107,601 $129,203,555,239
1974 $1,042,176,884 $109,794,519,728
1973 $761,132,545 $83,592,275,863
1972 $534,081,184 $58,434,858,375
1971 $422,181,562 $48,869,830,902
1970 $391,577,364 $42,327,664,794
1969 - $37,171,640,819
1968 - $33,930,457,425
1967 - $31,086,389,195
1966 - $28,283,323,733
1965 - $22,465,522,884
1964 - $20,963,733,695
1963 - $23,287,712,878
1962 - $19,231,747,852
1961 - $17,275,940,449
1960 - $17,030,465,539

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bahrain vs Brazil by year

Bahrain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bahrain Brazil
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $30,597 - $10,713 -
2024 $29,717 $66,941 $10,311 $22,338
2023 $29,290 $64,171 $10,378 $21,176
2022 $30,471 $61,678 $9,281 $19,877
2021 $27,148 $54,955 $7,973 $18,076
2020 $24,343 $53,436 $7,074 $16,102
2019 $27,260 $56,600 $9,030 $16,070
2018 $26,324 $51,993 $9,301 $15,464
2017 $24,785 $50,185 $10,081 $14,559
2016 $23,800 $47,429 $8,836 $14,309
2015 $23,734 $48,034 $8,936 $14,821
2014 $26,452 $54,299 $12,275 $15,827
2013 $26,990 $56,310 $12,459 $15,722
2012 $26,439 $56,713 $12,522 $15,198
2011 $25,033 $52,677 $13,397 $15,212
2010 $21,819 $49,255 $11,403 $14,452
2009 $19,465 $48,626 $8,679 $13,391
2008 $23,299 $50,330 $8,908 $13,445
2007 $20,908 $49,347 $7,410 $12,673
2006 $19,267 $48,009 $5,934 $11,751
2005 $17,966 $47,268 $4,828 $11,081
2004 $15,964 $46,317 $3,664 $10,526
2003 $14,486 $45,427 $3,091 $9,802
2002 $13,501 $45,091 $2,856 $9,617
2001 $13,573 $46,162 $3,176 $9,304
2000 $14,214 $45,688 $3,767 $9,092
1999 $12,123 $43,561 $3,494 $8,635
1998 $11,625 $42,281 $5,106 $8,599
1997 $12,255 $40,965 $5,299 $8,602
1996 $12,092 $40,106 $5,179 $8,301
1995 $11,901 $38,839 $4,757 $8,097
1994 $11,629 $37,579 $3,299 $7,727
1993 $11,152 $37,870 $2,349 $7,260
1992 $10,460 $33,648 $2,127 $6,869
1991 $10,434 $31,657 $2,258 $6,867
1990 $9,343 $26,902 $2,581 $6,688
1989 $8,833 - $2,819 -
1988 $8,772 - $2,141 -
1987 $8,333 - $2,006 -
1986 $7,777 - $1,854 -
1985 $9,649 - $1,556 -
1984 $10,697 - $1,420 -
1983 $10,599 - $1,461 -
1982 $10,712 - $2,138 -
1981 $10,557 - $2,080 -
1980 $9,733 - $1,959 -
1979 $7,891 - $1,870 -
1978 $6,926 - $1,733 -
1977 $6,358 - $1,562 -
1976 $5,310 - $1,390 -
1975 $3,880 - $1,201 -
1974 $3,874 - $1,045 -
1973 $2,981 - $815 -
1972 $2,206 - $583 -
1971 $1,830 - $500 -
1970 $1,742 - $444 -
1969 - - $399 -
1968 - - $374 -
1967 - - $351 -
1966 - - $328 -
1965 - - $268 -
1964 - - $257.3 -
1963 - - $294.2 -
1962 - - $250.2 -
1961 - - $231.6 -
1960 - - $235.3 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

Bahrain's GDP per capita is $30,597, ranking 44/197, compared to $10,713 in Brazil, ranking 85/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bahrain ranks 26th at $66,941, while Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338.

Economic indicators

Bahrain Brazil
Gross domestic product
$49B
2025
$2.28T
2025
GDP rank
98/197
2025
11/197
2025
GDP growth
3.48%
2024-2025
2.29%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$30,597
2025
$10,713
2025
GDP per capita rank
44/197
2025
85/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$66,941
2024
$22,338
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
26/197
2024
88/197
2024
Government debt
$72.3B
2025
$2.13T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
147.6%
2025
93.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$45,165
2025
$9,999
2025
Government debt per person rank
13/185
2025
60/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,191
2026
$6,555
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$21.3B
2025
$871B
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
386,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
70
2026
Income share by richest 10% n/a
39.3%
2024
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
1.3%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.4%
2025
47.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
-0.14%
2024-2025
5%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.25%
2025
14.5%
2026
Unemployment rate
0.89%
2015
5.83%
2025
Population
1649267
213964342

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bahrain
Spending

Debt
Brazil
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bahrain Brazil
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 29.4% 147.6% 47.4% 93.3%
2024 28.9% 133.7% 45.5% 87%
2023 29% 123% 45.3% 84%
2022 28.4% 111.6% 43.4% 83.9%
2021 30.6% 122.3% 40.4% 88.9%
2020 34.6% 125.7% 46.2% 96%
2019 31.2% 97.1% 43% 87.1%
2018 32.1% 90.4% 44.2% 84.8%
2017 30.7% 84% 44.3% 82.7%
2016 33.3% 77.4% 45.5% 77.4%
2015 34.8% 63.2% 46.2% 71.7%
2014 27.3% 42.6% 41.4% 61.6%
2013 32% 42.3% 39.8% 59.6%
2012 31.1% 34.8% 39.3% 61.6%
2011 30.2% 31.6% 39.4% 60.6%
2010 31.1% 28.8% 39.5% 62.4%
2009 24.6% 20.5% 40.5% 64.7%
2008 22.7% 12.1% 39.9% 61.4%
2007 22.4% 15.7% 40.4% 63%
2006 23.1% 19.4% 42.6% 64.6%
2005 23.9% 23.2% 41.9% 67%
2004 25% 28.2% 39.7% 68%
2003 28.1% 31.1% 41.3% 71.5%
2002 30.6% 27.2% 44.5% 76.1%
2001 26.5% 25% 39.8% 67.3%
2000 22.2% 24.7% 34.5% 62.2%
1999 27.1% 24.7% 39.6% 44.5%
1998 25.7% 20% 40.9% 38.9%
1997 31% 14.8% 38.6% 31.8%
1996 22.7% 13.1% 38.2% 30.7%
1995 25.1% 13.6% - 28%
1994 26.1% 5.62% - 30%
1993 26.7% 5.95% - 32.6%
1992 29.4% 6.45% - 37.1%
1991 28.5% 6.71% - 38.1%
1990 32.4% 7.24% - 40.6%
1989 - - - 40.2%
1988 - - - 46.9%
1987 - - - 50.3%
1986 - - 11.7% 49.4%
1985 - - 11.1% 52.6%
1984 - - 10% 55.8%
1983 - - 9.7% 51.5%
1982 - - 8.1% 32.8%
1981 - - 7.8% 34.6%
1980 - - 6.8% 39.7%
1979 - - 9% 36.6%
1978 - - 10.2% 37%
1977 - - 10.4% 31%
1976 - - 10.6% 31.8%
1975 - - 10.7% 27.7%
1974 - - 10.5% 25.7%
1973 - - 11% 22.4%
1972 - - 12.6% 22.5%
1971 - - 11.7% 17.9%
1970 - - 11.4% 17%
1969 - - 11.2% 16.5%
1968 - - 14.4% 15.8%
1967 - - 13.5% 13.8%
1966 - - 14.6% 19.6%
1965 - - 14% 17.6%
1964 - - 25.4% 22.2%
1963 - - 22.8% 20.4%
1962 - - 23.1% 23.7%
1961 - - 12% 25.7%
1960 - - 13.7% 22.3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

In 2025, Bahrain's government spending was $14.4B, accounting for 29.4% of its GDP, while Brazil spent $1.08T, or 47.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 147.6% in Bahrain and 93.3% in Brazil, ranking 6/185 and 29/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bahrain

Brazil
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bahrain Brazil
2025 -13% -8.07%
2024 -11% -6.17%
2023 -9.66% -7.71%
2022 -6.03% -3.96%
2021 -10.6% -2.63%
2020 -17.3% -11.6%
2019 -8.57% -4.86%
2018 -11.3% -6.99%
2017 -13.4% -7.97%
2016 -16.6% -7.99%
2015 -17.5% -9.28%
2014 -3.32% -6.27%
2013 -8.55% -3.42%
2012 -5.77% -2.35%
2011 -4.9% -2.74%
2010 -9.29% -3.55%
2009 -5.36% -4.23%
2008 4.08% -2.39%
2007 1.52% -2.66%
2006 2.24% -4.87%
2005 2.8% -3.36%
2004 0.24% -2.95%
2003 -1.7% -5.4%
2002 -3.27% -4.15%
2001 0.7% -3.47%
2000 7.33% -3.32%
1999 -4.85% -5.17%
1998 -5.49% -7.22%
1997 -6.39% -5.6%
1996 0.24% -5.35%
1995 -3.99% -
1994 -5.18% -
1993 -2.77% -
1992 -5.41% -
1991 -3.47% -
1990 -6.79% -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 - -1.6%
1985 - -1.3%
1984 - -0.4%
1983 - 0.1%
1982 - 1.4%
1981 - 1%
1980 - 2.5%
1979 - 0.4%
1978 - -0.1%
1977 - 0.1%
1976 - 0.1%
1975 - 0%
1974 - 0.6%
1973 - 0.1%
1972 - -0.1%
1971 - -0.3%
1970 - -0.4%
1969 - -0.6%
1968 - -1.6%
1967 - -2.1%
1966 - -1.3%
1965 - -2%
1964 - -8.79%
1963 - -5.78%
1962 - -6.82%
1961 - -2.93%
1960 - -3.85%
1959 - -0.18%
1958 - -0.76%
1957 - -0.29%
1956 - -0.14%
1955 - -0.62%
1954 - -0.49%
1953 - -1.26%
1952 - 0.64%
1951 - 0.87%
1950 - -1.58%
1949 - -1.22%
1948 - 0.002%
1947 - 0.25%
1946 - -1.78%
1945 - -2.87%
1944 - -2.37%
1943 - -0.75%
1942 - -2.55%
1941 - -2.15%
1940 - -1.13%
1939 - -1.2%
1938 - -0.59%
1937 - -1.62%
1936 - -0.27%
1935 - -0.5%
1934 - -2.28%
1933 - -1.56%
1932 - -6.47%
1931 - -1.56%
1930 - -3.58%
1929 - -0.09%
1928 - 0.57%
1927 - 0.12%
1926 - -0.76%
1925 - -0.07%
1924 - -0.45%
1923 - -1.94%
1922 - -3.8%
1921 - -2.98%
1920 - -3.11%
1919 - -3.69%
1918 - -4.51%
1917 - -4.8%
1916 - -4.35%
1915 - -6.33%
1914 - -7.32%
1913 - -1.91%
1912 - -3.05%
1911 - -2.15%
1910 - -2.06%
1909 - -1.62%
1908 - -1.89%
1907 - 0.38%
1906 - 0.28%
1905 - 0.96%
1904 - -0.62%
1903 - 1.79%
1902 - 1.59%
1901 - -2.46%
1900 - -5.57%
1899 - -2.13%
1898 - -14%
1897 - -2.38%
1896 - -0.79%
1895 - -1.33%
1894 - -4.11%
1893 - -1.77%
1892 - -2.6%
1891 - 0.51%
1890 - -3.02%
1889 - -3.79%
1888 - 0.63%
1887 - -0.76%
1886 - -3.8%
1885 - -5.71%
1884 - -3.89%
1883 - -3.33%
1882 - -1.58%
1881 - -1.9%
1880 - -4.84%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

In 2025, Bahrain's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $6.35B, equivalent to 13% of GDP. This compares to Brazil's deficit of $184B, or 8.07% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Bahrain recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Brazil ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Bahrain posted an annual deficit equal to 5.61% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.19% of GDP for Brazil.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bahrain

Brazil
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bahrain Brazil
2025 -0.14% 5%
2024 0.92% 4.4%
2023 0.07% 4.6%
2022 3.63% 9.3%
2021 -0.61% 8.3%
2020 -2.32% 3.2%
2019 1.01% 3.7%
2018 2.09% 3.7%
2017 1.39% 3.4%
2016 2.79% 8.7%
2015 1.85% 9%
2014 2.65% 6.3%
2013 3.3% 6.2%
2012 2.76% 5.4%
2011 -0.4% 6.6%
2010 1.96% 5%
2009 2.8% 4.9%
2008 3.53% 5.7%
2007 3.26% 3.6%
2006 2.01% 4.2%
2005 2.59% 6.9%
2004 2.35% 6.6%
2003 1.59% 14.7%
2002 -0.5% 8.4%
2001 -1.21% 6.8%
2000 -0.7% 7%
1999 -1.29% 4.9%
1998 -0.37% 3.2%
1997 2.43% 6.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bahrain has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.29%, compared with 6.09% in Brazil. In 2025, inflation was -0.14% in Bahrain and 5% in Brazil.

Top exports between countries

Bahrain
Export category Export value
Metals $108M
Raw materials & minerals $77.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $895K
Machinery & equipment $179K
Chemicals & pharma $166K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5K
Miscellaneous $1K
Brazil
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $795M
Animal & marine products $52.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $16.1M
Metals $11.2M
Machinery & equipment $1.07M
Chemicals & pharma $1.01M
Textiles & consumer goods $609K
Wood & paper products $562K
Raw agricultural goods $474K
Weapons & explosives $195K

Balance of trade

Bahrain Brazil
Current account balance
$2.28B
2024
-$66.7B
2025
Current account balance ranking
43/190
2024
188/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.83%
2024
-2.93%
2025
Goods imports
$20.7B
2024
$291B
2025
Goods exports
$24.3B
2024
$351B
2025
Service imports
$12.4B
2024
$105B
2025
Service exports
$17B
2024
$54.4B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
70%
2024
17.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
87.5%
2024
17.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bahrain Brazil
Economic freedom 65.7 52.4
Economic freedom ranking 63/197 148/197
Property rights 60.9 49.2
Government integrity 45.9 37.2
Judicial effectiveness 30 55.6
Tax burden 99.9 70.6
Government spending 75 39.8
Fiscal health 0 28
Business freedom 75.9 65.7
Labor freedom 55.5 57
Monetary freedom 88.8 76
Trade freedom 86.8 69
Investment freedom 90 40
Financial freedom 80 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bahrain
Brazil
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bahrain Brazil
2026 65.7 52.4
2025 65.6 55.1
2024 63.4 53.2
2023 62.5 53.5
2022 62 53.3
2021 69.9 53.4
2020 66.3 53.7
2019 66.4 51.9
2018 67.7 51.4
2017 68.5 52.9
2016 74.3 56.5
2015 73.4 56.6
2014 75.1 56.9
2013 75.5 57.7
2012 75.2 57.9
2011 77.7 56.3
2010 76.3 55.6
2009 74.8 56.7
2008 72.2 56.2
2007 71.2 56.2
2006 71.6 60.9
2005 71.2 61.7
2004 75.1 62
2003 76.3 63.4
2002 75.6 61.5
2001 75.9 61.9
2000 75.7 61.1
1999 75.2 61.3
1998 75.6 52.3
1997 76.1 52.6
1996 76.4 48.1
1995 76.2 51.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bahrain is 65.7, ranking 63/197, compared to 52.4 for Brazil, ranking 148/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bahrain Brazil
Services, % of GDP
54.3%
2025
59.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
41.2%
2025
20.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.24%
2025
6.09%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$46.1B
2025
$2.25T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$65,500
2025
$22,670
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.27B
2025
$359B
2025
Total reserves ranking
101/177
2025
13/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.43B
2024
-$47.5B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$2.7B
2024
$74.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$275M
2024
$26.3B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
5.4%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
4.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
17.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahrain/brazil | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.