Skip to content

Kazakhstan's economy ranking: GDP & GDP per capita, debt

Updated on by Georank team

Kazakhstan ranked 50/197 by economy size with a GDP of $288B and 72/197 by GDP per capita at $14,005. Kazakhstan has $71.5B in government debt, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 25.4%.

In 2025, Kazakhstan made up 0.26% of the world's economy, compared to 0.12% in 1990.

The chart below shows GDP in nominal terms, GDP adjusted for inflation (in constant dollars), and a bar chart of year-over-year inflation-adjusted growth.

GDP, current $
GDP, constant 2015 $
GDP growth
Year GDP GDP growth
Current $ Constant $
1990 $26,932,016,270 $95,326,487,410 -
1991 $24,923,076,923 $84,840,573,793 -7.46%
1992 $24,917,355,372 $80,344,023,383 -0.02%
1993 $23,409,260,880 $72,952,373,230 -6.05%
1994 $21,250,792,886 $63,760,374,204 -9.22%
1995 $20,374,302,652 $58,532,023,519 -4.12%
1996 $21,035,357,937 $58,824,683,638 3.24%
1997 $22,165,932,063 $59,824,703,259 5.37%
1998 $22,135,245,507 $58,688,033,898 -0.14%
1999 $16,870,817,182 $60,272,610,812 -23.8%
2000 $18,291,990,662 $66,179,326,673 8.42%
2001 $22,152,689,180 $75,113,535,772 21.1%
2002 $24,636,598,527 $82,474,662,278 11.2%
2003 $30,833,692,900 $90,144,805,870 25.2%
2004 $43,151,647,003 $98,798,707,234 39.9%
2005 $57,123,671,734 $108,382,181,835 32.4%
2006 $81,003,864,630 $119,979,075,292 41.8%
2007 $104,849,915,058 $130,657,212,993 29.4%
2008 $133,441,648,852 $134,968,901,022 27.3%
2009 $115,308,686,941 $136,588,527,833 -13.6%
2010 $148,047,348,241 $146,559,490,370 28.4%
2011 $192,626,464,617 $157,404,892,659 30.1%
2012 $207,998,568,866 $164,960,327,499 7.98%
2013 $236,634,603,409 $174,857,947,144 13.8%
2014 $221,415,613,595 $182,201,980,934 -6.43%
2015 $184,388,404,706 $184,388,404,706 -16.7%
2016 $137,278,320,084 $186,416,677,156 -25.5%
2017 $166,805,788,827 $194,059,760,924 21.5%
2018 $179,339,977,690 $202,016,211,109 7.51%
2019 $181,667,184,855 $211,106,940,611 1.3%
2020 $171,082,365,861 $205,829,267,103 -5.83%
2021 $197,112,255,361 $214,679,925,583 15.2%
2022 $225,496,328,925 $221,549,683,201 14.4%
2023 $261,840,101,060 $232,848,717,044 16.1%
2024 $288,406,138,231 $244,025,455,462 10.1%

Economic Statistics of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Rank
Gross domestic product
$288B
2024
50/197
GDP growth
10.1%
2023-2024
37/196
GDP per capita
$14,005
2024
72/197
GDP per capita, PPP
$40,813
2024
58/197
Government debt
$71.5B
2024
64/185
Debt-to-GDP ratio
25.4%
2025
169/185
Government debt per person
$3,474
2024
96/185
Average annual personal income after taxes
$7,117
2025
94/197
Listed domestic companies
79
2024
57/103
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$62.8B
2024
45/100
Number of millionaires
44,307
2024
32/34
Millionaire frequency
1 in 292
2024
27/34
Number of billionaires
6
2025
41/78
Billionaire frequency
1 in 2,157,825
2025
46/78
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2021
121/169
Income share by poorest 10%
4.3%
2021
4/169
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2025
154/195
Consumer prices inflation
11.4%
2024-2025
25/195
Central bank interest rate
16.5%
2025
15/105
Unemployment rate
4.86%
2022
110/196
Population
21036432
64/197

Kazakhstan's GDP per capita

Kazakhstan has a GDP per capita of $14,005, ranking 72/197, a GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) of $40,813, ranking 58/197, and a median annual after tax income of $7,117, ranking 94/197.

GDP per capita
GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1990 $1,570 $7,874
1991 $1,442 $7,193
1992 $1,438 $6,945
1993 $1,355 $6,477
1994 $1,247 $5,860
1995 $1,218 $5,595
1996 $1,281 $5,836
1997 $1,382 $6,178
1998 $1,415 $6,284
1999 $1,092 $6,626
2000 $1,180 $7,418
2001 $1,422 $8,568
2002 $1,574 $9,504
2003 $1,958 $10,532
2004 $2,722 $11,777
2005 $3,577 $13,226
2006 $5,030 $14,966
2007 $6,449 $16,581
2008 $8,124 $17,278
2009 $6,938 $17,389
2010 $8,793 $18,642
2011 $11,287 $20,160
2012 $12,019 $21,367
2013 $13,478 $23,754
2014 $12,428 $23,958
2015 $10,196 $22,484
2016 $7,476 $23,023
2017 $8,943 $23,973
2018 $9,472 $25,096
2019 $9,457 $28,689
2020 $8,782 $29,040
2021 $9,984 $32,946
2022 $11,255 $35,895
2023 $12,879 $38,515
2024 $14,005 $40,813

Kazakhstan's government spending, deficit, and chart

This chart shows Kazakhstan's government spending, budget balance, and debt over time, each expressed as a share of GDP.

Over the past 24 years, Kazakhstan recorded a fiscal deficit in 10 years — average annual surplus equal to +0.66% of GDP. In 2024, government spending reached $60.7B (20.6% of GDP), with a deficit of -3.15%.

The national debt reached $71.5B, ranking 64th out of 185 countries by total size, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 25.4%, ranking 169th.

Government spending
Government debt
Deficit/surplus
Year % of GDP
Government spending Government debt Government deficit/surplus
2002 20.5% 17.6% 1.92%
2003 21.4% 15% 4%
2004 21.3% 11.4% 3.29%
2005 22% 8.1% 6.08%
2006 19.8% 6.68% 7.65%
2007 23.7% 4.09% 5.13%
2008 27.1% 6.77% 1.23%
2009 23.5% 10.2% -1.33%
2010 22.5% 10.7% 1.47%
2011 21.2% 10.2% 5.81%
2012 21.9% 12.1% 4.43%
2013 19.8% 12.6% 4.95%
2014 21.3% 14.5% 2.48%
2015 22.9% 21.9% -6.26%
2016 21.5% 19.7% -4.5%
2017 24.1% 19.9% -4.27%
2018 18.8% 20.3% 2.58%
2019 20.2% 19.9% -0.57%
2020 24.5% 26.4% -7.04%
2021 22.1% 25.1% -4.97%
2022 21.7% 23.5% 0.11%
2023 23.4% 23% -1.52%
2024 21% 24.8% -1.62%
2025 20.6% 25.4% -3.15%

Inflation rate by year

Over the past 20 years, Kazakhstan has had an average annual inflation rate of 9.07%. In 2025, inflation was 11.4%. The bar chart below shows consumer price inflation by year.

Year Inflation
1993 1,662%
1994 1,402%
1995 176.4%
1996 39.2%
1997 17.4%
1998 7.1%
1999 8.3%
2000 13.2%
2001 8.4%
2002 6%
2003 6.4%
2004 7%
2005 7.4%
2006 8.6%
2007 10.8%
2008 17.2%
2009 7.3%
2010 7.1%
2011 8.4%
2012 5.1%
2013 5.8%
2014 6.6%
2015 6.8%
2016 14.6%
2017 7.5%
2018 6%
2019 5.3%
2020 6.8%
2021 8%
2022 15%
2023 14.5%
2024 8.7%
2025 11.4%

Balance of trade

Kazakhstan Rank
Current account balance
-$4.98B
2024
166/189
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.73%
2024
101/189
Goods imports
$61.2B
2024
47/188
Goods exports
$78.8B
2024
43/188
Service imports
$13B
2024
58/188
Service exports
$11.8B
2024
64/188
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
27.5%
2023
142/180
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.5%
2023
97/193

Kazakhstan's top 10 trading partners

Kazakhstan's biggest trading partner accounting for 21.3%% of all exports and imports is China, with a trade balance between the two of -$256M — Kazakhstan exports $14.9B worth of goods and services to China and imports $15.2B.

Below is the list of the top 10 trade partners of Kazakhstan.

Rank Country Trade value Share of total trade Export to Import from Top export to Top import from
1 China $30.1B 21.3% $14.9B $15.2B Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment
2 Russia $27.8B 19.7% $9.55B $18.3B Raw materials & minerals Raw materials & minerals
3 Italy $19.9B 14.1% $18.7B $1.27B Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment
4 Netherlands $5.68B 4.02% $5.3B $384M Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment
5 France $5.55B 3.93% $3.69B $1.86B Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment
6 Turkey $4.97B 3.52% $3.32B $1.66B Raw materials & minerals Textiles & consumer goods
7 United States $4.24B 3.01% $1.97B $2.27B Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment
8 Uzbekistan $4.14B 2.93% $2.83B $1.31B Raw agricultural goods Machinery & equipment
9 Germany $4B 2.83% $1.16B $2.84B Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment
10 South Korea $3.16B 2.24% $1.25B $1.91B Raw materials & minerals Machinery & equipment

Kazakhstan's top 10 exports

Kazakhstan Rank
Raw materials & minerals $57.8B 23/193
Metals $10.9B 32/192
Transport & tourism services $7.68B 55/188
Machinery & equipment $4.75B 54/193
Raw agricultural goods $2.78B 43/193
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.86B 60/192
Business & finance services $1.43B 70/188
Chemicals & pharma $1.14B 71/193
Precious metals & jewellery $1.08B 61/190
IT & IP services $764M 67/183

Kazakhstan's top 10 imports

Kazakhstan Rank
Machinery & equipment $25.5B 45/193
Chemicals & pharma $7.3B 52/193
Transport & tourism services $7.25B 55/188
Textiles & consumer goods $6.38B 46/193
Raw materials & minerals $5.64B 67/193
Metals $5.57B 46/193
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.04B 49/193
Business & finance services $2.82B 60/188
Raw agricultural goods $1.77B 60/193
Wood & paper products $1.31B 53/193

Economic freedom indices

Kazakhstan Rank
Economic freedom 63.8 74/197
Property rights 54.7 81/182
Government integrity 39.9 81/182
Judicial effectiveness 34.8 81/182
Tax burden 91.7 25/181
Government spending 85.1 45/180
Fiscal health 91.8 39/181
Business freedom 69.3 77/182
Labor freedom 63.2 41/182
Monetary freedom 61.3 152/180
Trade freedom 73.2 78/181
Investment freedom 50 114/181
Financial freedom 50 83/181

Kazakhstan's economic freedom by year

Kazakhstan is ranked 67/180 for economic freedom with a score of 63.8, compared to 111/163 and a score of 53.9 in 2005.

Economic freedom
Judicial effectiveness
Tax burden
Government spending
Fiscal health
Year Index
Economic freedom Judicial effectiveness Tax burden Government spending Fiscal health
1998 41.7 - 73.3 85.7 -
1999 47.3 - 73.7 89.6 -
2000 50.4 - 80.6 88 -
2001 51.8 - 79.2 88 -
2002 52.4 - 79.3 84.1 -
2003 52.3 - 77.9 85.2 -
2004 49.7 - 77 84.1 -
2005 53.9 - 82.6 85.9 -
2006 60.2 - 81.6 83.9 -
2007 59.6 - 81.4 83.7 -
2008 61.1 - 80.1 84.7 -
2009 60.1 - 82.8 87.5 -
2010 61 - 87.9 82.1 -
2011 62.1 - 87.3 78.5 -
2012 63.6 - 90.4 83.4 -
2013 63 - 93.2 84.5 -
2014 63.7 - 92.9 85 -
2015 63.3 - 93.2 85 -
2016 63.6 - 93 87.7 -
2017 69 56.5 93.3 85.7 98.9
2018 69.1 58.1 92.6 85.3 87.3
2019 65.4 56.1 93.4 83.7 41
2020 69.6 62.1 92.3 85.5 84.1
2021 71.1 62.8 93.6 86.7 98.3
2022 64.4 34.5 92.7 86.5 93.5
2023 62.1 36.9 93 85.1 70.6
2024 62 33.8 92.6 84.4 73.7
2025 63.8 34.8 91.7 85.1 91.8

More economic indicators

Kazakhstan Rank
Services, % of GDP
58.2%
2024
89/191
Industry, % of GDP
31.4%
2024
49/194
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.94%
2024
118/193
GNI, Atlas method
$250B
2024
52/194
GNI per capita, PPP
$37,870
2024
54/191
Total reserves including gold
$45.8B
2024
43/177
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.21B
2024
122/188
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$682M
2024
180/193
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$1.89B
2024
181/187
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
19%
2023
7/119
Poverty at national poverty lines
5%
2024
169/176
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
29.8%
2023
38/176

Compare countries by 7 more topics

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Kazakhstan
Afghanistan Compare
Albania Compare
Algeria Compare
Andorra Compare
Angola Compare
Antigua Compare
Argentina Compare
Armenia Compare
Australia Compare
Austria Compare
Azerbaijan Compare
Bahamas Compare
Bahrain Compare
Bangladesh Compare
Barbados Compare
Belarus Compare
Belgium Compare
Belize Compare
Benin Compare
Bhutan Compare
Bolivia Compare
Bosnia Compare
Botswana Compare
Brazil Compare
Brunei Compare
Bulgaria Compare
Burkina Faso Compare
Burundi Compare
Cambodia Compare
Cameroon Compare
Canada Compare
Cape Verde Compare
Cayman Islands Compare
CAR Compare
Chad Compare
Chile Compare
China Compare
Colombia Compare
Comoros Compare
Congo Compare
Costa Rica Compare
Croatia Compare
Cuba Compare
Curacao Compare
Cyprus Compare
Czech Republic Compare
DR Congo Compare
Denmark Compare
Djibouti Compare
Dominica Compare
Dominican Republic Compare
East Timor Compare
Ecuador Compare
Egypt Compare
El Salvador Compare
Equatorial Guinea Compare
Eritrea Compare
Estonia Compare
Eswatini Compare
Ethiopia Compare
Fiji Compare
Finland Compare
France Compare
Gabon Compare
Gambia Compare
Georgia Compare
Germany Compare
Ghana Compare
Greece Compare
Grenada Compare
Guatemala Compare
Guinea Compare
Guinea-Bissau Compare
Guyana Compare
Haiti Compare
Honduras Compare
Hungary Compare
Iceland Compare
India Compare
Indonesia Compare
Iran Compare
Iraq Compare
Ireland Compare
Israel Compare
Italy Compare
Ivory Coast Compare
Jamaica Compare
Japan Compare
Jordan Compare
Kenya Compare
Kiribati Compare
Kuwait Compare
Kyrgyzstan Compare
Laos Compare
Latvia Compare
Lebanon Compare
Lesotho Compare
Liberia Compare
Libya Compare
Liechtenstein Compare
Lithuania Compare
Luxembourg Compare
Madagascar Compare
Malawi Compare
Malaysia Compare
Maldives Compare
Mali Compare
Malta Compare
Marshall Islands Compare
Mauritania Compare
Mauritius Compare
Mexico Compare
Moldova Compare
Monaco Compare
Mongolia Compare
Montenegro Compare
Morocco Compare
Mozambique Compare
Myanmar Compare
Namibia Compare
Nauru Compare
Nepal Compare
Netherlands Compare
New Zealand Compare
Nicaragua Compare
Niger Compare
Nigeria Compare
North Korea Compare
North Macedonia Compare
Norway Compare
Oman Compare
Pakistan Compare
Palau Compare
Palestine Compare
Panama Compare
Papua New Guinea Compare
Paraguay Compare
Peru Compare
Philippines Compare
Poland Compare
Portugal Compare
Qatar Compare
Romania Compare
Russia Compare
Rwanda Compare
Saint Kitts Compare
Saint Lucia Compare
Saint Vincent Compare
Samoa Compare
San Marino Compare
Sao Tome Compare
Saudi Arabia Compare
Senegal Compare
Serbia Compare
Seychelles Compare
Sierra Leone Compare
Singapore Compare
Slovakia Compare
Slovenia Compare
Solomon Islands Compare
Somalia Compare
South Africa Compare
South Korea Compare
South Sudan Compare
Spain Compare
Sri Lanka Compare
Sudan Compare
Suriname Compare
Sweden Compare
Switzerland Compare
Syria Compare
Taiwan Compare
Tajikistan Compare
Tanzania Compare
Thailand Compare
Togo Compare
Tonga Compare
Trinidad Compare
Tunisia Compare
Turkey Compare
Turkmenistan Compare
Tuvalu Compare
Uganda Compare
Ukraine Compare
UAE Compare
United Kingdom Compare
United States Compare
Uruguay Compare
Uzbekistan Compare
Vanuatu Compare
Vatican Compare
Venezuela Compare
Vietnam Compare
Yemen Compare
Zambia Compare
Zimbabwe Compare

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.