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Economy of Norway vs Singapore compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Norway has a GDP of $531B compared to $604B for Singapore, ranking 32/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Norway has $239B in government debt (45% of GDP), compared to $1.03T (171.3% of GDP) in Singapore.

Norway vs Singapore GDP by year

Norway
Singapore
1x
Year GDP, current $
Norway Singapore
2025 $530,755,719,439 $603,869,516,999
2024 $500,886,328,034 $572,877,260,178
2023 $502,197,633,323 $511,181,761,244
2022 $617,321,834,099 $514,252,535,239
2021 $521,592,200,233 $441,110,903,525
2020 $382,252,517,922 $351,226,533,656
2019 $424,244,886,364 $376,827,390,962
2018 $454,588,871,811 $377,976,367,877
2017 $415,673,181,543 $344,795,119,214
2016 $383,284,047,619 $320,759,207,439
2015 $400,669,174,331 $307,998,545,269
2014 $515,829,568,897 $314,863,580,758
2013 $540,132,255,319 $307,576,360,585
2012 $525,082,939,407 $295,092,888,077
2011 $512,868,581,628 $279,356,499,090
2010 $440,132,138,425 $239,807,980,591
2009 $395,664,488,017 $194,150,283,772
2008 $472,060,283,688 $193,617,323,539
2007 $407,813,774,161 $180,941,701,358
2006 $349,773,283,645 $148,627,286,361
2005 $311,417,306,946 $127,807,848,728
2004 $265,662,977,688 $115,033,593,101
2003 $229,192,678,173 $97,646,401,096
2002 $195,359,978,957 $92,538,372,870
2001 $173,590,978,347 $89,793,790,670
2000 $170,620,327,660 $96,076,539,926
1999 $161,304,620,987 $86,286,849,755
1998 $152,955,958,172 $85,728,207,782
1997 $160,013,571,974 $100,123,787,215
1996 $162,427,517,132 $96,293,086,513
1995 $151,083,627,983 $87,812,540,788
1994 $126,324,387,894 $73,688,724,431
1993 $119,841,699,440 $60,603,815,716
1992 $129,998,873,602 $52,131,320,033
1991 $121,149,331,318 $45,466,164,978
1990 $119,344,377,526 $36,144,336,769
1989 $102,226,808,603 $30,465,364,739
1988 $101,497,621,605 $25,371,462,488
1987 $93,913,320,965 $20,919,215,578
1986 $78,438,205,742 $18,586,746,057
1985 $65,211,464,198 $19,156,532,746
1984 $61,866,078,539 $19,749,361,098
1983 $61,417,685,434 $17,784,112,150
1982 $62,453,362,256 $16,084,252,378
1981 $63,392,804,251 $14,175,228,844
1980 $64,176,789,764 $11,896,256,783
1979 $52,935,763,512 $9,296,921,724
1978 $46,355,988,784 $7,517,176,355
1977 $41,362,637,363 $6,618,585,074
1976 $35,815,449,464 $6,327,077,974
1975 $32,742,543,381 $5,633,673,930
1974 $27,033,413,362 $5,221,534,956
1973 $22,433,660,550 $3,696,213,333
1972 $17,283,931,878 $2,721,440,981
1971 $14,523,306,736 $2,263,785,444
1970 $12,753,503,479 $1,920,574,150
1969 $11,083,505,596 $1,659,893,768
1968 $10,178,705,992 $1,425,706,091
1967 $9,532,076,026 $1,238,035,816
1966 $8,712,528,095 $1,096,425,608
1965 $8,073,570,566 $974,644,096
1964 $7,172,430,304 $894,153,311
1963 $6,522,268,053 $917,608,012
1962 $6,078,186,245 $826,239,212
1961 $5,642,867,672 $764,629,788
1960 $5,172,811,442 $704,751,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

GDP per capita in Norway vs Singapore by year

Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Norway Singapore
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $94,594 - $98,814 -
2024 $89,889 $102,038 $94,897 $150,689
2023 $90,984 $103,638 $86,383 $143,786
2022 $113,122 $125,490 $91,228 $143,095
2021 $96,443 $88,984 $80,885 $132,617
2020 $71,058 $67,111 $61,773 $101,518
2019 $79,329 $70,940 $66,069 $105,335
2018 $85,579 $70,254 $67,033 $103,963
2017 $78,771 $64,590 $61,436 $95,744
2016 $73,222 $59,280 $57,204 $89,902
2015 $77,221 $60,738 $55,646 $87,156
2014 $100,410 $66,332 $57,565 $84,555
2013 $106,333 $67,378 $56,967 $83,088
2012 $104,628 $65,774 $55,548 $82,108
2011 $103,545 $62,460 $53,891 $80,052
2010 $90,020 $58,213 $47,237 $75,401
2009 $81,940 $55,648 $38,927 $66,213
2008 $99,002 $62,073 $40,009 $67,735
2007 $86,600 $56,179 $39,433 $68,805
2006 $75,048 $54,358 $33,768 $64,061
2005 $67,358 $47,967 $29,961 $58,822
2004 $57,855 $42,667 $27,608 $54,384
2003 $50,208 $38,680 $23,730 $48,778
2002 $43,048 $38,056 $22,160 $45,083
2001 $38,458 $37,829 $21,700 $43,109
2000 $37,992 $36,994 $23,853 $43,781
1999 $36,151 $30,574 $21,797 $39,949
1998 $34,516 $28,200 $21,829 $37,560
1997 $36,324 $28,610 $26,376 $39,286
1996 $37,073 $26,826 $26,233 $36,873
1995 $34,659 $24,360 $24,915 $35,090
1994 $29,130 $23,027 $21,552 $33,058
1993 $27,793 $21,584 $18,290 $30,062
1992 $30,328 $20,623 $16,136 $27,022
1991 $28,427 $19,580 $14,502 $25,530
1990 $28,137 $18,461 $11,862 $23,815
1989 $24,185 - $10,395 -
1988 $24,112 - $8,914 -
1987 $22,430 - $7,539 -
1986 $18,822 - $6,800 -
1985 $15,704 - $7,002 -
1984 $14,943 - $7,228 -
1983 $14,877 - $6,633 -
1982 $15,178 - $6,078 -
1981 $15,463 - $5,597 -
1980 $15,708 - $4,928 -
1979 $12,998 - $3,901 -
1978 $11,421 - $3,194 -
1977 $10,230 - $2,846 -
1976 $8,896 - $2,759 -
1975 $8,171 - $2,490 -
1974 $6,783 - $2,342 -
1973 $5,664 - $1,685 -
1972 $4,395 - $1,264 -
1971 $3,721 - $1,071 -
1970 $3,291 - $926 -
1969 $2,881 - $813 -
1968 $2,667 - $709 -
1967 $2,519 - $626 -
1966 $2,321 - $567 -
1965 $2,168 - $517 -
1964 $1,941 - $486 -
1963 $1,779 - $511 -
1962 $1,670 - $472 -
1961 $1,563 - $449 -
1960 $1,444 - $428 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

Norway's GDP per capita is $94,594, ranking 9/197, compared to $98,814 in Singapore, ranking 7/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Norway ranks 7th at $102,038, while Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689.

Economic indicators

Norway Singapore
Gross domestic product
$531B
2025
$604B
2025
GDP rank
32/197
2025
28/197
2025
GDP growth
1.09%
2024-2025
5.03%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$94,594
2025
$98,814
2025
GDP per capita rank
9/197
2025
7/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$102,038
2024
$150,689
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
7/197
2024
2/197
2024
Government debt
$239B
2025
$1.03T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
45%
2025
171.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$42,567
2025
$169,228
2025
Government debt per person rank
15/185
2025
1/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,036
2026
$51,296
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$296B
2019
$824B
2025
Number of millionaires
348,000
2025
244,000
2026
Number of billionaires
17
2026
55
2026
Income share by richest 10%
21.6%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.6%
2025
15.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.06%
2024-2025
0.9%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.25%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.5%
2025
3.26%
2025
Population
5660666
6167445

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Norway
Spending

Debt
Singapore
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Norway Singapore
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.6% 45% 15.5% 171.3%
2024 46.9% 52.8% 14.3% 166%
2023 44.2% 42.4% 14.6% 170.4%
2022 36.2% 34.8% 14.9% 153.3%
2021 44.7% 40.1% 15.4% 139.9%
2020 54.5% 44.3% 24% 147.1%
2019 48.4% 39% 14% 127.7%
2018 46.1% 38.1% 13.9% 109.2%
2017 47.6% 36.9% 13.6% 107.3%
2016 48.8% 36.7% 15.2% 105.9%
2015 46.7% 33.2% 14.4% 102.1%
2014 44% 28.8% 12.6% 97.7%
2013 42.3% 30.6% 10.9% 98.2%
2012 41.4% 30.2% 9.83% 106.7%
2011 42.3% 28.9% 9.66% 103.1%
2010 43.6% 42.1% 10.2% 98.7%
2009 44.7% 41.7% 15.9% 101.7%
2008 39.2% 46.8% 14% 97.9%
2007 40.5% 48.9% 9.01% 87.8%
2006 40.1% 52.2% 12.3% 86.5%
2005 41.6% 42.1% 12.4% 92.7%
2004 44.7% 43.8% 14.1% 95.7%
2003 47.7% 43.1% 15.6% 99.1%
2002 46.3% 34% 15.9% 96.3%
2001 43.4% 27.3% 18.2% 94.5%
2000 41.5% 28.8% 16.1% 82.3%
1999 46.7% 25.1% 15.9% 85.3%
1998 48.2% 23.8% 18.1% 84.6%
1997 45.9% 26% 14.5% 70.8%
1996 47.4% 28.6% 18.1% 71.3%
1995 49.6% 32.9% 13.8% 69.8%
1994 49.7% 51% 11.7% 70.7%
1993 50.5% 54% 14.5% 71.2%
1992 51.6% 45.3% 14.5% 79%
1991 50.3% 39.5% 15.9% 76.4%
1990 49.1% 29.1% 15.1% 73.5%
1989 52.2% 30.4% - -
1988 52.6% 30.5% - -
1987 50.5% 31.3% - -
1986 48.1% 37.8% - -
1985 44% 30.2% - -
1984 44.5% 27.8% - -
1983 46.4% 27.4% - -
1982 46.6% 29.7% - -
1981 46.1% 32.9% - -
1980 46.1% 36.8% - -
1979 47.2% 39.6% - -
1978 47.9% 49.9% - -
1977 46.5% 43.8% - -
1976 45.2% 38.5% - -
1975 43.5% 36.7% - -
1974 42.2% 35.4% - -
1973 42.3% 37.7% - -
1972 42.2% 38.9% - -
1971 40.7% 38.5% - -
1970 38.9% 38.6% - -
1969 38% 22.3% - -
1968 36.2% 22.5% - -
1967 34.9% 22.6% - -
1966 33.5% 22.4% - -
1965 32.9% 23% - -
1964 32% 24.2% - -
1963 31.9% 25.3% - -
1962 30.6% 26.7% - -
1961 20.4% 27.7% - -
1960 18% 29.8% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Norway's government spending was $263B, accounting for 49.6% of its GDP, while Singapore spent $93.3B, or 15.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 45% in Norway and 171.3% in Singapore, ranking 117/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Norway

Singapore
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Norway Singapore
2025 9.34% 4.16%
2024 12.8% 3.79%
2023 15.9% 3.42%
2022 24.7% 1.2%
2021 9.93% 1.11%
2020 -2.46% -6.68%
2019 6.28% 3.76%
2018 7.56% 3.67%
2017 4.79% 5.23%
2016 3.91% 3.24%
2015 5.8% 2.86%
2014 8.34% 4.6%
2013 10.3% 5.96%
2012 13.4% 7.34%
2011 13% 7.96%
2010 10.6% 5.68%
2009 10% -0.09%
2008 18.3% 3.59%
2007 16.8% 7.12%
2006 17.7% 2.16%
2005 14.7% 2.56%
2004 10.8% 2.06%
2003 7.21% 0.68%
2002 9.05% 2.23%
2001 13.2% 1.2%
2000 15.1% 4.59%
1999 5.75% 5.2%
1998 3.09% 2.41%
1997 7.41% 5.66%
1996 6.05% 1.98%
1995 2.98% 4.8%
1994 0.04% 7.9%
1993 -1.65% 4.36%
1992 -2.08% 2.7%
1991 -0.12% 0.68%
1990 1.96% 1.97%
1989 1.81% -
1988 2.65% -
1987 4.56% -
1986 5.87% -
1985 9.84% -
1984 6.97% -
1983 6.03% -
1982 3.96% -
1981 4.82% -
1980 5.38% -
1979 2.16% -
1978 0.94% -
1977 1.01% -
1976 2.2% -
1975 2.88% -
1974 4.06% -
1973 4.99% -
1972 3.93% -
1971 3.71% -
1970 2.83% -
1969 3.57% -
1968 3.38% -
1967 4.19% -
1966 3.59% -
1965 2.78% -
1964 3.08% -
1963 2.6% -
1962 4% -
1961 -0.7% -
1960 1.42% -
1959 1.89% -
1958 1.7% -
1957 1.55% -
1956 1.22% -
1955 0.82% -
1954 -0.54% -
1953 1.3% -
1952 2.15% -
1951 1.59% -
1950 -0.89% -
1949 -0.72% -
1948 -0.35% -
1947 -4.66% -
1946 -3.82% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -0.54% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 -0.16% -
1936 -0.7% -
1935 -1.1% -
1934 -0.59% -
1933 -1.29% -
1932 -1.14% -
1931 -1.15% -
1930 -0.46% -
1929 -0.83% -
1928 -0.81% -
1927 -0.76% -
1926 -1.59% -
1925 -1.92% -
1924 -2.96% -
1923 -3.58% -
1922 -4.28% -
1921 -5.47% -
1920 -1.15% -
1919 -2.11% -
1918 -1.17% -
1917 0.2% -
1916 -0.36% -
1915 -2.04% -
1914 -1.09% -
1913 -0.9% -
1912 -0.89% -
1911 -0.05% -
1910 0.3% -
1909 -0.52% -
1908 -0.06% -
1907 0.16% -
1906 -0.59% -
1905 -0.52% -
1904 -0.75% -
1903 -1.12% -
1902 -1.52% -
1901 -1.41% -
1900 -1.99% -
1899 -1.35% -
1898 -1.39% -
1897 -0.63% -
1896 -1.57% -
1895 -1.66% -
1894 -1.13% -
1893 -1.25% -
1892 -0.94% -
1891 -0.44% -
1890 -0.2% -
1889 -0.07% -
1888 -0.23% -
1887 -0.17% -
1886 -0.2% -
1885 -0.005% -
1884 -0.08% -
1883 -0.17% -
1882 -0.62% -
1881 -1.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Norway's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $49.6B, equivalent to 9.34% of GDP. This compares to Singapore's surplus of $25.1B, or 4.16% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Norway recorded a fiscal deficit in 4 of those years, while Singapore ran a deficit in 2 years. On average, Norway posted an annual surplus equal to 8.62% of GDP, compared to surplus of 3.36% of GDP for Singapore.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Norway

Singapore
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Norway Singapore
2025 3.06% 0.9%
2024 3.15% 2.39%
2023 5.52% 4.83%
2022 5.76% 6.13%
2021 3.48% 2.32%
2020 1.29% -0.17%
2019 2.17% 0.57%
2018 2.76% 0.44%
2017 1.88% 0.58%
2016 3.55% -0.53%
2015 2.17% -0.52%
2014 2.04% 1.03%
2013 2.12% 2.36%
2012 0.7% 4.58%
2011 1.28% 5.25%
2010 2.42% 2.83%
2009 2.2% 0.59%
2008 3.75% 6.64%
2007 0.71% 2.11%
2006 2.33% 0.97%
2005 1.53% 0.43%
2004 0.45% 1.66%
2003 2.49% 0.51%
2002 1.29% -0.39%
2001 3% 1%
2000 3.09% 1.36%
1999 2.37% 0.02%
1998 2.25% -0.27%
1997 2.57% 2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Norway has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.46%, compared with 1.71% in Singapore. In 2025, inflation was 3.06% in Norway and 0.9% in Singapore.

Top exports between countries

Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $330M
Animal & marine products $73.4M
Raw materials & minerals $53.6M
Metals $15.3M
Miscellaneous $14.7M
Chemicals & pharma $14.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $7.08M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.29M
Wood & paper products $842K
Precious metals & jewellery $766K
Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $264M
Miscellaneous $231M
Metals $96.4M
Chemicals & pharma $33.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.99M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.96M
Raw materials & minerals $1.74M
Precious metals & jewellery $748K
Wood & paper products $428K
Raw agricultural goods $115K

Balance of trade

Norway Singapore
Current account balance
$74.1B
2025
$101B
2025
Current account balance ranking
10/190
2025
8/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+14%
2025
+16.7%
2025
Goods imports
$105B
2025
$475B
2025
Goods exports
$177B
2025
$652B
2025
Service imports
$73.9B
2025
$385B
2025
Service exports
$63.5B
2025
$422B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.7%
2025
142.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
45.4%
2025
177.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Norway Singapore
Economic freedom 78.8 84.4
Economic freedom ranking 9/197 1/197
Property rights 99.6 89.2
Government integrity 94.3 86.1
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 58.3
Tax burden 63.3 89.5
Government spending 42 93.4
Fiscal health 96.4 80
Business freedom 91.2 90.6
Labor freedom 69.3 77
Monetary freedom 72.4 83.5
Trade freedom 85.6 95
Investment freedom 75 90
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Norway
Singapore
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Norway Singapore
2026 78.8 84.4
2025 78.3 84.1
2024 77.5 83.5
2023 76.9 83.9
2022 76.9 84.4
2021 73.4 89.7
2020 73.4 89.4
2019 73 89.4
2018 74.3 88.8
2017 74 88.6
2016 70.8 87.8
2015 71.8 89.4
2014 70.9 89.4
2013 70.5 88
2012 68.8 87.5
2011 70.3 87.2
2010 69.4 86.1
2009 70.2 87.1
2008 68.6 87.3
2007 67.9 87.1
2006 67.9 88
2005 64.5 88.6
2004 66.2 88.9
2003 67.2 88.2
2002 67.4 87.4
2001 67.1 87.8
2000 70.1 87.7
1999 68.6 86.9
1998 68 87
1997 65.1 87.3
1996 65.4 86.5
1995 - 86.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Norway is 78.8, ranking 9/197, compared to 84.4 for Singapore, ranking 1/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Norway Singapore
Services, % of GDP
55%
2025
71.6%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
34.5%
2025
22.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.64%
2025
0.02%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$546B
2025
$500B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$107,770
2025
$135,750
2025
Total reserves including gold
$85.5B
2025
$432B
2025
Total reserves ranking
34/177
2025
11/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$8.93B
2025
-$64.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.1B
2024
$135B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$5.62B
2024
$63.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
22.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/singapore | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.