Chad ranked 131/197 by economy size with a GDP of $21.5B and 181/197 by GDP per capita at $1,022. Chad has $6.53B in government debt, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 30.4%.
In 2025, Chad made up 0.02% of the world's economy, compared to 0.02% in 1960.
Chad GDP & GDP growth by year
| Year | GDP | GDP growth |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $21,472,835,225 | 5.59% |
| 2024 | $19,906,706,690 | 4.95% |
| 2023 | $18,352,937,976 | 4% |
| 2022 | $17,828,508,290 | 4.13% |
| 2021 | $16,871,937,698 | 0.29% |
| 2020 | $14,932,897,821 | -0.39% |
| 2019 | $14,905,517,743 | 5.38% |
| 2018 | $15,327,000,249 | 5.74% |
| 2017 | $13,349,041,409 | -1.62% |
| 2016 | $13,026,289,836 | -4.12% |
| 2015 | $14,559,599,500 | 3.3% |
| 2014 | $18,144,336,904 | 2.06% |
| 2013 | $17,865,316,886 | 2.84% |
| 2012 | $17,892,228,570 | 9.06% |
| 2011 | $16,685,349,674 | 4.5% |
| 2010 | $14,058,506,664 | 13.7% |
| 2009 | $12,317,614,054 | -1.41% |
| 2008 | $13,385,593,990 | 3.08% |
| 2007 | $10,865,385,132 | 4.2% |
| 2006 | $9,709,626,596 | -0.54% |
| 2005 | $8,655,892,393 | 17.3% |
| 2004 | $4,422,855,661 | 33.6% |
| 2003 | $2,742,815,072 | 14.7% |
| 2002 | $1,997,005,709 | 8.49% |
| 2001 | $1,710,843,377 | 11.7% |
| 2000 | $1,388,506,772 | -0.88% |
| 1999 | $1,534,673,583 | -0.68% |
| 1998 | $1,744,794,531 | 6.95% |
| 1997 | $1,544,689,577 | 5.65% |
| 1996 | $1,607,345,356 | 2.21% |
| 1995 | $1,445,919,895 | 1.24% |
| 1994 | $1,179,837,963 | 10.1% |
| 1993 | $1,463,251,164 | -15.7% |
| 1992 | $1,881,847,670 | 8% |
| 1991 | $1,877,137,982 | 8.54% |
| 1990 | $1,738,605,558 | -4.18% |
| 1989 | $1,433,686,312 | 4.88% |
| 1988 | $1,482,597,298 | 15.5% |
| 1987 | $1,163,426,852 | -2.39% |
| 1986 | $1,067,828,246 | -4.08% |
| 1985 | $1,033,069,709 | 21.8% |
| 1984 | $919,103,735 | 2.05% |
| 1983 | $832,415,806 | 15.7% |
| 1982 | $834,369,860 | 5.35% |
| 1981 | $876,937,558 | 1.04% |
| 1980 | $1,033,002,404 | -6.05% |
| 1979 | $1,004,316,496 | -21.4% |
| 1978 | $1,113,920,124 | -0.47% |
| 1977 | $935,360,465 | 2.23% |
| 1976 | $866,044,962 | 2.98% |
| 1975 | $864,602,105 | 9.01% |
| 1974 | $652,532,795 | 4.96% |
| 1973 | $647,199,483 | -8.38% |
| 1972 | $585,427,547 | 1.15% |
| 1971 | $501,866,730 | -2.25% |
| 1970 | $469,266,737 | 1.86% |
| 1969 | $471,635,622 | 6.88% |
| 1968 | $453,980,096 | -0.46% |
| 1967 | $449,826,323 | 0.77% |
| 1966 | $432,794,922 | -1.81% |
| 1965 | $416,926,303 | 0.61% |
| 1964 | $392,247,518 | -2.51% |
| 1963 | $371,767,002 | -1.6% |
| 1962 | $357,635,713 | 5.36% |
| 1961 | $333,975,336 | 1.4% |
| 1960 | $313,582,728 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY 
Chad GDP per capita by year
| Year | Current $ | |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $1,022 | - |
| 2024 | $981 | $2,743 |
| 2023 | $950 | $2,700 |
| 2022 | $966 | $2,624 |
| 2021 | $946 | $2,435 |
| 2020 | $867 | $2,186 |
| 2019 | $893 | $2,352 |
| 2018 | $949 | $2,228 |
| 2017 | $854 | $2,097 |
| 2016 | $862 | $2,120 |
| 2015 | $994 | $2,378 |
| 2014 | $1,279 | $2,133 |
| 2013 | $1,305 | $2,110 |
| 2012 | $1,354 | $2,435 |
| 2011 | $1,308 | $2,388 |
| 2010 | $1,142 | $2,320 |
| 2009 | $1,036 | $2,087 |
| 2008 | $1,166 | $2,181 |
| 2007 | $980 | $2,149 |
| 2006 | $907 | $2,079 |
| 2005 | $838 | $2,102 |
| 2004 | $446 | $1,808 |
| 2003 | $289.1 | $1,378 |
| 2002 | $219.1 | $1,226 |
| 2001 | $194.3 | $1,152 |
| 2000 | $163.1 | $1,044 |
| 1999 | $186.6 | $1,066 |
| 1998 | $219.8 | $1,096 |
| 1997 | $201.4 | $1,049 |
| 1996 | $216.9 | $1,010 |
| 1995 | $204 | $1,014 |
| 1994 | $173.9 | $1,026 |
| 1993 | $220.7 | $933 |
| 1992 | $290.6 | $1,107 |
| 1991 | $302 | $1,046 |
| 1990 | $290.6 | $967 |
| 1989 | $246.4 | - |
| 1988 | $263.5 | - |
| 1987 | $213.9 | - |
| 1986 | $203.4 | - |
| 1985 | $202.7 | - |
| 1984 | $182.2 | - |
| 1983 | $167.2 | - |
| 1982 | $176.1 | - |
| 1981 | $194 | - |
| 1980 | $228.8 | - |
| 1979 | $222.9 | - |
| 1978 | $252.5 | - |
| 1977 | $215.9 | - |
| 1976 | $203.7 | - |
| 1975 | $207.5 | - |
| 1974 | $160 | - |
| 1973 | $162.4 | - |
| 1972 | $150.4 | - |
| 1971 | $131.8 | - |
| 1970 | $125.9 | - |
| 1969 | $129.2 | - |
| 1968 | $126.9 | - |
| 1967 | $128.2 | - |
| 1966 | $125.8 | - |
| 1965 | $123.6 | - |
| 1964 | $118.6 | - |
| 1963 | $114.7 | - |
| 1962 | $112.6 | - |
| 1961 | $107.3 | - |
| 1960 | $102.8 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY
Chad has a GDP per capita of $1,022, ranking 181/197, a GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) of $2,743, ranking 182/197, and a median annual after tax income of $1,529, ranking 176/197.
Chad GDP rankings by year
| Year | Rank | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| GDP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | 125 | 167 | - |
| 2024 | 127 | 177 | 167 |
| 2023 | 129 | 176 | 175 |
| 2022 | 127 | 177 | 176 |
| 2021 | 125 | 172 | 177 |
| 2020 | 126 | 173 | 178 |
| 2019 | 128 | 174 | 173 |
| 2018 | 128 | 172 | 173 |
| 2017 | 129 | 173 | 173 |
| 2016 | 125 | 173 | 173 |
| 2015 | 122 | 171 | 167 |
| 2014 | 118 | 162 | 172 |
| 2013 | 120 | 162 | 171 |
| 2012 | 114 | 156 | 163 |
| 2011 | 117 | 158 | 164 |
| 2010 | 117 | 159 | 163 |
| 2009 | 117 | 160 | 167 |
| 2008 | 116 | 153 | 164 |
| 2007 | 116 | 155 | 163 |
| 2006 | 117 | 152 | 163 |
| 2005 | 115 | 151 | 159 |
| 2004 | 137 | 168 | 162 |
| 2003 | 145 | 180 | 174 |
| 2002 | 146 | 187 | 176 |
| 2001 | 149 | 187 | 175 |
| 2000 | 152 | 189 | 176 |
| 1999 | 148 | 185 | 174 |
| 1998 | 146 | 183 | 169 |
| 1997 | 151 | 184 | 170 |
| 1996 | 148 | 181 | 168 |
| 1995 | 151 | 181 | 165 |
| 1994 | 148 | 178 | 162 |
| 1993 | 142 | 172 | 162 |
| 1992 | 136 | 161 | 154 |
| 1991 | 140 | 163 | 157 |
| 1990 | 139 | 164 | 156 |
| 1989 | 125 | 157 | - |
| 1988 | 126 | 155 | - |
| 1987 | 126 | 158 | - |
| 1986 | 124 | 152 | - |
| 1985 | 122 | 150 | - |
| 1984 | 123 | 151 | - |
| 1983 | 123 | 150 | - |
| 1982 | 124 | 150 | - |
| 1981 | 122 | 150 | - |
| 1980 | 119 | 146 | - |
| 1979 | 109 | 134 | - |
| 1978 | 99 | 126 | - |
| 1977 | 100 | 127 | - |
| 1976 | 102 | 121 | - |
| 1975 | 99 | 123 | - |
| 1974 | 100 | 128 | - |
| 1973 | 97 | 121 | - |
| 1972 | 93 | 121 | - |
| 1971 | 93 | 123 | - |
| 1970 | 93 | 123 | - |
| 1969 | 90 | 102 | - |
| 1968 | 90 | 100 | - |
| 1967 | 87 | 99 | - |
| 1966 | 86 | 96 | - |
| 1965 | 86 | 95 | - |
| 1964 | 84 | 93 | - |
| 1963 | 83 | 92 | - |
| 1962 | 83 | 91 | - |
| 1961 | 81 | 89 | - |
| 1960 | 81 | 86 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY
Compared with 2000, in 2025 Chad is ranked 125th out of 179 by GDP (up from 152nd), 167th by GDP per capita (up from 189th), and 167th by GDP per capita PPP (up from 176th).
Economic indicators
Chad
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$21.5B
2025 |
131/197 |
| GDP growth |
5.59%
2024-2025 |
41/194 |
| GDP per capita |
$1,022
2025 |
181/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$2,743
2024 |
182/197 |
| Government debt |
$6.53B
2025 |
143/185 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
30.4%
2025 |
152/185 |
| Government debt per person |
$311
2025 |
178/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$1,529
2026 |
176/197 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
29.5%
2022 |
66/169 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.8%
2022 |
82/169 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
18.6%
2025 |
168/195 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
-2.6%
2024-2025 |
193/195 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.11%
2022 |
152/196 |
| Population |
21855137
|
64/197 |
Government spending, deficit, and debt by year
| Year | % of GDP | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Government spending | Government debt | Government deficit/surplus | |
| 2025 | 18.6% | 30.4% | -1.26% |
| 2024 | 18.1% | 31.4% | -2.03% |
| 2023 | 17.1% | 32.2% | -1.26% |
| 2022 | 12.6% | 32.1% | 3.79% |
| 2021 | 13% | 41.7% | -1.29% |
| 2020 | 14.1% | 41.6% | 1.24% |
| 2019 | 10.6% | 38.4% | -0.11% |
| 2018 | 9.73% | 33.8% | 1.39% |
| 2017 | 11.3% | 39.1% | -0.18% |
| 2016 | 11.2% | 40.2% | -1.51% |
| 2015 | 13.8% | 31.3% | -3.29% |
| 2014 | 16.9% | 29.4% | -3.22% |
| 2013 | 16.6% | 22.3% | -1.5% |
| 2012 | 16.6% | 20% | 0.33% |
| 2011 | 16.3% | 22.3% | 1.75% |
| 2010 | 18.5% | 22.9% | -3.16% |
| 2009 | 19.8% | 23.9% | -8.44% |
| 2008 | 14.6% | 15.7% | 2.82% |
| 2007 | 13.6% | 17.6% | 2.02% |
| 2006 | 10.7% | 20.1% | 1.7% |
| 2005 | 8.87% | 22% | -0.05% |
| 2004 | 9.84% | 25.2% | -1.84% |
| 2003 | 14.9% | 34.4% | -4.32% |
| 2002 | 13.8% | 42% | -4.08% |
| 2001 | 12% | 43.5% | -3.53% |
| 2000 | 14% | 52.4% | -4.68% |
| 1999 | 12.9% | 44.7% | -4.07% |
| 1998 | 10.1% | 34.7% | -1.73% |
| 1997 | 12% | 41.3% | -2.58% |
| 1996 | 12% | 40.5% | -2.86% |
| 1995 | 12.3% | 41.1% | -3.12% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1995–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY
This chart shows Chad's government spending, budget balance, and debt over time, each expressed as a share of GDP.
Over the past 31 years, Chad recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of them, with an average annual deficit equal to 1.45% of GDP. In 2025, government spending reached $3.99B (18.6% of GDP), with a deficit of 1.26%.
The national debt reached $6.53B, ranking 143rd out of 185 countries by total size, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 30.4%, ranking 152nd.
Inflation rate by year
| Year | Inflation |
|---|---|
| 2025 | -2.6% |
| 2024 | 5.7% |
| 2023 | 4.1% |
| 2022 | 5.8% |
| 2021 | -0.8% |
| 2020 | -2.7% |
| 2019 | -1% |
| 2018 | 4% |
| 2017 | -0.9% |
| 2016 | -1.6% |
| 2015 | 4.8% |
| 2014 | -5.5% |
| 2013 | 0.2% |
| 2012 | 7.5% |
| 2011 | 2% |
| 2010 | -2.1% |
| 2009 | 10.1% |
| 2008 | 8.3% |
| 2007 | -7.4% |
| 2006 | 9.6% |
| 2005 | 4.4% |
| 2004 | -4.8% |
| 2003 | -1.8% |
| 2002 | 5.2% |
| 2001 | 12.4% |
| 2000 | 3.8% |
| 1999 | -8.4% |
| 1998 | 4.3% |
| 1997 | 5.6% |
| 1996 | 11.3% |
| 1995 | 5.4% |
| 1994 | 41.3% |
| 1993 | -10.9% |
| 1992 | -3.8% |
| 1991 | 4.2% |
| 1990 | 0.5% |
| 1989 | -4.9% |
| 1988 | 14.9% |
| 1987 | -2.7% |
| 1986 | -13.1% |
| 1985 | 5.1% |
| 1984 | 20.3% |
| 1983 | 7.9% |
| 1982 | 6.4% |
| 1981 | 8.1% |
| 1980 | 8.6% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1980–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY
Over the past 20 years, Chad has had an average annual inflation rate of 1.88%. In 2025, inflation was -2.6%. The bar chart above shows consumer price inflation by year.
Balance of trade
|
Chad
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$37.7M
1994 |
75/190 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-3.2%
1994 |
114/190 |
| Goods imports |
$212M
1994 |
183/189 |
| Goods exports |
$135M
1994 |
172/189 |
| Service imports |
$199M
1994 |
176/189 |
| Service exports |
$54.8M
1994 |
180/189 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
16.7%
2025 |
174/182 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
29.4%
2025 |
116/193 |
Chad top 10 trading partners
Chad's biggest trading partner accounting for 30.5% of all exports and imports is the United Arab Emirates, with a trade balance between the two of +$1B: Chad exports $1.44B worth of goods and services to the United Arab Emirates and imports $438M.
Below is the list of the top 10 trade partners of Chad.
| Rank | Country | Trade value | Share of total trade | Export to | Import from | Top export to | Top import from |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
UAE
|
$1.88B | 30.5% | $1.44B | $438M | Precious metals & jewellery | Machinery & equipment |
| 2 |
China
|
$1.11B | 18% | $564M | $546M | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 3 |
Germany
|
$863M | 14% | $841M | $22.6M | Raw materials & minerals | Processed food, beverages & tobacco |
| 4 |
Netherlands
|
$789M | 12.8% | $753M | $35.3M | Raw materials & minerals | Processed food, beverages & tobacco |
| 5 |
France
|
$363M | 5.88% | $265M | $98.6M | Raw materials & minerals | Machinery & equipment |
| 6 |
Cameroon
|
$241M | 3.9% | $11.4M | $229M | Animal & marine products | Chemicals & pharma |
| 7 |
Turkey
|
$235M | 3.8% | $125M | $110M | Raw agricultural goods | Processed food, beverages & tobacco |
| 8 |
India
|
$121M | 1.95% | $23.2M | $97.5M | Textiles & consumer goods | Chemicals & pharma |
| 9 |
Niger
|
$93.9M | 1.52% | $3.22M | $90.7M | Raw materials & minerals | Raw materials & minerals |
| 10 |
United States
|
$90.6M | 1.47% | $17.2M | $73.4M | Raw agricultural goods | Machinery & equipment |
Top 10 exports
|
Chad
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Raw materials & minerals | $2.56B | 88/193 |
| Government & miscellaneous services | $398M | 38/187 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $234M | 102/193 |
| Business & finance services | $47.5M | 148/189 |
| Transport & tourism services | $42.4M | 176/191 |
| Manufacturing & construction services | $20M | 114/166 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $14.5M | 143/193 |
| IT & IP services | $4.2M | 167/185 |
| Machinery & equipment | $3.37M | 178/193 |
| Metals | $1.37M | 174/192 |
Top 10 imports
|
Chad
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Transport & tourism services | $754M | 139/191 |
| Machinery & equipment | $516M | 155/193 |
| Business & finance services | $387M | 127/189 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $233M | 156/193 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $177M | 162/193 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $154M | 157/193 |
| Metals | $90.6M | 163/193 |
| IT & IP services | $49.4M | 139/185 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $46.4M | 171/193 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $36.1M | 183/193 |
Economic freedom indices
|
Chad
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 51.2 | 154/197 |
| Property rights | 17.2 | 165/182 |
| Government integrity | 15.2 | 167/182 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 15 | 158/182 |
| Tax burden | 77.9 | 99/182 |
| Government spending | 92.2 | 15/180 |
| Fiscal health | 97.9 | 10/181 |
| Business freedom | 27.4 | 177/182 |
| Labor freedom | 53.7 | 116/182 |
| Monetary freedom | 71.6 | 123/180 |
| Trade freedom | 46.4 | 175/181 |
| Investment freedom | 60 | 63/181 |
| Financial freedom | 40 | 106/181 |
Economic freedom by year
| Year | Index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | Judicial effectiveness | Tax burden | Government spending | Fiscal health | |
| 2026 | 51.2 | 15 | 77.9 | 92.2 | 97.9 |
| 2025 | 52.2 | 14.5 | 78.5 | 92.9 | 97.9 |
| 2024 | 51.4 | 14.7 | 77.8 | 89.1 | 95.2 |
| 2023 | 52 | 12.6 | 78.1 | 91 | 93.7 |
| 2022 | 49.8 | 13.6 | 44.6 | 92.7 | 96.3 |
| 2021 | 50.4 | 25 | 44.6 | 93.9 | 96.1 |
| 2020 | 50.2 | 27.4 | 45.8 | 93.5 | 95.6 |
| 2019 | 49.9 | 24.6 | 46.1 | 92.4 | 85.2 |
| 2018 | 49.3 | 24.1 | 44.8 | 90.5 | 81.9 |
| 2017 | 49 | 24.1 | 46 | 87.2 | 74.6 |
| 2016 | 46.3 | - | 46 | 84.3 | - |
| 2015 | 45.9 | - | 46.2 | 83.6 | - |
| 2014 | 44.5 | - | 46.2 | 80 | - |
| 2013 | 45.2 | - | 50.4 | 75.5 | - |
| 2012 | 44.8 | - | 50.2 | 74.2 | - |
| 2011 | 45.3 | - | 50.4 | 85.3 | - |
| 2010 | 47.5 | - | 50.5 | 89.2 | - |
| 2009 | 47.5 | - | 50.5 | 90.8 | - |
| 2008 | 47.8 | - | 49.9 | 94.9 | - |
| 2007 | 50.1 | - | 49.8 | 93.8 | - |
| 2006 | 50 | - | 49.8 | 85.2 | - |
| 2005 | 52.1 | - | 50.2 | 87.9 | - |
| 2004 | 53.1 | - | 46 | 90.3 | - |
| 2003 | 52.6 | - | 46 | 87.6 | - |
| 2002 | 49.2 | - | 45.9 | 89.2 | - |
| 2001 | 46.4 | - | 45.9 | 85.5 | - |
| 2000 | 46.8 | - | 45.9 | 84.1 | - |
| 1999 | 47.2 | - | 46 | 90 | - |
| 1998 | 46.6 | - | 46.1 | 90.2 | - |
| 1997 | 45.1 | - | 46.2 | 89.1 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1997–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY
Chad is ranked 137/174 for economic freedom with a score of 51.2, compared to 139/162 and a score of 50 in 2006.
Other economic metrics
|
Chad
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
33.9%
2025 |
187/191 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
26.7%
2025 |
74/194 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
36.3%
2025 |
6/193 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$20.4B
2025 |
131/194 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$2,770
2025 |
178/191 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$1.55B
2024 |
133/177 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$26.5M
1994 |
58/189 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$1.02B
2024 |
96/193 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
2024 |
140/193 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.91%
2024 |
94/121 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
44.8%
2022 |
29/176 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
20.4%
2025 |
119/179 |
Compare Chad vs other countries
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/chad | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1997–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1995–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.