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Economy of Norway vs Peru compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Norway has a GDP of $484B compared to $289B for Peru, ranking 32/197 and 49/197 by economy size, respectively.

Norway has $207B in government debt (42.7% of GDP), compared to $93B (32.2% of GDP) in Peru.

Norway vs Peru GDP by year

Norway
Peru
1x
Year GDP, current $
Norway Peru
2024 $483,592,648,313 $289,221,969,063
2023 $482,949,731,777 $266,958,720,838
2022 $596,297,651,036 $246,065,570,308
2021 $503,367,986,030 $226,328,766,460
2020 $367,633,418,887 $201,409,694,756
2019 $408,742,840,909 $228,346,006,004
2018 $439,788,625,884 $222,597,009,739
2017 $401,745,275,035 $211,007,984,081
2016 $370,956,547,619 $191,898,104,390
2015 $388,159,512,246 $189,802,976,286
2014 $501,736,471,833 $200,786,250,583
2013 $526,014,468,085 $201,175,543,571
2012 $512,777,309,841 $192,650,021,649
2011 $501,360,549,669 $171,761,737,047
2010 $431,052,143,940 $147,527,631,521
2009 $387,976,400,617 $120,822,986,521
2008 $464,917,553,191 $120,550,599,815
2007 $402,643,260,488 $102,170,981,144
2006 $346,915,160,682 $88,643,193,062
2005 $309,978,579,744 $76,060,606,061
2004 $265,268,662,473 $66,768,703,498
2003 $229,385,469,337 $58,731,030,122
2002 $195,914,852,576 $54,777,553,515
2001 $174,239,354,071 $52,030,158,775
2000 $171,457,201,936 $51,744,749,133
1999 $162,383,706,021 $50,187,324,568
1998 $154,230,295,158 $55,501,467,877
1997 $161,356,631,888 $58,147,522,523
1996 $163,520,109,151 $55,252,414,130
1995 $152,029,612,325 $53,312,793,687
1994 $127,131,319,429 $44,882,079,767
1993 $120,579,213,713 $34,832,077,221
1992 $130,838,040,068 $35,966,302,303
1991 $121,872,464,483 $34,341,465,998
1990 $119,791,843,060 $26,410,386,963
1989 $102,633,934,391 $22,499,558,526
1988 $101,900,260,856 $15,439,408,447
1987 $94,229,907,236 $36,889,706,593
1986 $78,693,118,044 $21,859,448,586
1985 $65,416,879,914 $15,078,736,875
1984 $62,057,955,033 $17,600,400,385
1983 $61,627,240,831 $17,345,260,564
1982 $62,647,195,538 $21,794,535,621
1981 $63,596,654,761 $21,648,214,893
1980 $64,439,382,896 $18,136,838,538
1979 $53,132,244,624 $15,954,012,439
1978 $46,522,900,254 $12,491,876,743
1977 $41,508,030,431 $14,544,913,961
1976 $35,942,270,686 $16,131,958,851
1975 $32,877,805,200 $16,931,162,355
1974 $27,145,693,810 $13,858,441,211
1973 $22,534,253,703 $10,994,381,895
1972 $17,358,610,850 $9,189,413,409
1971 $14,583,114,840 $8,289,582,884
1970 $12,814,123,115 $7,432,223,177
1969 $11,136,187,440 $6,420,909,790
1968 $10,227,087,165 $5,736,083,835
1967 $9,577,383,653 $6,194,340,080
1966 $8,753,940,267 $6,109,048,737
1965 $8,111,945,661 $5,163,008,077
1964 $7,206,522,122 $4,353,664,867
1963 $6,553,269,536 $3,598,272,493
1962 $6,107,076,929 $3,284,322,201
1961 $5,669,689,210 $2,897,852,693
1960 $5,197,398,721 $2,571,986,572

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

GDP per capita in Norway vs Peru by year

Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Peru
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Norway Peru
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $86,785 $102,038 $8,452 $17,802
2023 $87,497 $103,638 $7,888 $17,011
2022 $109,270 $125,490 $7,351 $16,669
2021 $93,073 $88,984 $6,826 $15,281
2020 $68,340 $67,111 $6,133 $12,563
2019 $76,431 $70,940 $7,037 $13,564
2018 $82,793 $70,254 $6,978 $13,078
2017 $76,132 $64,590 $6,736 $12,592
2016 $70,867 $59,280 $6,217 $12,067
2015 $74,810 $60,738 $6,232 $11,600
2014 $97,667 $66,332 $6,667 $11,518
2013 $103,554 $67,378 $6,747 $11,291
2012 $102,176 $65,774 $6,519 $10,757
2011 $101,222 $62,460 $5,861 $10,463
2010 $88,163 $58,213 $5,072 $9,713
2009 $80,348 $55,648 $4,181 $8,917
2008 $97,504 $62,073 $4,198 $8,820
2007 $85,502 $56,179 $3,581 $7,982
2006 $74,434 $54,358 $3,130 $7,214
2005 $67,047 $47,967 $2,707 $6,560
2004 $57,769 $42,667 $2,397 $6,038
2003 $50,250 $38,680 $2,129 $5,657
2002 $43,171 $38,056 $2,007 $5,383
2001 $38,602 $37,829 $1,930 $5,086
2000 $38,178 $36,994 $1,945 $5,012
1999 $36,393 $30,574 $1,917 $4,847
1998 $34,803 $28,200 $2,156 $4,791
1997 $36,629 $28,610 $2,301 $4,844
1996 $37,322 $26,826 $2,227 $4,556
1995 $34,876 $24,360 $2,190 $4,435
1994 $29,316 $23,027 $1,879 $4,123
1993 $27,964 $21,584 $1,488 $3,666
1992 $30,524 $20,623 $1,567 $3,472
1991 $28,597 $19,580 $1,527 $3,484
1990 $28,243 $18,461 $1,200 $3,367
1989 $24,281 - $1,045 -
1988 $24,207 - $733 -
1987 $22,506 - $1,792 -
1986 $18,883 - $1,087 -
1985 $15,754 - $767 -
1984 $14,989 - $918 -
1983 $14,928 - $927 -
1982 $15,225 - $1,194 -
1981 $15,513 - $1,216 -
1980 $15,772 - $1,045 -
1979 $13,047 - $942 -
1978 $11,463 - $756 -
1977 $10,266 - $903 -
1976 $8,927 - $1,026 -
1975 $8,204 - $1,104 -
1974 $6,812 - $927 -
1973 $5,690 - $754 -
1972 $4,414 - $647 -
1971 $3,736 - $599 -
1970 $3,306 - $550 -
1969 $2,894 - $488 -
1968 $2,680 - $448 -
1967 $2,531 - $498 -
1966 $2,333 - $505 -
1965 $2,179 - $439 -
1964 $1,951 - $381 -
1963 $1,787 - $324 -
1962 $1,678 - $305 -
1961 $1,571 - $276.6 -
1960 $1,451 - $252.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

Norway's GDP per capita is $86,785, ranking 8/197, compared to $8,452 in Peru, ranking 91/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Norway ranks 7th at $102,038, while Peru ranks 104th at $17,802.

Economic indicators

Norway Peru
Gross domestic product
$484B
2024
$289B
2024
GDP rank
32/197
2024
49/197
2024
GDP growth
2.1%
2023-2024
3.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$86,785
2024
$8,452
2024
GDP per capita rank
8/197
2024
91/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$102,038
2024
$17,802
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
7/197
2024
104/197
2024
Government debt
$207B
2024
$93B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
42.7%
2024
32.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$37,074
2024
$2,717
2024
Government debt per person rank
17/185
2024
108/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$49,765
2026
$7,290
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$296B
2019
$82.2B
2024
Number of millionaires
348,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
17
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
21.6%
2023
30.3%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48.5%
2024
22.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.15%
2023-2024
2.01%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4%
2025
4.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.98%
2024
4.86%
2024
Population
5671119
35031596

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Norway
Spending

Debt
Peru
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Norway Peru
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 48.5% 42.7% 22.3% 32.2%
2023 45.9% 44.1% 22.1% 32.4%
2022 37.5% 36.1% 23.1% 33.5%
2021 46.3% 41.6% 23.1% 35.5%
2020 56.7% 46% 25.6% 34.3%
2019 50.2% 40.5% 20.8% 26.5%
2018 47.7% 39.3% 21% 25.7%
2017 49.2% 38.2% 20.6% 24.8%
2016 50.4% 37.9% 20.5% 23.9%
2015 48.2% 34.3% 22% 23.7%
2014 45.2% 29.6% 22.4% 20.5%
2013 43.5% 31.4% 21.5% 19.9%
2012 42.4% 30.9% 20.3% 20.7%
2011 43.3% 29.6% 19.8% 23.1%
2010 44.5% 43% 21% 25.1%
2009 45.6% 42.5% 21.3% 28.2%
2008 39.8% 47.5% 19.9% 28.1%
2007 41% 49.5% 18.6% 31.9%
2006 40.5% 52.6% 19.2% 34.9%
2005 41.8% 42.3% 20.4% 40.4%
2004 44.7% 43.8% 19.6% 46.7%
2003 47.6% 43.1% 20.1% 49.4%
2002 46.1% 33.9% 19.6% 45.5%
2001 43.2% 27.2% 20.9% 43.8%
2000 41.3% 28.7% 21.7% 44.9%
1999 46.4% 25% 17.8% 41.1%
1998 47.8% 23.6% 16.3% 36.8%
1997 45.5% 25.8% 15.6% 34.5%
1996 47% 28.4% 16.5% 37.4%
1995 49.3% 32.7% 17.5% 36.8%
1994 49.4% 50.6% 16.9% 41.9%
1993 50.2% 53.7% 18.2% 49.9%
1992 51.3% 45% 19.1% 46.8%
1991 50% 39.2% 15.7% 48.3%
1990 48.9% 28.9% 20.4% 56.3%
1989 52.2% 30.4% 12.1% 34.9%
1988 52.6% 30.5% 12.8% 42.8%
1987 50.5% 31.3% 15.5% 39.1%
1986 48.1% 37.8% 16.6% 48.6%
1985 44% 30.2% 17.2% 63.4%
1984 44.5% 27.8% 18.3% 56.7%
1983 46.4% 27.4% 19.4% 56.2%
1982 46.6% 29.7% 17.6% 34.2%
1981 46.1% 32.9% 18.4% 30.6%
1980 46.1% 36.8% 19.3% 36.3%
1979 47.2% 39.6% 16.4% 45.9%
1978 47.9% 49.9% 19% 56%
1977 46.5% 43.8% 19.4% 44.8%
1976 45.2% 38.5% 21.1% 34.5%
1975 43.5% 36.7% 19.8% 27%
1974 42.2% 35.4% 17.7% 24%
1973 42.3% 37.7% 19.5% 22.6%
1972 42.2% 38.9% 15.3% 20.6%
1971 40.7% 38.5% 15% 19%
1970 38.9% 38.6% 14.3% 20%
1969 38% 22.3% 16.4% -
1968 36.2% 22.5% 18.4% 15.2%
1967 34.9% 22.6% 19.1% 12.1%
1966 33.5% 22.4% 18.6% 17%
1965 32.9% 23% 18.7% 14.5%
1964 32% 24.2% 16.9% 14.1%
1963 31.9% 25.3% 16.2% -
1962 30.6% 26.7% 14.6% -
1961 20.4% 27.7% 14.8% 16%
1960 18% 29.8% 13.3% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

In 2024, Norway's government spending was $234B, accounting for 48.5% of its GDP, while Peru spent $64.4B, or 22.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42.7% in Norway and 32.2% in Peru, ranking 127/185 and 154/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Norway

Peru
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Norway Peru
2024 13.2% -3.54%
2023 16.6% -2.78%
2022 25.5% -1.38%
2021 10.3% -2.49%
2020 -2.56% -8.16%
2019 6.52% -1.37%
2018 7.81% -1.94%
2017 4.96% -2.79%
2016 4.04% -2.12%
2015 5.99% -2.02%
2014 8.57% -0.19%
2013 10.6% 0.75%
2012 13.7% 2.07%
2011 13.3% 2.05%
2010 10.9% -0.02%
2009 10.2% -1.48%
2008 18.5% 2.48%
2007 17% 3.35%
2006 17.9% 2.03%
2005 14.7% -0.44%
2004 10.8% -1.03%
2003 7.2% -1.62%
2002 9.03% -1.4%
2001 13.2% -2.15%
2000 15% -2.12%
1999 5.71% -2.93%
1998 3.07% -0.2%
1997 7.35% 0.47%
1996 6.01% -0.25%
1995 2.96% -2.05%
1994 0.04% -1.9%
1993 -1.64% -2.82%
1992 -2.07% -3.55%
1991 -0.12% -1.98%
1990 1.95% -7.99%
1989 1.81% -1.3%
1988 2.65% -3.57%
1987 4.56% -6.26%
1986 5.87% -4.08%
1985 9.84% -2.41%
1984 6.97% -4.45%
1983 6.03% -7.52%
1982 3.96% -3.22%
1981 4.82% -3.98%
1980 5.38% -2.36%
1979 2.16% -0.54%
1978 0.94% -5.07%
1977 1.01% -6.52%
1976 2.2% -8.37%
1975 2.88% -6.54%
1974 4.06% -4.47%
1973 4.99% -6.68%
1972 3.93% -2.04%
1971 3.71% -1.89%
1970 2.83% -0.42%
1969 3.57% -1.1%
1968 3.38% -3.28%
1967 4.19% -3.76%
1966 3.59% -5.41%
1965 2.78% -4.79%
1964 3.08% -3.37%
1963 2.6% -1.86%
1962 4% 2.16%
1961 -0.7% 2.46%
1960 1.42% 3.32%
1959 1.89% -1.46%
1958 1.7% -2.63%
1957 1.55% -2.23%
1956 1.22% -0.93%
1955 0.82% 0.06%
1954 -0.54% -0.66%
1953 1.3% -2.35%
1952 2.15% 0.04%
1951 1.59% 0.61%
1950 -0.89% 0.08%
1949 -0.72% 0.26%
1948 -0.35% -0.84%
1947 -4.66% -0.54%
1946 -3.82% -1.39%
1945 - 0%
1944 - 0%
1943 - 0.18%
1942 - -2.38%
1941 - -1.76%
1940 - 0.27%
1939 -0.54% -1.01%
1938 0.03% -1.57%
1937 -0.16% 0.18%
1936 -0.7% 0.18%
1935 -1.1% 0.09%
1934 -0.59% 0.11%
1933 -1.29% 0.02%
1932 -1.14% -0.57%
1931 -1.15% -0.28%
1930 -0.46% -0.67%
1929 -0.83% 0.008%
1928 -0.81% -1.88%
1927 -0.76% 0%
1926 -1.59% -1.84%
1925 -1.92% -1.69%
1924 -2.96% -1.31%
1923 -3.58% -0.85%
1922 -4.28% -1.24%
1921 -5.47% -1.53%
1920 -1.15% -0.4%
1919 -2.11% -0.26%
1918 -1.17% -0.34%
1917 0.2% -0.25%
1916 -0.36% 0.27%
1915 -2.04% -0.74%
1914 -1.09% -1.59%
1913 -0.9% -3.04%
1912 -0.89% -0.45%
1911 -0.05% 0.32%
1910 0.3% 0.16%
1909 -0.52% -0.33%
1908 -0.06% -0.18%
1907 0.16% 0.18%
1906 -0.59% 0.38%
1905 -0.52% 0.2%
1904 -0.75% 0.22%
1903 -1.12% 0.24%
1902 -1.52% 0.26%
1901 -1.41% 0.26%
1900 -1.99% 0%
1899 -1.35% -
1898 -1.39% -
1897 -0.63% -
1896 -1.57% -
1895 -1.66% -
1894 -1.13% -
1893 -1.25% -
1892 -0.94% -
1891 -0.44% -
1890 -0.2% -
1889 -0.07% -
1888 -0.23% -
1887 -0.17% -
1886 -0.2% -
1885 -0.005% -
1884 -0.08% -
1883 -0.17% -
1882 -0.62% -
1881 -1.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

In 2024, Norway's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $64.1B, equivalent to 13.2% of GDP. This compares to Peru's deficit of $10.2B, or 3.54% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Norway recorded a fiscal deficit in 5 of those years, while Peru ran a deficit in 55 years. On average, Norway posted an annual surplus equal to 6.38% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.26% of GDP for Peru.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Norway

Peru
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Norway Peru
2024 3.15% 2.01%
2023 5.52% 6.46%
2022 5.76% 8.33%
2021 3.48% 4.27%
2020 1.29% 2%
2019 2.17% 2.25%
2018 2.76% 1.51%
2017 1.88% 2.99%
2016 3.55% 3.56%
2015 2.17% 3.4%
2014 2.04% 3.41%
2013 2.12% 2.77%
2012 0.7% 3.61%
2011 1.28% 3.37%
2010 2.42% 1.53%
2009 2.2% 2.94%
2008 3.75% 5.79%
2007 0.71% 1.78%
2006 2.33% 2%
2005 1.53% 1.62%
2004 0.45% 3.66%
2003 2.49% 2.26%
2002 1.29% 0.19%
2001 3% 1.98%
2000 3.09% 3.76%
1999 2.37% 3.47%
1998 2.25% 7.25%
1997 2.57% 8.56%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Norway has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.44%, compared with 3.45% in Peru. In 2024, inflation was 3.15% in Norway and 2.01% in Peru.

Top exports between countries

Norway
Export category Export value
Miscellaneous $10.3M
Machinery & equipment $6.43M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.39M
Chemicals & pharma $830K
Raw materials & minerals $525K
Wood & paper products $277K
Metals $270K
Raw agricultural goods $86K
Animal & marine products $41K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11K
Peru
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $86.8M
Raw materials & minerals $10.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $9.61M
Raw agricultural goods $8.03M
Animal & marine products $239K
Wood & paper products $131K
Machinery & equipment $70K
Chemicals & pharma $35K
Precious metals & jewellery $2K

Balance of trade

Norway Peru
Current account balance
$71.6B
2024
$6.39B
2024
Current account balance ranking
11/190
2024
29/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+14.8%
2024
+2.21%
2024
Goods imports
$97.5B
2024
$52.1B
2024
Goods exports
$162B
2024
$76.2B
2024
Service imports
$63.6B
2024
$15.1B
2024
Service exports
$55.6B
2024
$7.15B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.9%
2024
22.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.5%
2024
28.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Norway Peru
Economic freedom 78.8 66.3
Economic freedom ranking 9/197 62/197
Property rights 99.6 44
Government integrity 94.3 35
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 47.8
Tax burden 63.3 79.4
Government spending 42 84.8
Fiscal health 96.4 87.4
Business freedom 91.2 73.1
Labor freedom 69.3 64.7
Monetary freedom 72.4 77.6
Trade freedom 85.6 81.6
Investment freedom 75 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Norway
Peru
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Norway Peru
2026 78.8 66.3
2025 78.3 65.9
2024 77.5 64.8
2023 76.9 66.5
2022 76.9 66.5
2021 73.4 67.7
2020 73.4 67.9
2019 73 67.8
2018 74.3 68.7
2017 74 68.9
2016 70.8 67.4
2015 71.8 67.7
2014 70.9 67.4
2013 70.5 68.2
2012 68.8 68.7
2011 70.3 68.6
2010 69.4 67.6
2009 70.2 64.6
2008 68.6 63.8
2007 67.9 62.7
2006 67.9 60.5
2005 64.5 61.3
2004 66.2 64.7
2003 67.2 64.6
2002 67.4 64.8
2001 67.1 69.6
2000 70.1 68.7
1999 68.6 69.2
1998 68 65
1997 65.1 63.8
1996 65.4 62.5
1995 - 56.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Norway is 78.8, ranking 9/197, compared to 66.3 for Peru, ranking 62/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Norway Peru
Services, % of GDP
51.8%
2024
51.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
37%
2024
34%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.08%
2024
7.34%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$547B
2024
$257B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$106,830
2024
$16,780
2024
Total reserves including gold
$81.2B
2024
$79.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
32/177
2024
33/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$7.83B
2024
-$5.63B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12B
2024
$6.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.95B
2024
$1.17B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
5.58%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2021
27.6%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
19.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/peru | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.