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Economy of Bolivia vs Brazil compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $2.19T for Brazil, ranking 88/197 and 10/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (87.3% of GDP) in Brazil.

Bolivia vs Brazil GDP by year

Bolivia
Brazil
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Brazil
2024 $54,881,327,453 $2,185,821,648,944
2023 $52,340,206,946 $2,191,131,869,706
2022 $50,959,081,954 $1,951,923,832,084
2021 $47,877,892,402 $1,670,647,464,063
2020 $42,313,784,081 $1,476,107,292,152
2019 $49,056,643,589 $1,873,288,158,839
2018 $48,414,038,842 $1,916,933,708,353
2017 $45,927,439,595 $2,063,514,688,806
2016 $33,941,126,194 $1,795,693,265,999
2015 $33,000,198,249 $1,802,211,999,456
2014 $32,996,188,017 $2,456,043,766,032
2013 $30,659,338,886 $2,472,819,362,044
2012 $27,084,497,482 $2,465,228,293,707
2011 $23,963,164,697 $2,616,156,606,579
2010 $19,649,723,722 $2,208,838,108,484
2009 $17,339,992,194 $1,666,996,294,252
2008 $16,674,276,286 $1,695,855,391,758
2007 $13,120,108,008 $1,397,114,247,189
2006 $11,451,844,902 $1,107,626,711,163
2005 $9,549,122,905 $891,633,826,625
2004 $8,773,451,752 $669,289,321,945
2003 $8,082,399,640 $558,233,724,165
2002 $7,905,485,146 $509,795,270,685
2001 $8,141,516,928 $559,983,704,094
2000 $8,397,855,485 $655,448,188,259
1999 $8,285,064,435 $599,642,075,004
1998 $8,497,494,652 $863,711,007,325
1997 $7,925,736,821 $883,206,452,795
1996 $7,396,949,126 $850,426,433,004
1995 $6,715,161,732 $769,333,330,412
1994 $5,981,222,859 $525,369,851,354
1993 $5,734,699,489 $368,295,778,245
1992 $5,643,868,749 $328,187,960,872
1991 $5,343,262,457 $342,609,231,343
1990 $4,867,582,598 $390,725,626,003
1989 $4,715,973,437 $412,990,820,287
1988 $4,597,612,362 $307,881,930,752
1987 $4,347,956,338 $283,056,836,894
1986 $3,959,382,833 $256,480,852,471
1985 $5,377,276,555 $210,879,844,639
1984 $6,169,483,225 $188,339,974,087
1983 $5,422,656,823 $189,656,506,321
1982 $5,594,126,369 $271,314,113,768
1981 $5,891,598,695 $258,015,174,749
1980 $4,537,479,608 $237,393,489,893
1979 $4,421,336,383 $221,338,204,480
1978 $3,758,220,890 $200,278,646,124
1977 $3,227,436,282 $176,344,101,402
1976 $2,731,984,008 $153,168,949,208
1975 $2,404,697,651 $129,203,555,239
1974 $2,100,249,875 $109,794,519,728
1973 $1,262,968,516 $83,592,275,863
1972 $1,257,615,645 $58,434,858,375
1971 $1,095,622,896 $48,869,830,902
1970 $1,017,003,367 $42,327,664,794
1969 $929,629,630 $37,171,640,819
1968 $857,912,458 $33,930,457,425
1967 $755,808,081 $31,086,389,195
1966 $669,191,919 $28,283,323,733
1965 $604,377,104 $22,465,522,884
1964 $544,023,569 $20,963,733,695
1963 $482,828,283 $23,287,712,878
1962 $448,400,673 $19,231,747,852
1961 $410,101,010 $17,275,940,449
1960 $377,020,202 $17,030,465,539

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Brazil by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Brazil
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $10,311 $22,338
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $10,378 $21,176
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $9,281 $19,877
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $7,973 $18,076
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $7,074 $16,102
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $9,030 $16,070
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $9,301 $15,464
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $10,081 $14,559
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $8,836 $14,309
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $8,936 $14,821
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $12,275 $15,827
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $12,459 $15,722
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $12,522 $15,198
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $13,397 $15,212
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $11,403 $14,452
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $8,679 $13,391
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $8,908 $13,445
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $7,410 $12,673
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $5,934 $11,751
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $4,828 $11,081
2004 $953 $4,663 $3,664 $10,526
2003 $893 $4,433 $3,091 $9,802
2002 $888 $4,304 $2,856 $9,617
2001 $930 $4,205 $3,176 $9,304
2000 $976 $4,113 $3,767 $9,092
1999 $979 $3,991 $3,494 $8,635
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $5,106 $8,599
1997 $970 $3,822 $5,299 $8,602
1996 $922 $3,645 $5,179 $8,301
1995 $853 $3,494 $4,757 $8,097
1994 $774 $3,331 $3,299 $7,727
1993 $757 $3,177 $2,349 $7,260
1992 $760 $3,036 $2,127 $6,869
1991 $734 $2,981 $2,258 $6,867
1990 $683 $2,797 $2,620 $6,688
1989 $675 - $2,819 -
1988 $673 - $2,141 -
1987 $650 - $2,006 -
1986 $604 - $1,854 -
1985 $838 - $1,556 -
1984 $982 - $1,420 -
1983 $882 - $1,461 -
1982 $930 - $2,138 -
1981 $1,001 - $2,080 -
1980 $788 - $1,959 -
1979 $785 - $1,870 -
1978 $683 - $1,733 -
1977 $600 - $1,562 -
1976 $520 - $1,390 -
1975 $468 - $1,201 -
1974 $418 - $1,045 -
1973 $257.2 - $815 -
1972 $261.9 - $583 -
1971 $233.4 - $500 -
1970 $221.6 - $444 -
1969 $207.1 - $399 -
1968 $195.5 - $374 -
1967 $176.1 - $351 -
1966 $159.3 - $328 -
1965 $147.1 - $268 -
1964 $135.2 - $257.3 -
1963 $122.6 - $294.2 -
1962 $116.2 - $250.2 -
1961 $108.5 - $231.6 -
1960 $101.8 - $235.3 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $10,311 in Brazil, ranking 85/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Brazil
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$2.19T
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
10/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
3.42%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$10,311
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
85/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$22,338
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
88/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$1.91T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
87.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$8,999
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
60/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$6,263
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$659B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
433,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
56
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
40.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
1.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
45.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
4.4%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
15%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
6.8%
2024
Population
12798112
213824938

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Brazil
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Brazil
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 45.7% 87.3%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 45.3% 84%
2022 36% 80.1% 43.4% 83.9%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 40.4% 88.9%
2020 36.8% 78% 46.2% 96%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 43% 87.1%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 44.2% 84.8%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 44.3% 82.7%
2016 40% 46.5% 45.5% 77.4%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 46.2% 71.7%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 41.4% 61.6%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 39.8% 59.6%
2012 36% 35.4% 39.3% 61.6%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 39.4% 60.6%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 39.5% 62.4%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 40.5% 64.7%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 39.9% 61.4%
2007 32.7% 40% 40.4% 63%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 42.6% 64.6%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 41.9% 67%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 39.7% 68%
2003 32% 95.6% 41.3% 71.5%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 44.5% 76.1%
2001 32% 83% 39.8% 67.3%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 34.5% 62.2%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 39.6% 44.5%
1998 30% 61.2% 40.9% 38.9%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 38.6% 31.8%
1996 26% 72.4% 38.2% 30.7%
1995 25.8% 81.7% - 28%
1994 26.8% 87.6% - 30%
1993 27.2% 83.8% - 32.6%
1992 25.3% 92.4% - 37.1%
1991 24.2% 92.8% - 38.1%
1990 22.8% 102.9% - 40.6%
1989 24.4% 98% - 40.2%
1988 24% 115.9% - 46.9%
1987 24.4% 145.3% - 50.3%
1986 22.2% 149% 11.7% 49.4%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 11.1% 52.6%
1984 29% 166.5% 10% 55.8%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 9.7% 51.5%
1982 25% 155.4% 8.1% 32.8%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 7.8% 34.6%
1980 19.8% 100% 6.8% 39.7%
1979 18% 92% 9% 36.6%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 10.2% 37%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 10.4% 31%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 10.6% 31.8%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 10.7% 27.7%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 10.5% 25.7%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 11% 22.4%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 12.6% 22.5%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 11.7% 17.9%
1970 10% 63.9% 11.4% 17%
1969 12.3% - 11.2% 16.5%
1968 14.1% - 14.4% 15.8%
1967 13.1% - 13.5% 13.8%
1966 12.9% - 14.6% 19.6%
1965 12.9% - 14% 17.6%
1964 10.8% - 25.4% 22.2%
1963 10.8% - 22.8% 20.4%
1962 10.2% - 23.1% 23.7%
1961 10.7% - 12% 25.7%
1960 10.1% - 13.7% 22.3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while Brazil spent $998B, or 45.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 87.3% in Brazil, ranking 26/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Brazil
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Brazil
2024 -10.6% -6.19%
2023 -10.9% -7.71%
2022 -7.12% -3.96%
2021 -9.33% -2.63%
2020 -12.7% -11.6%
2019 -7.25% -4.86%
2018 -8.17% -6.99%
2017 -7.86% -7.97%
2016 -7.24% -7.99%
2015 -6.93% -9.28%
2014 -3.41% -6.27%
2013 0.6% -3.42%
2012 1.72% -2.35%
2011 0.83% -2.74%
2010 1.62% -3.55%
2009 2.63% -4.23%
2008 3.53% -2.39%
2007 -1.54% -2.66%
2006 4.47% -4.87%
2005 -2.24% -3.36%
2004 -5.54% -2.95%
2003 -7.88% -5.4%
2002 -8.79% -4.15%
2001 -6.82% -3.47%
2000 -3.73% -3.32%
1999 -3.84% -5.17%
1998 -5.1% -7.22%
1997 -3.28% -5.6%
1996 -1.9% -5.35%
1995 -1.82% -
1994 -3% -
1993 -6.1% -
1992 -4.4% -
1991 -4.2% -
1990 -4.4% -
1989 -5.5% -
1988 -6.5% -
1987 -7.7% -
1986 -2.7% -1.6%
1985 -9.8% -1.3%
1984 -25.4% -0.4%
1983 -19.8% 0.1%
1982 -15.9% 1.4%
1981 -12.3% 1%
1980 -15.3% 2.5%
1979 -11.2% 0.4%
1978 -9.97% -0.1%
1977 -11.2% 0.1%
1976 -1.15% 0.1%
1975 -2.33% 0%
1974 -1.87% 0.6%
1973 -3.72% 0.1%
1972 -3.69% -0.1%
1971 -3.67% -0.3%
1970 -1.92% -0.4%
1969 -4.16% -0.6%
1968 -5.67% -1.6%
1967 -4.29% -2.1%
1966 -3.55% -1.3%
1965 -4.12% -2%
1964 -2.68% -8.79%
1963 -3.02% -5.78%
1962 -2.8% -6.82%
1961 -2.81% -2.93%
1960 -3.35% -3.85%
1959 -4.32% -0.18%
1958 -2.95% -0.76%
1957 -1.11% -0.29%
1956 -0.11% -0.14%
1955 0.33% -0.62%
1954 0.006% -0.49%
1953 -0.48% -1.26%
1952 -0.94% 0.64%
1951 -0.42% 0.87%
1950 -1.17% -1.58%
1949 - -1.22%
1948 - 0.002%
1947 - 0.25%
1946 - -1.78%
1945 - -2.87%
1944 - -2.37%
1943 - -0.75%
1942 - -2.55%
1941 - -2.15%
1940 - -1.13%
1939 - -1.2%
1938 - -0.59%
1937 - -1.62%
1936 - -0.27%
1935 - -0.5%
1934 - -2.28%
1933 - -1.56%
1932 - -6.47%
1931 - -1.56%
1930 - -3.58%
1929 - -0.09%
1928 - 0.57%
1927 - 0.12%
1926 - -0.76%
1925 - -0.07%
1924 - -0.45%
1923 - -1.94%
1922 - -3.8%
1921 - -2.98%
1920 - -3.11%
1919 - -3.69%
1918 - -4.51%
1917 - -4.8%
1916 - -4.35%
1915 - -6.33%
1914 - -7.32%
1913 - -1.91%
1912 - -3.05%
1911 - -2.15%
1910 - -2.06%
1909 - -1.62%
1908 - -1.89%
1907 - 0.38%
1906 - 0.28%
1905 - 0.96%
1904 - -0.62%
1903 - 1.79%
1902 - 1.59%
1901 - -2.46%
1900 - -5.57%
1899 - -2.13%
1898 - -14%
1897 - -2.38%
1896 - -0.79%
1895 - -1.33%
1894 - -4.11%
1893 - -1.77%
1892 - -2.6%
1891 - 0.51%
1890 - -3.02%
1889 - -3.79%
1888 - 0.63%
1887 - -0.76%
1886 - -3.8%
1885 - -5.71%
1884 - -3.89%
1883 - -3.33%
1882 - -1.58%
1881 - -1.9%
1880 - -4.84%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to Brazil's deficit of $135B, or 6.19% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Brazil ran a deficit in 46 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.24% of GDP for Brazil.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Brazil
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Brazil
2024 5.1% 4.4%
2023 2.58% 4.6%
2022 1.75% 9.3%
2021 0.74% 8.3%
2020 0.94% 3.2%
2019 1.84% 3.7%
2018 2.27% 3.7%
2017 2.82% 3.4%
2016 3.62% 8.7%
2015 4.06% 9%
2014 5.77% 6.3%
2013 5.74% 6.2%
2012 4.52% 5.4%
2011 9.88% 6.6%
2010 2.5% 5%
2009 3.35% 4.9%
2008 14% 5.7%
2007 8.71% 3.6%
2006 4.28% 4.2%
2005 5.39% 6.9%
2004 4.44% 6.6%
2003 3.34% 14.7%
2002 0.93% 8.4%
2001 1.59% 6.8%
2000 4.61% 7%
1999 2.16% 4.9%
1998 7.67% 3.2%
1997 4.71% 6.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 6.13% in Brazil. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 4.4% in Brazil.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.42B
Machinery & equipment $52.6M
Metals $26.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $12M
Raw agricultural goods $8.47M
Wood & paper products $6.67M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.13M
Precious metals & jewellery $3.06M
Chemicals & pharma $2.17M
Animal & marine products $1.37M
Brazil
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $355M
Chemicals & pharma $238M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $223M
Metals $150M
Wood & paper products $121M
Textiles & consumer goods $97.5M
Raw materials & minerals $92.7M
Animal & marine products $22.4M
Raw agricultural goods $16.3M
Miscellaneous $8.98M

Balance of trade

Bolivia Brazil
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
-$66.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
188/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
-3.03%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$274B
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$340B
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$103B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$48.1B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
17.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
17.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Brazil
Economic freedom 42.4 52.4
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 148/197
Property rights 20.2 49.2
Government integrity 27.1 37.2
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 55.6
Tax burden 86.4 70.6
Government spending 56.3 39.8
Fiscal health 0.8 28
Business freedom 53.6 65.7
Labor freedom 52.2 57
Monetary freedom 67.1 76
Trade freedom 60.6 69
Investment freedom 15 40
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Brazil
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Brazil
2026 42.4 52.4
2025 44.1 55.1
2024 43.5 53.2
2023 43.4 53.5
2022 43 53.3
2021 42.7 53.4
2020 42.8 53.7
2019 42.3 51.9
2018 44.1 51.4
2017 47.7 52.9
2016 47.4 56.5
2015 46.8 56.6
2014 48.4 56.9
2013 47.9 57.7
2012 50.2 57.9
2011 50 56.3
2010 49.4 55.6
2009 53.6 56.7
2008 53.1 56.2
2007 54.2 56.2
2006 57.8 60.9
2005 58.4 61.7
2004 64.5 62
2003 64.3 63.4
2002 65.1 61.5
2001 68 61.9
2000 65 61.1
1999 65.6 61.3
1998 68.8 52.3
1997 65.1 52.6
1996 65.2 48.1
1995 56.8 51.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 52.4 for Brazil, ranking 148/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Brazil
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
20.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
5.75%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$2.11T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$21,590
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$330B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
11/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
-$47.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
$74.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$26.3B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
5.4%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
4.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
17%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/brazil | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.