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Economy of Brazil vs Senegal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.18T compared to $32.3B for Senegal, ranking 10/197 and 110/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.9T in government debt (92% of GDP), compared to $36.7B (111.4% of GDP) in Senegal.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Brazil
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Senegal
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Brazil Senegal
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $17,030,465,539 $188,463,862,170 $1,003,692,370 $3,845,391,102
1961 $17,275,940,449 $204,671,754,317 $1,058,975,257 $3,960,500,895
1962 $19,231,747,852 $218,180,090,102 $1,085,475,791 $3,955,105,292
1963 $23,287,712,878 $219,489,170,643 $1,122,139,862 $4,028,847,383
1964 $20,963,733,695 $226,951,802,444 $1,188,930,645 $4,185,324,878
1965 $22,465,522,884 $232,398,645,703 $1,210,058,228 $4,241,081,336
1966 $28,283,323,733 $247,969,354,965 $1,246,908,186 $4,363,087,109
1967 $31,086,389,195 $258,384,067,874 $1,246,480,766 $4,309,866,484
1968 $33,930,457,425 $283,705,706,525 $1,309,384,862 $4,580,990,424
1969 $37,171,640,819 $310,657,748,645 $1,245,234,931 $4,280,745,764
1970 $42,327,664,794 $342,966,154,504 $1,297,407,655 $4,647,265,165
1971 $48,869,830,902 $381,868,537,873 $1,339,549,033 $4,640,738,107
1972 $58,434,858,375 $427,464,970,641 $1,620,857,104 $4,936,966,115
1973 $83,592,275,863 $487,176,363,096 $1,863,398,590 $4,661,323,443
1974 $109,794,519,728 $526,900,425,028 $2,099,325,229 $4,857,135,178
1975 $129,203,555,239 $554,123,521,012 $2,830,388,405 $5,223,152,496
1976 $153,168,949,208 $610,960,688,345 $2,869,777,884 $5,689,084,008
1977 $176,344,101,402 $641,107,493,085 $2,938,046,463 $5,536,451,272
1978 $200,278,646,124 $672,969,879,570 $3,280,354,921 $5,317,543,794
1979 $221,338,204,480 $718,459,683,183 $4,084,877,823 $5,689,861,493
1980 $237,393,489,893 $784,557,974,035 $4,510,108,291 $5,916,759,626
1981 $258,015,174,749 $751,214,260,139 $4,095,892,781 $6,223,261,363
1982 $271,314,113,768 $757,449,338,498 $4,013,951,443 $6,721,768,519
1983 $189,656,506,321 $735,256,072,880 $3,569,356,125 $6,342,159,312
1984 $188,339,974,087 $774,959,900,815 $3,485,165,432 $6,591,776,710
1985 $210,879,844,639 $835,794,253,030 $3,818,944,918 $6,820,055,505
1986 $256,480,852,471 $898,395,242,581 $5,392,093,446 $7,033,317,655
1987 $283,056,836,894 $930,108,594,645 $6,487,353,103 $7,473,312,401
1988 $307,881,930,752 $929,550,529,488 $6,418,419,389 $7,412,287,163
1989 $412,990,820,287 $958,924,326,220 $6,366,039,373 $7,706,835,394
1990 $384,959,818,182 $917,211,118,029 $7,390,967,360 $7,649,320,651
1991 $342,534,090,909 $926,678,475,666 $7,255,210,470 $7,852,789,724
1992 $328,191,909,882 $921,636,677,089 $7,769,817,840 $7,956,464,848
1993 $368,292,034,381 $967,024,426,396 $7,367,986,241 $8,064,689,718
1994 $525,369,467,296 $1,023,623,112,444 $5,034,588,196 $8,060,857,301
1995 $769,333,050,987 $1,066,858,840,298 $6,326,342,633 $8,501,672,123
1996 $850,426,432,992 $1,090,424,301,690 $6,559,712,166 $8,673,403,962
1997 $883,206,179,730 $1,127,442,527,330 $6,041,478,726 $8,937,561,243
1998 $863,710,759,256 $1,131,254,386,852 $6,505,607,909 $9,464,741,444
1999 $599,642,024,320 $1,136,547,951,100 $6,592,834,933 $10,059,440,324
2000 $655,448,231,984 $1,186,419,100,641 $6,013,185,004 $10,450,471,991
2001 $559,983,634,799 $1,202,909,097,021 $6,507,824,829 $10,900,976,316
2002 $509,795,273,807 $1,239,639,467,498 $7,006,402,320 $10,908,464,913
2003 $558,233,745,652 $1,253,781,634,017 $8,768,721,563 $11,518,679,089
2004 $669,289,424,806 $1,325,999,012,758 $10,076,816,667 $12,053,525,217
2005 $891,633,839,894 $1,368,459,252,278 $11,009,033,438 $12,573,060,905
2006 $1,107,626,541,435 $1,422,677,453,371 $11,697,918,243 $12,866,110,160
2007 $1,397,114,486,369 $1,509,032,133,942 $13,994,218,413 $13,229,850,431
2008 $1,695,855,083,498 $1,585,905,180,197 $16,853,989,628 $13,719,774,159
2009 $1,666,996,438,581 $1,583,909,921,137 $16,145,867,495 $14,097,356,679
2010 $2,208,837,745,101 $1,703,150,236,757 $16,121,315,909 $14,575,382,432
2011 $2,616,156,223,918 $1,770,840,632,844 $17,814,283,639 $14,769,831,309
2012 $2,465,227,802,807 $1,804,861,597,828 $17,660,870,412 $15,361,066,999
2013 $2,472,819,535,557 $1,859,094,488,272 $18,918,667,725 $15,731,635,117
2014 $2,456,043,727,199 $1,868,463,501,662 $19,797,253,440 $16,710,783,797
2015 $1,802,212,206,815 $1,802,212,206,815 $17,774,766,696 $17,774,766,696
2016 $1,795,693,482,853 $1,743,173,232,417 $19,040,312,333 $18,904,543,056
2017 $2,063,514,977,366 $1,766,233,131,667 $20,996,562,944 $20,304,894,471
2018 $1,916,933,898,011 $1,797,736,844,969 $23,116,701,556 $21,565,674,311
2019 $1,873,288,205,060 $1,819,683,217,699 $23,403,995,992 $22,560,634,320
2020 $1,476,107,231,310 $1,760,056,587,795 $24,530,513,038 $22,863,414,676
2021 $1,670,647,398,905 $1,843,881,119,920 $27,520,784,130 $24,359,596,784
2022 $1,951,923,942,083 $1,899,505,377,558 $27,783,332,223 $25,297,546,479
2023 $2,191,131,765,685 $1,961,080,794,856 $30,696,331,296 $26,374,572,022
2024 $2,179,412,080,829 $2,027,676,479,715 $32,267,254,425 $28,192,309,478

Economic indicators

Brazil Senegal
Gross domestic product
$2.18T
2024
$32.3B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
110/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.53%
2023-2024
5.12%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,280
2024
$1,744
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
160/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,333
2024
$5,110
2024
Government debt
$1.9T
2024
$36.7B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
92%
2025
111.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$8,973
2024
$1,982
2024
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2024
119/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,664
2025
$1,890
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
380,585
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
56
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
28.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.7%
2025
29%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5.2%
2024-2025
0.8%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
5.78%
2024
Population
213415080
19281054

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Senegal

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,280, ranking 85/197, compared to $1,744 in Senegal, ranking 160/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 86th at $22,333, while Senegal ranks 157th at $5,110.

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Senegal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Brazil Senegal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $235.3 - $300 -
1961 $231.6 - $308 -
1962 $250.2 - $307 -
1963 $294.2 - $309 -
1964 $257.3 - $318 -
1965 $268 - $314 -
1966 $328 - $315 -
1967 $351 - $305 -
1968 $374 - $311 -
1969 $399 - $287.3 -
1970 $444 - $290.5 -
1971 $500 - $291.1 -
1972 $583 - $342 -
1973 $815 - $381 -
1974 $1,045 - $417 -
1975 $1,201 - $547 -
1976 $1,390 - $541 -
1977 $1,562 - $540 -
1978 $1,733 - $589 -
1979 $1,870 - $716 -
1980 $1,959 - $772 -
1981 $2,080 - $683 -
1982 $2,138 - $652 -
1983 $1,461 - $564 -
1984 $1,420 - $536 -
1985 $1,556 - $571 -
1986 $1,854 - $784 -
1987 $2,006 - $916 -
1988 $2,141 - $880 -
1989 $2,819 - $849 -
1990 $2,581 $6,688 $957 $1,513
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $913 $1,561
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $951 $1,573
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $878 $1,588
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $584 $1,578
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $715 $1,656
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $723 $1,679
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $651 $1,719
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $685 $1,798
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $678 $1,893
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $603 $1,963
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $637 $2,044
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $669 $2,027
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $818 $2,131
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $918 $2,236
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $980 $2,350
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $1,017 $2,422
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $1,189 $2,499
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $1,399 $2,581
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $1,309 $2,606
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $1,276 $2,663
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $1,375 $2,685
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $1,327 $2,764
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $1,380 $2,769
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $1,399 $2,854
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $1,218 $2,994
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $1,266 $3,101
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $1,357 $3,234
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $1,453 $3,380
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $1,431 $3,648
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $1,461 $3,753
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $1,598 $4,174
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $1,574 $4,530
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $1,698 $4,778
2024 $10,280 $22,333 $1,744 $5,110

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $991B, accounting for 47.7% of its GDP, while Senegal's spent $10B, or 29% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 92% in Brazil and 111.4% in Senegal, ranking 31/185 and 14/185, respectively.

Brazil
Government spending

Government debt
Senegal
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Brazil Senegal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1989 - 40.2% - -
1990 - 40.6% - -
1991 - 38.1% - -
1992 - 37.1% - -
1993 - 32.6% - -
1994 - 30% 15.9% 77.3%
1995 - 28% 14.4% 65.3%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 15.4% 0.07%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 14.1% 67.8%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 13.5% 18.8%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 14.6% 15%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 14% 57.5%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 15.7% 53.2%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 15.5% 52%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 17.1% 42.9%
2004 39.7% 68% 18.1% 38%
2005 41.9% 67% 18.7% 36.1%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 21.3% 17.5%
2007 40.4% 63% 22.2% 19%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 20.9% 19.1%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 21.1% 29.9%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 21.7% 34.6%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 23.3% 32.9%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 23% 34.5%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 22.1% 36.9%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 23.1% 42.4%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 22.9% 44.5%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 24% 47.5%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 22.5% 61.1%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 22.6% 61.5%
2019 43% 87.1% 30.2% 72.1%
2020 46.2% 96% 29.4% 81.6%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 31% 89.4%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 32.5% 94.6%
2023 45.3% 84% 33.3% 107.4%
2024 45.5% 87.3% 31.1% 113.7%
2025 47.7% 92% 29% 111.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$144B, equivalent to -6.63% of GDP. This compares to Senegal's deficit of -$3.79B, or -11.7% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Senegal ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to -4.88% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.43% of GDP for Senegal.

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Senegal
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Senegal
1880 -4.84% -
1881 -1.9% -
1882 -1.58% -
1883 -3.33% -
1884 -3.89% -
1885 -5.71% -
1886 -3.8% -
1887 -0.76% -
1888 0.63% -
1889 -3.79% -
1890 -3.02% -
1891 0.51% -
1892 -2.6% -
1893 -1.77% -
1894 -4.11% -
1895 -1.33% -
1896 -0.79% -
1897 -2.38% -
1898 -14% -
1899 -2.13% -
1900 -5.57% -
1901 -2.46% -
1902 1.59% -
1903 1.79% -
1904 -0.62% -
1905 0.96% -
1906 0.28% -
1907 0.38% -
1908 -1.89% -
1909 -1.62% -
1910 -2.06% -
1911 -2.15% -
1912 -3.05% -
1913 -1.91% -
1914 -7.32% -
1915 -6.33% -
1916 -4.35% -
1917 -4.8% -
1918 -4.51% -
1919 -3.69% -
1920 -3.11% -
1921 -2.98% -
1922 -3.8% -
1923 -1.94% -
1924 -0.45% -
1925 -0.07% -
1926 -0.76% -
1927 0.12% -
1928 0.57% -
1929 -0.09% -
1930 -3.58% -
1931 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1933 -1.56% -
1934 -2.28% -
1935 -0.5% -
1936 -0.27% -
1937 -1.62% -
1938 -0.59% -
1939 -1.2% -
1940 -1.13% -
1941 -2.15% -
1942 -2.55% -
1943 -0.75% -
1944 -2.37% -
1945 -2.87% -
1946 -1.78% -
1947 0.25% -
1948 0.002% -
1949 -1.22% -
1950 -1.58% -
1951 0.87% -
1952 0.64% -
1953 -1.26% -
1954 -0.49% -
1955 -0.62% -
1956 -0.14% -
1957 -0.29% -
1958 -0.76% -
1959 -0.18% -
1960 -3.85% -
1961 -2.93% -
1962 -6.82% -
1963 -5.78% -
1964 -8.79% -
1965 -2% -
1966 -1.3% -
1967 -2.1% -
1968 -1.6% -
1969 -0.6% -
1970 -0.4% -
1971 -0.3% -
1972 -0.1% -
1973 0.1% -
1974 0.6% -
1975 0% -
1976 0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1978 -0.1% -
1979 0.4% -
1980 2.5% -
1981 1% -
1982 1.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1984 -0.4% -
1985 -1.3% -
1986 -1.6% -
1987 -1.6% -
1988 -1.6% -
1989 -1.6% -
1990 -1.6% -
1991 -1.6% -
1992 -1.6% -
1993 -1.6% -
1994 -1.6% 5.9%
1995 -1.6% 2.41%
1996 -5.35% 0.92%
1997 -5.6% 0.98%
1998 -7.22% 0.93%
1999 -5.17% -0.62%
2000 -3.32% 0.78%
2001 -3.47% -1.44%
2002 -4.15% 0.19%
2003 -5.4% -0.52%
2004 -2.95% 0.18%
2005 -3.36% -0.26%
2006 -4.87% -3.67%
2007 -2.66% -2.8%
2008 -2.39% -3.53%
2009 -4.23% -3.66%
2010 -3.55% -3.94%
2011 -2.74% -4.92%
2012 -2.35% -4.18%
2013 -3.42% -4.34%
2014 -6.27% -3.9%
2015 -9.28% -3.66%
2016 -7.99% -3.27%
2017 -7.97% -2.97%
2018 -6.99% -3.66%
2019 -4.86% -9.88%
2020 -11.6% -9.28%
2021 -2.63% -11.5%
2022 -3.96% -12.6%
2023 -7.71% -12.3%
2024 -6.63% -11.7%
2025 -8.52% -7.25%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.46%, compared with 2.04% in Senegal. In 2024, inflation was 5.2% in Brazil and 0.8% in Senegal.

Inflation
Brazil

Senegal
Year Inflation
Brazil Senegal Brazil Senegal
1996 15.8% 2.75%
1997 6.9% 1.75%
1998 3.2% 1.16%
1999 4.9% 0.83%
2000 7% 0.73%
2001 6.8% 2.97%
2002 8.4% 2.34%
2003 14.7% -0.05%
2004 6.6% 0.51%
2005 6.9% 1.71%
2006 4.2% 2.11%
2007 3.6% 5.85%
2008 5.7% 7.35%
2009 4.9% -2.25%
2010 5% 1.23%
2011 6.6% 3.4%
2012 5.4% 1.42%
2013 6.2% 0.71%
2014 6.3% -1.09%
2015 9% 0.14%
2016 8.7% 0.84%
2017 3.4% 1.32%
2018 3.7% 0.46%
2019 3.7% 1.76%
2020 3.2% 2.54%
2021 8.3% 2.18%
2022 9.3% 9.7%
2023 4.6% 5.94%
2024 4.4% 0.8%
2025 5.2% -

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $201M
Raw agricultural goods $134M
Animal & marine products $22.1M
Metals $12.2M
Raw materials & minerals $9.37M
Machinery & equipment $6.18M
Wood & paper products $2.97M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.94M
Chemicals & pharma $914K
Weapons & explosives $320K
Senegal
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $15.4M
Metals $584K
Animal & marine products $184K
Machinery & equipment $80K
Chemicals & pharma $61K
Textiles & consumer goods $26K
Wood & paper products $20K
Precious metals & jewellery $15K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8K

Balance of trade

Brazil Senegal
Current account balance
-$57.9B
2024
-$6.07B
2023
Current account balance ranking
187/189
2024
172/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.66%
2024
-19.8%
2023
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$10.8B
2023
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$5.52B
2023
Service imports
$103B
2024
$4.08B
2023
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$1.48B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.5%
2024
43.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
18%
2024
28.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Senegal
Economic freedom 55.1 56.4
Economic freedom ranking 129/197 119/197
Property rights 51.4 57.2
Government integrity 36.4 45.2
Judicial effectiveness 54.2 50.3
Tax burden 74.8 69.4
Government spending 44.3 79.7
Fiscal health 49.6 30.5
Business freedom 66.8 54.3
Labor freedom 57.1 54.3
Monetary freedom 74.4 68.8
Trade freedom 71.6 67.2
Investment freedom 40 60
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 55.1, ranking 129/197, compared to 56.4 for Senegal, ranking 119/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Brazil
Senegal
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Senegal
1995 51.4 -
1996 48.1 58.2
1997 52.6 58.1
1998 52.3 59.7
1999 61.3 60.6
2000 61.1 58.9
2001 61.9 58.7
2002 61.5 58.6
2003 63.4 58.1
2004 62 58.9
2005 61.7 57.9
2006 60.9 56.2
2007 56.2 58.1
2008 56.2 58.3
2009 56.7 56.3
2010 55.6 54.6
2011 56.3 55.7
2012 57.9 55.4
2013 57.7 55.5
2014 56.9 55.4
2015 56.6 57.8
2016 56.5 58.1
2017 52.9 55.9
2018 51.4 55.7
2019 51.9 56.3
2020 53.7 58
2021 53.4 58
2022 53.3 60
2023 53.5 57.7
2024 53.2 55.4
2025 55.1 56.4

More economic indicators

Brazil Senegal
Services, % of GDP
59.3%
2024
49.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
21.3%
2024
25.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.58%
2024
15.5%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$31B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,650
2024
$4,960
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$44.7B
2024
-$4.72B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$71.1B
2024
$2.02B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$48.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
10.7%
2023
9.05%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
37.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.9%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Brazil vs Senegal
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.