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Economy of Norway vs South Korea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Norway has a GDP of $531B compared to $1.87T for South Korea, ranking 32/197 and 13/197 by economy size, respectively.

Norway has $239B in government debt (45% of GDP), compared to $978B (52.3% of GDP) in South Korea.

Norway vs South Korea GDP by year

Norway
South Korea
1x
Year GDP, current $
Norway South Korea
2025 $530,755,719,439 $1,872,374,961,553
2024 $500,886,328,034 $1,875,388,209,407
2023 $502,197,633,323 $1,844,800,934,392
2022 $617,321,834,099 $1,799,363,116,867
2021 $521,592,200,233 $1,942,313,560,966
2020 $382,252,517,922 $1,744,070,276,373
2019 $424,244,886,364 $1,751,045,752,055
2018 $454,588,871,811 $1,824,251,454,307
2017 $415,673,181,543 $1,710,196,756,713
2016 $383,284,047,619 $1,579,150,518,945
2015 $400,669,174,331 $1,539,212,301,136
2014 $515,829,568,897 $1,556,252,422,020
2013 $540,132,255,319 $1,434,669,686,502
2012 $525,082,939,407 $1,335,343,586,438
2011 $512,868,581,628 $1,307,103,477,219
2010 $440,132,138,425 $1,192,830,015,738
2009 $395,664,488,017 $983,065,242,417
2008 $472,060,283,688 $1,091,580,692,542
2007 $407,813,774,161 $1,220,911,904,593
2006 $349,773,283,645 $1,095,175,538,508
2005 $311,417,306,946 $971,740,329,984
2004 $265,662,977,688 $823,251,107,639
2003 $229,192,678,173 $728,516,494,684
2002 $195,359,978,957 $650,014,391,470
2001 $173,590,978,347 $567,564,806,235
2000 $170,620,327,660 $597,487,173,479
1999 $161,304,620,987 $515,697,079,289
1998 $152,955,958,172 $397,297,216,492
1997 $160,013,571,974 $589,202,526,424
1996 $162,427,517,132 $631,196,863,758
1995 $151,083,627,983 $586,286,469,401
1994 $126,324,387,894 $479,181,794,217
1993 $119,841,699,440 $405,705,302,846
1992 $129,998,873,602 $366,921,291,825
1991 $121,149,331,318 $340,851,946,804
1990 $119,344,377,526 $292,064,221,389
1989 $102,226,808,603 $254,236,243,100
1988 $101,497,621,605 $205,477,530,605
1987 $93,913,320,965 $152,240,393,646
1986 $78,438,205,742 $119,965,960,795
1985 $65,211,464,198 $103,764,281,281
1984 $61,866,078,539 $99,749,645,089
1983 $61,417,685,434 $89,621,208,322
1982 $62,453,362,256 $79,921,300,447
1981 $63,392,804,251 $74,287,368,087
1980 $64,176,789,764 $66,547,970,351
1979 $52,935,763,512 $68,083,884,298
1978 $46,355,988,784 $52,824,793,388
1977 $41,362,637,363 $39,064,462,810
1976 $35,815,449,464 $30,371,074,380
1975 $32,742,543,381 $22,126,033,058
1974 $27,033,413,362 $19,860,929,977
1973 $22,433,660,550 $14,067,523,813
1972 $17,283,931,878 $10,990,490,570
1971 $14,523,306,736 $10,005,257,131
1970 $12,753,503,479 $9,085,001,794
1969 $11,083,505,596 $7,743,940,189
1968 $10,178,705,992 $6,167,109,472
1967 $9,532,076,026 $4,895,076,718
1966 $8,712,528,095 $3,957,064,541
1965 $8,073,570,566 $3,141,131,708
1964 $7,172,430,304 $3,476,789,682
1963 $6,522,268,053 $4,007,692,308
1962 $6,078,186,245 $2,826,923,077
1961 $5,642,867,672 $2,427,244,761
1960 $5,172,811,442 $3,973,069,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

GDP per capita in Norway vs South Korea by year

Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Korea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Norway South Korea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $94,594 - $36,227 -
2024 $89,889 $102,038 $36,239 $61,051
2023 $90,984 $103,638 $35,674 $57,430
2022 $113,122 $125,490 $34,822 $55,509
2021 $96,443 $88,984 $37,518 $51,718
2020 $71,058 $67,111 $33,646 $47,881
2019 $79,329 $70,940 $33,827 $46,511
2018 $85,579 $70,254 $35,364 $45,511
2017 $78,771 $64,590 $33,297 $43,156
2016 $73,222 $59,280 $30,832 $41,673
2015 $77,221 $60,738 $30,172 $39,794
2014 $100,410 $66,332 $30,667 $37,032
2013 $106,333 $67,378 $28,449 $35,844
2012 $104,628 $65,774 $26,601 $35,062
2011 $103,545 $62,460 $26,175 $33,944
2010 $90,020 $58,213 $24,071 $33,120
2009 $81,940 $55,648 $19,937 $30,740
2008 $99,002 $62,073 $22,252 $31,211
2007 $86,600 $56,179 $25,078 $30,255
2006 $75,048 $54,358 $22,610 $27,972
2005 $67,358 $47,967 $20,167 $26,179
2004 $57,855 $42,667 $17,122 $24,658
2003 $50,208 $38,680 $15,212 $22,920
2002 $43,048 $38,056 $13,643 $22,173
2001 $38,458 $37,829 $11,981 $20,442
2000 $37,992 $36,994 $12,710 $19,237
1999 $36,151 $30,574 $11,063 $17,421
1998 $34,516 $28,200 $8,583 $15,500
1997 $36,324 $28,610 $12,822 $16,241
1996 $37,073 $26,826 $13,865 $15,164
1995 $34,659 $24,360 $13,002 $13,921
1994 $29,130 $23,027 $10,734 $12,551
1993 $27,793 $21,584 $9,180 $11,349
1992 $30,328 $20,623 $8,387 $10,468
1991 $28,427 $19,580 $7,873 $9,724
1990 $28,137 $18,461 $6,813 $8,567
1989 $24,185 - $5,989 -
1988 $24,112 - $4,889 -
1987 $22,430 - $3,658 -
1986 $18,822 - $2,911 -
1985 $15,704 - $2,543 -
1984 $14,943 - $2,469 -
1983 $14,877 - $2,246 -
1982 $15,178 - $2,032 -
1981 $15,463 - $1,918 -
1980 $15,708 - $1,746 -
1979 $12,998 - $1,814 -
1978 $11,421 - $1,429 -
1977 $10,230 - $1,073 -
1976 $8,896 - $847 -
1975 $8,171 - $627 -
1974 $6,783 - $572 -
1973 $5,664 - $412 -
1972 $4,395 - $328 -
1971 $3,721 - $304 -
1970 $3,291 - $281.8 -
1969 $2,881 - $245.5 -
1968 $2,667 - $200 -
1967 $2,519 - $162.5 -
1966 $2,321 - $134.4 -
1965 $2,168 - $109.4 -
1964 $1,941 - $124.2 -
1963 $1,779 - $147 -
1962 $1,670 - $106.6 -
1961 $1,563 - $94.2 -
1960 $1,444 - $158.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

Norway's GDP per capita is $94,594, ranking 9/197, compared to $36,227 in South Korea, ranking 33/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Norway ranks 7th at $102,038, while South Korea ranks 33rd at $61,051.

Economic indicators

Norway South Korea
Gross domestic product
$531B
2025
$1.87T
2025
GDP rank
32/197
2025
13/197
2025
GDP growth
1.09%
2024-2025
1.01%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$94,594
2025
$36,227
2025
GDP per capita rank
9/197
2025
33/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$102,038
2024
$61,051
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
7/197
2024
33/197
2024
Government debt
$239B
2025
$978B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
45%
2025
52.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$42,567
2025
$18,930
2025
Government debt per person rank
15/185
2025
34/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,036
2026
$25,661
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$296B
2019
$2.76T
2025
Number of millionaires
348,000
2025
1,317,000
2026
Number of billionaires
17
2026
49
2026
Income share by richest 10%
21.6%
2023
25%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.6%
2025
24%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.06%
2024-2025
2.12%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.25%
2026
2.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.5%
2025
2.79%
2025
Population
5660666
51624449

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Norway
Spending

Debt
South Korea
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Norway South Korea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.6% 45% 24% 52.3%
2024 46.9% 52.8% 22.5% 49.7%
2023 44.2% 42.4% 23.1% 50.5%
2022 36.2% 34.8% 26.7% 49.8%
2021 44.7% 40.1% 24.1% 48%
2020 54.5% 44.3% 23.7% 45.9%
2019 48.4% 39% 21.3% 39.7%
2018 46.1% 38.1% 19.3% 37.9%
2017 47.6% 36.9% 18.6% 38%
2016 48.8% 36.7% 18.5% 39.1%
2015 46.7% 33.2% 18.8% 38.8%
2014 44% 28.8% 18.8% 37.9%
2013 42.3% 30.6% 19% 36%
2012 41.4% 30.2% 18.8% 33.5%
2011 42.3% 28.9% 18.3% 31.7%
2010 43.6% 42.1% 17.9% 28.3%
2009 44.7% 41.7% 19.5% 28.8%
2008 39.2% 46.8% 19.1% 25.9%
2007 40.5% 48.9% 18.8% 26.3%
2006 40.1% 52.2% 18.7% 27%
2005 41.6% 42.1% 18.2% 24.9%
2004 44.7% 43.8% 18.5% 21.6%
2003 47.7% 43.1% 17.9% 19.1%
2002 46.3% 34% 15.9% 16.4%
2001 43.4% 27.3% 16.9% 16.6%
2000 41.5% 28.8% 16% 16.1%
1999 46.7% 25.1% 16.1% 15.8%
1998 48.2% 23.8% 16% 13.8%
1997 45.9% 26% 13.9% 9.69%
1996 47.4% 28.6% 14% 7.81%
1995 49.6% 32.9% 13.5% 8.48%
1994 49.7% 51% 15.4% 9.63%
1993 50.5% 54% 15.1% 10.9%
1992 51.6% 45.3% 15.5% 11.6%
1991 50.3% 39.5% 15.4% 11.9%
1990 49.1% 29.1% 15.2% 12.8%
1989 52.2% 30.4% 15% 12.4%
1988 52.6% 30.5% 13.9% 12.7%
1987 50.5% 31.3% 14.3% 15.3%
1986 48.1% 37.8% 14.9% 14.5%
1985 44% 30.2% 15.5% 16.2%
1984 44.5% 27.8% 15.6% 16.9%
1983 46.4% 27.4% 16% 19.3%
1982 46.6% 29.7% 17.8% 20.5%
1981 46.1% 32.9% 16.3% 18.8%
1980 46.1% 36.8% 16.8% 18.6%
1979 47.2% 39.6% 16.3% 15.7%
1978 47.9% 49.9% 15.7% 18.4%
1977 46.5% 43.8% 17.7% 20.1%
1976 45.2% 38.5% 17% 20.4%
1975 43.5% 36.7% 18.8% 21.5%
1974 42.2% 35.4% 16.1% 18.6%
1973 42.3% 37.7% 14.2% 17.9%
1972 42.2% 38.9% 18.5% 18.3%
1971 40.7% 38.5% 18.5% 14.5%
1970 38.9% 38.6% 17.5% 6.95%
1969 38% 22.3% 19.8% 2.63%
1968 36.2% 22.5% 18.5% 2.76%
1967 34.9% 22.6% 16.7% 3.74%
1966 33.5% 22.4% 16% 4.44%
1965 32.9% 23% 13.1% 6.14%
1964 32% 24.2% 12.1% 6.57%
1963 31.9% 25.3% 15.4% 9.21%
1962 30.6% 26.7% 22.3% 13%
1961 20.4% 27.7% 21.2% 13.4%
1960 18% 29.8% 17.9% 13.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

In 2025, Norway's government spending was $263B, accounting for 49.6% of its GDP, while South Korea spent $449B, or 24% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 45% in Norway and 52.3% in South Korea, ranking 117/185 and 98/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Norway

South Korea
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Norway South Korea
2025 9.34% -1.43%
2024 12.8% -0.78%
2023 15.9% -0.67%
2022 24.7% -1.49%
2021 9.93% -0.02%
2020 -2.46% -2.11%
2019 6.28% 0.35%
2018 7.56% 2.42%
2017 4.79% 2.08%
2016 3.91% 1.56%
2015 5.8% 0.5%
2014 8.34% 0.57%
2013 10.3% 0.79%
2012 13.4% 1.63%
2011 13% 1.72%
2010 10.6% 1.61%
2009 10% 0.24%
2008 18.3% 1.58%
2007 16.8% 2.49%
2006 17.7% 1.18%
2005 14.7% 0.95%
2004 10.8% 0.09%
2003 7.21% 1.51%
2002 9.05% 3.23%
2001 13.2% 2.42%
2000 15.1% 3.91%
1999 5.75% 1.15%
1998 3.09% 1.09%
1997 7.41% 2.31%
1996 6.05% 2.3%
1995 2.98% 2.16%
1994 0.04% 2.06%
1993 -1.65% 3.21%
1992 -2.08% 2.42%
1991 -0.12% 1.94%
1990 1.96% 2.98%
1989 1.81% 2.27%
1988 2.65% 2.85%
1987 4.56% 1.7%
1986 5.87% 0.8%
1985 9.84% 0.47%
1984 6.97% 0.78%
1983 6.03% 1.05%
1982 3.96% -0.41%
1981 4.82% 0.99%
1980 5.38% 0.46%
1979 2.16% 0.47%
1978 0.94% -0.27%
1977 1.01% -1.81%
1976 2.2% -0.87%
1975 2.88% -3.68%
1974 4.06% -2.78%
1973 4.99% -1.72%
1972 3.93% -4.33%
1971 3.71% -1.3%
1970 2.83% -0.52%
1969 3.57% -2.85%
1968 3.38% -2.36%
1967 4.19% -2.87%
1966 3.59% -4.27%
1965 2.78% -3.43%
1964 3.08% -4.1%
1963 2.6% -4.32%
1962 4% -7.82%
1961 -0.7% -9.48%
1960 1.42% -5.18%
1959 1.89% -6.52%
1958 1.7% -10%
1957 1.55% -10.1%
1956 1.22% -10.8%
1955 0.82% -10.6%
1954 -0.54% -10.3%
1953 1.3% -4.14%
1952 2.15% -
1951 1.59% -
1950 -0.89% -
1949 -0.72% -
1948 -0.35% -
1947 -4.66% -
1946 -3.82% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -0.54% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 -0.16% -
1936 -0.7% -
1935 -1.1% -
1934 -0.59% -
1933 -1.29% -
1932 -1.14% -
1931 -1.15% -
1930 -0.46% -
1929 -0.83% -
1928 -0.81% -
1927 -0.76% -
1926 -1.59% -
1925 -1.92% -
1924 -2.96% -
1923 -3.58% -
1922 -4.28% -
1921 -5.47% -
1920 -1.15% -
1919 -2.11% -
1918 -1.17% -
1917 0.2% -
1916 -0.36% -
1915 -2.04% -
1914 -1.09% -
1913 -0.9% -
1912 -0.89% -
1911 -0.05% -
1910 0.3% -
1909 -0.52% -
1908 -0.06% -
1907 0.16% -
1906 -0.59% -
1905 -0.52% -
1904 -0.75% -
1903 -1.12% -
1902 -1.52% -
1901 -1.41% -
1900 -1.99% -
1899 -1.35% -
1898 -1.39% -
1897 -0.63% -
1896 -1.57% -
1895 -1.66% -
1894 -1.13% -
1893 -1.25% -
1892 -0.94% -
1891 -0.44% -
1890 -0.2% -
1889 -0.07% -
1888 -0.23% -
1887 -0.17% -
1886 -0.2% -
1885 -0.005% -
1884 -0.08% -
1883 -0.17% -
1882 -0.62% -
1881 -1.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

In 2025, Norway's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $49.6B, equivalent to 9.34% of GDP. This compares to South Korea's deficit of $26.8B, or 1.43% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Norway recorded a fiscal deficit in 5 of those years, while South Korea ran a deficit in 26 years. On average, Norway posted an annual surplus equal to 6.35% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.1% of GDP for South Korea.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Norway

South Korea
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Norway South Korea
2025 3.06% 2.12%
2024 3.15% 2.32%
2023 5.52% 3.6%
2022 5.76% 5.09%
2021 3.48% 2.5%
2020 1.29% 0.54%
2019 2.17% 0.38%
2018 2.76% 1.48%
2017 1.88% 1.94%
2016 3.55% 0.97%
2015 2.17% 0.71%
2014 2.04% 1.27%
2013 2.12% 1.3%
2012 0.7% 2.19%
2011 1.28% 4.03%
2010 2.42% 2.94%
2009 2.2% 2.76%
2008 3.75% 4.67%
2007 0.71% 2.53%
2006 2.33% 2.24%
2005 1.53% 2.75%
2004 0.45% 3.59%
2003 2.49% 3.51%
2002 1.29% 2.76%
2001 3% 4.07%
2000 3.09% 2.26%
1999 2.37% 0.81%
1998 2.25% 7.51%
1997 2.57% 4.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Norway has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.46%, compared with 2.67% in South Korea. In 2025, inflation was 3.06% in Norway and 2.12% in South Korea.

Top exports between countries

Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $496M
Animal & marine products $492M
Raw materials & minerals $354M
Precious metals & jewellery $84.4M
Metals $64.1M
Miscellaneous $60.7M
Chemicals & pharma $33M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $15.4M
Wood & paper products $9.46M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.11M
South Korea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $483M
Chemicals & pharma $26.6M
Miscellaneous $25.6M
Raw materials & minerals $20.7M
Metals $10.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $8.1M
Weapons & explosives $7.28M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.51M
Precious metals & jewellery $763K
Animal & marine products $275K

Balance of trade

Norway South Korea
Current account balance
$74.1B
2025
$123B
2025
Current account balance ranking
10/190
2025
4/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+14%
2025
+6.57%
2025
Goods imports
$105B
2025
$581B
2025
Goods exports
$177B
2025
$719B
2025
Service imports
$73.9B
2025
$185B
2025
Service exports
$63.5B
2025
$150B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.7%
2025
40.6%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
45.4%
2025
45.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Norway South Korea
Economic freedom 78.8 73.7
Economic freedom ranking 9/197 24/197
Property rights 99.6 89.6
Government integrity 94.3 70.9
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 77.5
Tax burden 63.3 61.5
Government spending 42 82.6
Fiscal health 96.4 93.5
Business freedom 91.2 81.5
Labor freedom 69.3 55
Monetary freedom 72.4 79.3
Trade freedom 85.6 73
Investment freedom 75 60
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Norway
South Korea
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Norway South Korea
2026 78.8 73.7
2025 78.3 74
2024 77.5 73.1
2023 76.9 73.7
2022 76.9 74.6
2021 73.4 74
2020 73.4 74
2019 73 72.3
2018 74.3 73.8
2017 74 74.3
2016 70.8 71.7
2015 71.8 71.5
2014 70.9 71.2
2013 70.5 70.3
2012 68.8 69.9
2011 70.3 69.8
2010 69.4 69.9
2009 70.2 68.1
2008 68.6 68.6
2007 67.9 67.8
2006 67.9 67.5
2005 64.5 66.4
2004 66.2 67.8
2003 67.2 68.3
2002 67.4 69.5
2001 67.1 69.1
2000 70.1 69.7
1999 68.6 69.7
1998 68 73.3
1997 65.1 69.8
1996 65.4 73
1995 - 72

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Norway is 78.8, ranking 9/197, compared to 73.7 for South Korea, ranking 24/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Norway South Korea
Services, % of GDP
55%
2025
57.2%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
34.5%
2025
34.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.64%
2025
1.46%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$546B
2025
$1.96T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$107,770
2025
$64,210
2025
Total reserves including gold
$85.5B
2025
$437B
2025
Total reserves ranking
34/177
2025
9/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$8.93B
2025
$25.4B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.1B
2024
$12.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$5.62B
2024
$49.7B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2021
14.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
29.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/south-korea | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.