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Economy of Brazil vs Eswatini compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Brazil has a GDP of $2.28T compared to $5.16B for Eswatini, ranking 11/197 and 163/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $2.13T in government debt (93.3% of GDP), compared to $2.31B (44.9% of GDP) in Eswatini.

Brazil vs Eswatini GDP by year

Brazil
Eswatini
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Eswatini
2025 $2,279,920,092,492 $5,160,679,613
2024 $2,185,821,610,689 $4,858,885,841
2023 $2,191,131,765,685 $4,621,191,262
2022 $1,951,923,942,083 $4,746,660,274
2021 $1,670,647,398,905 $4,807,069,277
2020 $1,476,107,231,310 $4,134,677,810
2019 $1,873,288,205,060 $4,617,018,959
2018 $1,916,933,898,011 $4,643,751,059
2017 $2,063,514,977,366 $4,462,640,651
2016 $1,795,693,482,853 $3,722,306,117
2015 $1,802,212,206,815 $3,908,217,914
2014 $2,456,043,727,199 $4,285,065,665
2013 $2,472,819,535,557 $4,463,396,204
2012 $2,465,227,802,807 $4,747,813,067
2011 $2,616,156,223,918 $4,722,912,047
2010 $2,208,837,745,101 $4,360,714,359
2009 $1,666,996,438,581 $3,525,213,502
2008 $1,695,855,083,498 $3,235,921,171
2007 $1,397,114,486,369 $3,391,122,887
2006 $1,107,626,541,435 $3,215,307,901
2005 $891,633,839,894 $3,097,946,371
2004 $669,289,424,806 $2,710,331,785
2003 $558,233,745,652 $2,149,632,433
2002 $509,795,273,807 $1,393,945,031
2001 $559,983,634,799 $1,502,870,486
2000 $655,448,231,984 $1,697,161,558
1999 $599,642,024,320 $1,547,888,496
1998 $863,710,759,256 $1,576,908,856
1997 $883,206,179,730 $1,716,714,070
1996 $850,426,432,992 $1,602,741,834
1995 $769,333,050,987 $1,698,989,464
1994 $525,369,467,296 $1,419,294,254
1993 $368,292,034,381 $1,357,189,552
1992 $328,191,909,882 $1,284,759,928
1991 $342,534,090,909 $1,156,135,718
1990 $384,959,818,182 $1,114,694,041
1989 $412,990,820,287 $696,921,542
1988 $307,881,930,752 $692,026,455
1987 $283,056,836,894 $584,126,092
1986 $256,480,852,471 $449,140,318
1985 $210,879,844,639 $360,079,419
1984 $188,339,974,087 $494,483,409
1983 $189,656,506,321 $555,336,146
1982 $271,314,113,768 $537,568,059
1981 $258,015,174,749 $570,774,825
1980 $237,393,489,893 $541,976,853
1979 $221,338,204,480 $412,093,134
1978 $200,278,646,124 $340,630,085
1977 $176,344,101,402 $304,060,076
1976 $153,168,949,208 $272,550,068
1975 $129,203,555,239 $288,299,789
1974 $109,794,519,728 $264,320,941
1973 $83,592,275,863 $221,915,128
1972 $58,434,858,375 $146,736,479
1971 $48,869,830,902 $136,462,081
1970 $42,327,664,794 $112,139,955
1969 $37,171,640,819 $105,419,958
1968 $33,930,457,425 $79,799,968
1967 $31,086,389,195 $74,759,970
1966 $28,283,323,733 $76,859,969
1965 $22,465,522,884 $70,279,972
1964 $20,963,733,695 $64,980,554
1963 $23,287,712,878 $54,129,438
1962 $19,231,747,852 $45,927,962
1961 $17,275,940,449 $43,026,043
1960 $17,030,465,539 $35,076,846

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/eswatini | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Eswatini by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Eswatini
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Eswatini
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $10,713 - $4,108 -
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $3,910 $11,799
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $3,756 $11,300
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $3,894 $10,635
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $3,984 $9,990
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $3,467 $9,329
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $3,913 $9,248
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $3,973 $8,535
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $3,853 $8,584
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $3,238 $8,484
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $3,420 $8,391
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $3,771 $8,366
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $3,950 $8,231
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $4,225 $7,760
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $4,225 $7,571
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $3,923 $7,324
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $3,190 $7,011
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $2,947 $6,914
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $3,109 $6,732
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $2,965 $6,319
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $2,871 $5,773
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $2,526 $5,310
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $2,015 $5,020
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $1,316 $4,742
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $1,430 $4,521
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $1,630 $4,401
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $1,502 $4,272
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $1,547 $4,137
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $1,705 $4,038
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $1,619 $3,916
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $1,751 $3,777
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $1,461 $3,526
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $1,397 $3,371
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $1,362 $3,289
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $1,273 $3,236
1990 $2,581 $6,688 $1,278 $3,202
1989 $2,819 - $832 -
1988 $2,141 - $865 -
1987 $2,006 - $765 -
1986 $1,854 - $611 -
1985 $1,556 - $510 -
1984 $1,420 - $726 -
1983 $1,461 - $843 -
1982 $2,138 - $843 -
1981 $2,080 - $925 -
1980 $1,959 - $908 -
1979 $1,870 - $714 -
1978 $1,733 - $610 -
1977 $1,562 - $563 -
1976 $1,390 - $521 -
1975 $1,201 - $568 -
1974 $1,045 - $536 -
1973 $815 - $463 -
1972 $583 - $315 -
1971 $500 - $301 -
1970 $444 - $254.2 -
1969 $399 - $245.2 -
1968 $374 - $190.4 -
1967 $351 - $182.8 -
1966 $328 - $192.7 -
1965 $268 - $181 -
1964 $257.3 - $171.6 -
1963 $294.2 - $146.4 -
1962 $250.2 - $127.1 -
1961 $231.6 - $121.8 -
1960 $235.3 - $101.6 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/eswatini | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,713, ranking 85/197, compared to $4,108 in Eswatini, ranking 131/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Eswatini ranks 126th at $11,799.

Economic indicators

Brazil Eswatini
Gross domestic product
$2.28T
2025
$5.16B
2025
GDP rank
11/197
2025
163/197
2025
GDP growth
2.29%
2024-2025
4.19%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$10,713
2025
$4,108
2025
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2025
131/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$11,799
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
126/197
2024
Government debt
$2.13T
2025
$2.31B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
93.3%
2025
44.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,999
2025
$1,843
2025
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2025
121/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,555
2026
$4,770
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$871B
2025
$234M
2007
Number of millionaires
386,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
70
2026
1
2026
Income share by richest 10%
39.3%
2024
42.7%
2016
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2024
1.4%
2016
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.4%
2025
35.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2024-2025
2.6%
2018-2019
Central bank interest rate
14.5%
2026
6.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.83%
2025
34.3%
2023
Population
213964342
1276995

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Eswatini
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Eswatini
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.4% 93.3% 35.7% 44.9%
2024 45.5% 87% 33.6% 40.1%
2023 45.3% 84% 31.5% 39.4%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 28.9% 39.5%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 29.3% 37.3%
2020 46.2% 96% 32.2% 37.7%
2019 43% 87.1% 32.8% 30.5%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 31.6% 26.5%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 33.6% 21.7%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 34% 20.1%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 34.5% 16%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 32.7% 14.1%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 28.8% 15.2%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 27.1% 14.8%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 25.1% 14.6%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 31.1% 14.2%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 33.9% 10.6%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 33.4% 14.6%
2007 40.4% 63% 30.4% 16.1%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 27.6% 14.7%
2005 41.9% 67% 29% 13.6%
2004 39.7% 68% 31% 15%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 25.9% 17.7%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 26.5% 17.2%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 25.6% 21.7%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 24.7% 18.2%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 25.8% 16.7%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 22% 15.6%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 20.7% 12.7%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 22.5% 11.5%
1995 - 28% 19.9% 12.5%
1994 - 30% 23.4% 13.1%
1993 - 32.6% 23% 15%
1992 - 37.1% 24.7% 16.6%
1991 - 38.1% 19.6% 20.1%
1990 - 40.6% 18.2% 20.4%
1989 - 40.2% 15.8% 26.8%
1988 - 46.9% 15.6% 27.5%
1987 - 50.3% 17% 36.1%
1986 11.7% 49.4% 19.8% 44%
1985 11.1% 52.6% 22.3% 45.5%
1984 10% 55.8% 22.2% 29.7%
1983 9.7% 51.5% 23.2% 28.7%
1982 8.1% 32.8% 24% 29.2%
1981 7.8% 34.6% 23.8% 24.3%
1980 6.8% 39.7% 19.6% 27.2%
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/eswatini | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government spending was $1.08T, accounting for 47.4% of its GDP, while Eswatini spent $1.84B, or 35.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 93.3% in Brazil and 44.9% in Eswatini, ranking 29/185 and 118/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Eswatini
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Eswatini
2025 -8.07% -6.14%
2024 -6.17% -1.06%
2023 -7.71% -0.66%
2022 -3.96% -5.27%
2021 -2.63% -4.55%
2020 -11.6% -4.21%
2019 -4.86% -6.23%
2018 -6.99% -6.59%
2017 -7.97% -5.64%
2016 -7.99% -8.36%
2015 -9.28% -5.89%
2014 -6.27% -1.16%
2013 -3.42% 0.57%
2012 -2.35% 3.39%
2011 -2.74% -3.88%
2010 -3.55% -9.34%
2009 -4.23% -3%
2008 -2.39% 1.58%
2007 -2.66% 2.37%
2006 -4.87% 8.67%
2005 -3.36% -1.66%
2004 -2.95% -3.97%
2003 -5.4% -2.11%
2002 -4.15% -3.69%
2001 -3.47% -2.24%
2000 -3.32% -1.19%
1999 -5.17% -1.23%
1998 -7.22% 1.05%
1997 -5.6% 2.06%
1996 -5.35% -0.97%
1995 - 0.87%
1994 - -3.43%
1993 - -3.15%
1992 - -2.76%
1991 - 3.28%
1990 - 5.47%
1989 - 5.82%
1988 - 3.23%
1987 - 2.03%
1986 -1.6% -2.41%
1985 -1.3% -1.33%
1984 -0.4% 1.25%
1983 0.1% -0.6%
1982 1.4% 0.11%
1981 1% -4.29%
1980 2.5% 6.55%
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/eswatini | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $184B, equivalent to 8.07% of GDP. This compares to Eswatini's deficit of $317M, or 6.14% of GDP.

Over the past 46 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Eswatini ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 4.16% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.28% of GDP for Eswatini.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Eswatini
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Eswatini
2025 5% -
2024 4.4% -
2023 4.6% -
2022 9.3% -
2021 8.3% -
2020 3.2% -
2019 3.7% 2.6%
2018 3.7% 4.82%
2017 3.4% 6.22%
2016 8.7% 7.85%
2015 9% 4.95%
2014 6.3% 5.68%
2013 6.2% 5.62%
2012 5.4% 8.94%
2011 6.6% 6.11%
2010 5% 4.51%
2009 4.9% 7.45%
2008 5.7% 12.7%
2007 3.6% 8.08%
2006 4.2% 5.3%
2005 6.9% 4.77%
2004 6.6% 3.45%
2003 14.7% 7.29%
2002 8.4% 12%
2001 6.8% 5.94%
2000 7% 12.2%
1999 4.9% 6.09%
1998 3.2% 8.11%
1997 6.9% 7.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/eswatini | CC BY

Over the past 23 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.17%, compared with 6.86% in Eswatini. In 2019, inflation was 5% in Brazil and 2.6% in Eswatini.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $325K
Machinery & equipment $223K
Raw materials & minerals $30K
Chemicals & pharma $20K
Textiles & consumer goods $14K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4K
Raw agricultural goods $4K
Metals $1K
Eswatini
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $45K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

Brazil Eswatini
Current account balance
-$66.7B
2025
$78.3M
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2025
65/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.93%
2025
+1.61%
2024
Goods imports
$291B
2025
$2.07B
2024
Goods exports
$351B
2025
$2.33B
2024
Service imports
$105B
2025
$542M
2024
Service exports
$54.4B
2025
$234M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.5%
2025
53.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.8%
2025
53.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Eswatini
Economic freedom 52.4 57.5
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 116/197
Property rights 49.2 42.5
Government integrity 37.2 29.7
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 35.5
Tax burden 70.6 78.6
Government spending 39.8 71
Fiscal health 28 87.5
Business freedom 65.7 49.9
Labor freedom 57 55.2
Monetary freedom 76 76.8
Trade freedom 69 73.6
Investment freedom 40 50
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Eswatini
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Eswatini
2026 52.4 57.5
2025 55.1 56.4
2024 53.2 55.6
2023 53.5 54.9
2022 53.3 51.4
2021 53.4 55.1
2020 53.7 55.3
2019 51.9 54.7
2018 51.4 55.9
2017 52.9 61.1
2016 56.5 59.7
2015 56.6 59.9
2014 56.9 61.2
2013 57.7 57.2
2012 57.9 57.2
2011 56.3 59.1
2010 55.6 57.4
2009 56.7 59.1
2008 56.2 58.4
2007 56.2 60.1
2006 60.9 61.4
2005 61.7 59.4
2004 62 58.6
2003 63.4 59.6
2002 61.5 60.9
2001 61.9 63.6
2000 61.1 62.6
1999 61.3 62.1
1998 52.3 62
1997 52.6 59.4
1996 48.1 58.6
1995 51.4 63.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/eswatini | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 57.5 for Eswatini, ranking 116/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Eswatini
Services, % of GDP
59.7%
2025
52.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
20.1%
2025
33.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.09%
2025
6.41%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.25T
2025
$4.69B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,670
2025
$11,390
2025
Total reserves including gold
$359B
2025
$537M
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2025
157/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.5B
2025
-$11.8M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$75.5M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$63.8M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
4.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
58.9%
2016
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.1%
2025
15%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.