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Economy of Lesotho vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Lesotho has a GDP of $2.57B compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 175/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Lesotho has $1.26B in government debt (49.1% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Lesotho vs Norway GDP by year

Lesotho
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Lesotho Norway
2025 $2,573,572,920 $530,755,719,439
2024 $2,391,282,548 $500,886,328,034
2023 $2,129,871,530 $502,197,633,323
2022 $2,354,980,960 $617,321,834,099
2021 $2,412,130,057 $521,592,200,233
2020 $2,053,699,864 $382,252,517,922
2019 $2,390,702,296 $424,244,886,364
2018 $2,556,247,292 $454,588,871,811
2017 $2,306,741,672 $415,673,181,543
2016 $2,114,426,452 $383,284,047,619
2015 $2,359,686,725 $400,669,174,331
2014 $2,441,063,054 $515,829,568,897
2013 $2,367,112,932 $540,132,255,319
2012 $2,477,702,216 $525,082,939,407
2011 $2,579,409,620 $512,868,581,628
2010 $2,234,754,242 $440,132,138,425
2009 $1,740,894,965 $395,664,488,017
2008 $1,766,902,709 $472,060,283,688
2007 $1,682,131,785 $407,813,774,161
2006 $1,800,092,564 $349,773,283,645
2005 $1,682,343,527 $311,417,306,946
2004 $1,511,236,656 $265,662,977,688
2003 $1,157,825,435 $229,192,678,173
2002 $775,777,239 $195,359,978,957
2001 $825,706,961 $173,590,978,347
2000 $887,291,688 $170,620,327,660
1999 $912,773,681 $161,304,620,987
1998 $928,460,893 $152,955,958,172
1997 $998,004,259 $160,013,571,974
1996 $946,112,493 $162,427,517,132
1995 $1,001,894,000 $151,083,627,983
1994 $878,250,945 $126,324,387,894
1993 $835,582,062 $119,841,699,440
1992 $831,029,862 $129,998,873,602
1991 $704,325,367 $121,149,331,318
1990 $596,410,264 $119,344,377,526
1989 $495,409,233 $102,226,808,603
1988 $470,395,801 $101,497,621,605
1987 $402,768,324 $93,913,320,965
1986 $318,858,423 $78,438,205,742
1985 $268,629,926 $65,211,464,198
1984 $333,163,670 $61,866,078,539
1983 $386,699,309 $61,417,685,434
1982 $348,741,684 $62,453,362,256
1981 $434,188,034 $63,392,804,251
1980 $431,542,537 $64,176,789,764
1979 $290,134,593 $52,935,763,512
1978 $266,570,067 $46,355,988,784
1977 $193,315,048 $41,362,637,363
1976 $147,660,037 $35,815,449,464
1975 $149,558,896 $32,742,543,381
1974 $150,851,317 $27,033,413,362
1973 $121,188,716 $22,433,660,550
1972 $80,913,200 $17,283,931,878
1971 $76,480,285 $14,523,306,736
1970 $68,739,973 $12,753,503,479
1969 $65,967,974 $11,083,505,596
1968 $61,445,975 $10,178,705,992
1967 $59,261,976 $9,532,076,026
1966 $56,699,977 $8,712,528,095
1965 $54,879,978 $8,073,570,566
1964 $51,939,979 $7,172,430,304
1963 $47,039,981 $6,522,268,053
1962 $41,859,983 $6,078,186,245
1961 $35,699,986 $5,642,867,672
1960 $34,579,986 $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Lesotho vs Norway by year

Lesotho
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Lesotho Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,089 - $94,594 -
2024 $1,023 $3,001 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $921 $2,881 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $1,030 $2,761 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $1,067 $2,545 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $919 $2,559 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $1,082 $2,568 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $1,171 $2,632 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $1,069 $2,619 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $992 $2,942 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $1,121 $3,035 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $1,174 $2,771 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $1,151 $2,538 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $1,218 $2,291 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $1,281 $2,279 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $1,119 $2,153 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $879 $2,036 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $898 $2,064 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $861 $1,932 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $925 $1,813 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $861 $1,681 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $767 $1,561 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $583 $1,484 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $389 $1,385 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $413 $1,350 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $443 $1,273 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $456 $1,199 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $465 $1,179 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $502 $1,154 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $480 $1,103 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $513 $1,037 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $456 $995 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $439 $932 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $444 $893 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $382 $830 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $330 $764 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $279 - $24,185 -
1988 $270.4 - $24,112 -
1987 $236.5 - $22,430 -
1986 $191.4 - $18,822 -
1985 $165.4 - $15,704 -
1984 $211 - $14,943 -
1983 $252 - $14,877 -
1982 $233.9 - $15,178 -
1981 $299.8 - $15,463 -
1980 $307 - $15,708 -
1979 $212.4 - $12,998 -
1978 $200.8 - $11,421 -
1977 $149.9 - $10,230 -
1976 $117.8 - $8,896 -
1975 $123.2 - $8,171 -
1974 $128.7 - $6,783 -
1973 $107 - $5,664 -
1972 $74 - $4,395 -
1971 $72.4 - $3,721 -
1970 $67.4 - $3,291 -
1969 $67.1 - $2,881 -
1968 $64.8 - $2,667 -
1967 $64.8 - $2,519 -
1966 $64.3 - $2,321 -
1965 $64.3 - $2,168 -
1964 $62.6 - $1,941 -
1963 $58.4 - $1,779 -
1962 $53.5 - $1,670 -
1961 $47 - $1,563 -
1960 $47 - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

Lesotho's GDP per capita is $1,089, ranking 179/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Lesotho ranks 180th at $3,001, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Lesotho Norway
Gross domestic product
$2.57B
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
175/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
1.98%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,089
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
179/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,001
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
180/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$1.26B
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
49.1%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$535
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
165/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,455
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires n/a
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
32.9%
2017
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.7%
2017
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
54.2%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
4.27%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2025
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
18.7%
2024
4.5%
2025
Population
2402837
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Lesotho
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Lesotho Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 54.2% 49.1% 49.6% 45%
2024 52.5% 52.8% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 49% 61.1% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 50.8% 64.4% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 53.6% 58% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 54.2% 54.7% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 52.9% 58.2% 48.4% 39%
2018 51.9% 48.2% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 50.4% 41% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 54.1% 41.5% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 51.7% 45.8% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 50.1% 41.5% 44% 28.8%
2013 58.4% 41.2% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 58.1% 39.8% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 60.2% 36.2% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 55.3% 33.8% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 66.4% 35.9% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 54.1% 47% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 48.1% 49.6% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 43.2% 43.7% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 37.6% 41% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 36.3% 49.4% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 39.8% 52.6% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 41.2% 79.6% 46.3% 34%
2001 41.4% 108.7% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 39.3% 88.5% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 50.8% 83% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 51.4% 79.4% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 44.6% 65.7% 45.9% 26%
1996 41.5% 71.6% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 42.1% 62.8% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 40.2% 67% 49.7% 51%
1993 36% 71.2% 50.5% 54%
1992 35.3% 64.4% 51.6% 45.3%
1991 31.3% 11.9% 50.3% 39.5%
1990 32.9% 18% 49.1% 29.1%
1989 35.8% 112.5% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 35.3% 105.2% 52.6% 30.5%
1987 40.3% 97.4% 50.5% 31.3%
1986 33.2% 92.5% 48.1% 37.8%
1985 32.8% 86.3% 44% 30.2%
1984 26.8% 57.2% 44.5% 27.8%
1983 27.2% 56.7% 46.4% 27.4%
1982 29.9% 61.4% 46.6% 29.7%
1981 - - 46.1% 32.9%
1980 - - 46.1% 36.8%
1979 - - 47.2% 39.6%
1978 - - 47.9% 49.9%
1977 - - 46.5% 43.8%
1976 - - 45.2% 38.5%
1975 - - 43.5% 36.7%
1974 - - 42.2% 35.4%
1973 - - 42.3% 37.7%
1972 - - 42.2% 38.9%
1971 - - 40.7% 38.5%
1970 - - 38.9% 38.6%
1969 - - 38% 22.3%
1968 - - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 - - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 - - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 - - 32.9% 23%
1964 - - 32% 24.2%
1963 - - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 - - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 - - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 - - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Lesotho's government spending was $1.4B, accounting for 54.2% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 49.1% in Lesotho and 45% in Norway, ranking 106/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Lesotho

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Lesotho Norway
2025 2.15% 9.34%
2024 8.17% 12.8%
2023 7.36% 15.9%
2022 -6.33% 24.7%
2021 -4.79% 9.93%
2020 1.45% -2.46%
2019 -5.09% 6.28%
2018 -4.41% 7.56%
2017 -2.02% 4.79%
2016 -9.43% 3.91%
2015 -1.38% 5.8%
2014 3.16% 8.34%
2013 -2.58% 10.3%
2012 4.56% 13.4%
2011 -9.85% 13%
2010 -1.49% 10.6%
2009 -4.16% 10%
2008 8.1% 18.3%
2007 10.8% 16.8%
2006 11.6% 17.7%
2005 4.46% 14.7%
2004 6.05% 10.8%
2003 0.89% 7.21%
2002 -2.44% 9.05%
2001 -2.76% 13.2%
2000 -0.95% 15.1%
1999 -15.3% 5.75%
1998 -11.8% 3.09%
1997 0.27% 7.41%
1996 2.11% 6.05%
1995 5.13% 2.98%
1994 5.69% 0.04%
1993 7.55% -1.65%
1992 4.65% -2.08%
1991 9.74% -0.12%
1990 8.78% 1.96%
1989 3.88% 1.81%
1988 -1.87% 2.65%
1987 -2.85% 4.56%
1986 0.87% 5.87%
1985 1.68% 9.84%
1984 4.82% 6.97%
1983 1.85% 6.03%
1982 -2.03% 3.96%
1981 - 4.82%
1980 - 5.38%
1979 - 2.16%
1978 - 0.94%
1977 - 1.01%
1976 - 2.2%
1975 - 2.88%
1974 - 4.06%
1973 - 4.99%
1972 - 3.93%
1971 - 3.71%
1970 - 2.83%
1969 - 3.57%
1968 - 3.38%
1967 - 4.19%
1966 - 3.59%
1965 - 2.78%
1964 - 3.08%
1963 - 2.6%
1962 - 4%
1961 - -0.7%
1960 - 1.42%
1959 - 1.89%
1958 - 1.7%
1957 - 1.55%
1956 - 1.22%
1955 - 0.82%
1954 - -0.54%
1953 - 1.3%
1952 - 2.15%
1951 - 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Lesotho's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $55.4M, equivalent to 2.15% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 44 years, Lesotho recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 4 years. On average, Lesotho posted an annual surplus equal to 0.78% of GDP, compared to surplus of 8% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Lesotho

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Lesotho Norway
2025 4.27% 3.06%
2024 6.11% 3.15%
2023 6.34% 5.52%
2022 8.27% 5.76%
2021 6.05% 3.48%
2020 4.98% 1.29%
2019 5.19% 2.17%
2018 4.75% 2.76%
2017 4.45% 1.88%
2016 6.6% 3.55%
2015 3.22% 2.17%
2014 5.37% 2.04%
2013 4.87% 2.12%
2012 6.05% 0.7%
2011 5.04% 1.28%
2010 -2.41% 2.42%
2009 -16.9% 2.2%
2008 10.7% 3.75%
2007 8.01% 0.71%
2006 6.07% 2.33%
2005 3.44% 1.53%
2004 5.02% 0.45%
2003 6.63% 2.49%
2002 33.8% 1.29%
2001 -9.62% 3%
2000 6.13% 3.09%
1999 - 2.37%
1998 - 2.25%
1997 - 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

Over the past 26 years, Lesotho has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.1%, compared with 2.47% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 4.27% in Lesotho and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Lesotho
Export category Export value
Norway
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $109K
Machinery & equipment $3K

Balance of trade

Lesotho Norway
Current account balance
-$3.94M
2025
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
71/190
2025
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.15%
2025
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$1.69B
2025
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$933M
2025
$177B
2025
Service imports
$467M
2025
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$16M
2025
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
104.5%
2025
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
49.5%
2025
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Lesotho Norway
Economic freedom 54.9 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 130/197 9/197
Property rights 41.7 99.6
Government integrity 39.6 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 43.6 96.4
Tax burden 76.4 63.3
Government spending 21.3 42
Fiscal health 93.5 96.4
Business freedom 50.6 91.2
Labor freedom 57 69.3
Monetary freedom 74.8 72.4
Trade freedom 65.4 85.6
Investment freedom 55 75
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Lesotho
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Lesotho Norway
2026 54.9 78.8
2025 54.1 78.3
2024 51.9 77.5
2023 51.6 76.9
2022 48.1 76.9
2021 53.5 73.4
2020 54.5 73.4
2019 53.1 73
2018 53.9 74.3
2017 53.9 74
2016 50.6 70.8
2015 49.6 71.8
2014 49.5 70.9
2013 47.9 70.5
2012 46.6 68.8
2011 47.5 70.3
2010 48.1 69.4
2009 49.7 70.2
2008 52.1 68.6
2007 53.2 67.9
2006 54.7 67.9
2005 53.9 64.5
2004 50.3 66.2
2003 52 67.2
2002 48.9 67.4
2001 50.6 67.1
2000 48.4 70.1
1999 48.2 68.6
1998 48.4 68
1997 47.2 65.1
1996 47 65.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Lesotho is 54.9, ranking 130/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Lesotho Norway
Services, % of GDP
55.6%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.49%
2025
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$3.03B
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,900
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.01B
2024
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
142/177
2024
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.77M
2025
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$12.6M
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$5.62B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.79%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
49.7%
2017
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.2%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/lesotho/norway | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.