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Economy of Brazil vs Uzbekistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Brazil has a GDP of $2.28T compared to $147B for Uzbekistan, ranking 11/197 and 61/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $2.13T in government debt (93.3% of GDP), compared to $42B (28.6% of GDP) in Uzbekistan.

Brazil vs Uzbekistan GDP by year

Brazil
Uzbekistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Uzbekistan
2025 $2,279,920,092,492 $147,038,081,129
2024 $2,185,821,610,689 $121,356,065,241
2023 $2,191,131,765,685 $107,526,539,716
2022 $1,951,923,942,083 $94,286,355,836
2021 $1,670,647,398,905 $81,170,051,811
2020 $1,476,107,231,310 $70,127,127,133
2019 $1,873,288,205,060 $70,170,662,563
2018 $1,916,933,898,011 $61,318,332,403
2017 $2,063,514,977,366 $72,276,404,058
2016 $1,795,693,482,853 $97,871,364,319
2015 $1,802,212,206,815 $97,564,568,987
2014 $2,456,043,727,199 $91,303,765,114
2013 $2,472,819,535,557 $82,674,178,352
2012 $2,465,227,802,807 $75,318,846,931
2011 $2,616,156,223,918 $67,404,618,405
2010 $2,208,837,745,101 $55,544,226,553
2009 $1,666,996,438,581 $33,689,223,673
2008 $1,695,855,083,498 $29,549,438,884
2007 $1,397,114,486,369 $22,311,393,928
2006 $1,107,626,541,435 $17,330,833,853
2005 $891,633,839,894 $14,307,509,839
2004 $669,289,424,806 $12,030,023,548
2003 $558,233,745,652 $10,134,453,435
2002 $509,795,273,807 $9,687,788,513
2001 $559,983,634,799 $11,401,421,329
2000 $655,448,231,984 $13,760,513,969
1999 $599,642,024,320 $17,078,465,982
1998 $863,710,759,256 $14,988,971,211
1997 $883,206,179,730 $14,744,603,774
1996 $850,426,432,992 $13,948,892,216
1995 $769,333,050,987 $13,350,461,265
1994 $525,369,467,296 $12,899,074,922
1993 $368,292,034,381 $13,099,920,056
1992 $328,191,909,882 $12,953,801,760
1991 $342,534,090,909 $13,800,167,712
1990 $384,959,818,182 $13,362,340,338
1989 $412,990,820,287 $11,948,815,258
1988 $307,881,930,752 $10,722,799,639
1987 $283,056,836,894 $8,523,160,593
1986 $256,480,852,471 -
1985 $210,879,844,639 -
1984 $188,339,974,087 -
1983 $189,656,506,321 -
1982 $271,314,113,768 -
1981 $258,015,174,749 -
1980 $237,393,489,893 -
1979 $221,338,204,480 -
1978 $200,278,646,124 -
1977 $176,344,101,402 -
1976 $153,168,949,208 -
1975 $129,203,555,239 -
1974 $109,794,519,728 -
1973 $83,592,275,863 -
1972 $58,434,858,375 -
1971 $48,869,830,902 -
1970 $42,327,664,794 -
1969 $37,171,640,819 -
1968 $33,930,457,425 -
1967 $31,086,389,195 -
1966 $28,283,323,733 -
1965 $22,465,522,884 -
1964 $20,963,733,695 -
1963 $23,287,712,878 -
1962 $19,231,747,852 -
1961 $17,275,940,449 -
1960 $17,030,465,539 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Uzbekistan by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Uzbekistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $10,713 - $3,968 -
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $3,337 $11,879
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $3,016 $11,107
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $2,699 $10,293
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $2,370 $9,248
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $2,088 $8,452
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $2,129 $8,544
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $1,894 $8,129
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $2,271 $7,818
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $3,128 $6,919
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $3,173 $6,800
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $3,021 $6,610
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $2,781 $6,413
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $2,574 $6,168
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $2,339 $5,949
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $1,957 $5,505
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $1,206 $5,135
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $1,075 $4,800
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $824 $4,386
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $649 $3,956
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $543 $3,618
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $462 $3,321
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $394 $3,047
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $381 $2,902
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $454 $2,782
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $555 $2,644
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $698 $2,522
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $621 $2,418
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $621 $2,329
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $597 $2,214
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $583 $2,178
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $574 $2,197
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $596 $2,318
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $603 $2,371
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $658 $2,676
1990 $2,581 $6,688 $653 $2,665
1989 $2,819 - $598 -
1988 $2,141 - $551 -
1987 $2,006 - $450 -
1986 $1,854 - - -
1985 $1,556 - - -
1984 $1,420 - - -
1983 $1,461 - - -
1982 $2,138 - - -
1981 $2,080 - - -
1980 $1,959 - - -
1979 $1,870 - - -
1978 $1,733 - - -
1977 $1,562 - - -
1976 $1,390 - - -
1975 $1,201 - - -
1974 $1,045 - - -
1973 $815 - - -
1972 $583 - - -
1971 $500 - - -
1970 $444 - - -
1969 $399 - - -
1968 $374 - - -
1967 $351 - - -
1966 $328 - - -
1965 $268 - - -
1964 $257.3 - - -
1963 $294.2 - - -
1962 $250.2 - - -
1961 $231.6 - - -
1960 $235.3 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,713, ranking 85/197, compared to $3,968 in Uzbekistan, ranking 134/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Uzbekistan ranks 125th at $11,879.

Economic indicators

Brazil Uzbekistan
Gross domestic product
$2.28T
2025
$147B
2025
GDP rank
11/197
2025
61/197
2025
GDP growth
2.29%
2024-2025
7.7%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$10,713
2025
$3,968
2025
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2025
134/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$11,879
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
125/197
2024
Government debt
$2.13T
2025
$42B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
93.3%
2025
28.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,999
2025
$1,134
2025
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2025
139/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,555
2026
$3,560
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$871B
2025
$23.7B
2025
Number of millionaires
386,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
70
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
39.3%
2024
24.2%
2025
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2024
2.4%
2025
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.4%
2025
27.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2024-2025
8.8%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
14.5%
2026
14%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.83%
2025
5.29%
2020
Population
213964342
38082870

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Uzbekistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Uzbekistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.4% 93.3% 27.4% 28.6%
2024 45.5% 87% 26.1% 30.9%
2023 45.3% 84% 28.6% 30.7%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 30% 29.2%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 26.1% 30.2%
2020 46.2% 96% 24.7% 31.9%
2019 43% 87.1% 23.4% 24.3%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 21.2% 16.7%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 19.9% 17.3%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 20.5% 7.21%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 21.7% 5.94%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 22% 5.39%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 22.3% 5.51%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 21.5% 6.06%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 21.1% 5.65%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 23.7% 5.92%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 24.7% 6.57%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 23.8% 7.5%
2007 40.4% 63% 22.4% 8.6%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 22.3% 12.2%
2005 41.9% 67% 25.3% 18.9%
2004 39.7% 68% 26.5% 24.2%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 28.4% 28.3%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 31.2% 37.5%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 27.6% 40.4%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 29.6% 26.5%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 30.3% 16.6%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 31.6% 16.2%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 28.7% 13.8%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 31.6% -
1995 - 28% 26.5% -
1994 - 30% 24.4% -
1993 - 32.6% 35.6% -
1992 - 37.1% 16.2% -
1991 - 38.1% - -
1990 - 40.6% - -
1989 - 40.2% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1992–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government spending was $1.08T, accounting for 47.4% of its GDP, while Uzbekistan spent $40.2B, or 27.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 93.3% in Brazil and 28.6% in Uzbekistan, ranking 29/185 and 159/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Uzbekistan
2025 -8.07% -1.66%
2024 -6.17% -2.25%
2023 -7.71% -3.85%
2022 -3.96% -3.49%
2021 -2.63% -3.9%
2020 -11.6% -2.8%
2019 -4.86% -0.29%
2018 -6.99% 1.57%
2017 -7.97% 1.04%
2016 -7.99% 0.62%
2015 -9.28% -0.24%
2014 -6.27% 1.68%
2013 -3.42% 1.9%
2012 -2.35% 5.28%
2011 -2.74% 4.56%
2010 -3.55% 2.29%
2009 -4.23% 1.64%
2008 -2.39% 5.38%
2007 -2.66% 3.2%
2006 -4.87% 2.45%
2005 -3.36% -3.17%
2004 -2.95% -3.37%
2003 -5.4% -4.39%
2002 -4.15% -5.69%
2001 -3.47% -2.95%
2000 -3.32% -3.29%
1999 -5.17% -2.62%
1998 -7.22% -2.74%
1997 -5.6% -1.85%
1996 -5.35% -1.41%
1995 - -1.59%
1994 - -4.03%
1993 - -10.8%
1992 - 6.44%
1991 - -
1990 - -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1992–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $184B, equivalent to 8.07% of GDP. This compares to Uzbekistan's deficit of $2.43B, or 1.66% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Uzbekistan ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.19% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.83% of GDP for Uzbekistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Uzbekistan
2025 5% 8.8%
2024 4.4% 9.6%
2023 4.6% 10%
2022 9.3% 11.4%
2021 8.3% 10.8%
2020 3.2% 12.9%
2019 3.7% 14.5%
2018 3.7% 17.5%
2017 3.4% 13.9%
2016 8.7% 8.8%
2015 9% 8.5%
2014 6.3% 9.1%
2013 6.2% 11.7%
2012 5.4% 11.9%
2011 6.6% 12.4%
2010 5% 12.3%
2009 4.9% 12.3%
2008 5.7% 13.1%
2007 3.6% 11.2%
2006 4.2% 13.1%
2005 6.9% 10.7%
2004 6.6% 7.3%
2003 14.7% 12.5%
2002 8.4% 27.3%
2001 6.8% 27.3%
2000 7% 25%
1999 4.9% 29.1%
1998 3.2% 29%
1997 6.9% 70.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.09%, compared with 16.3% in Uzbekistan. In 2025, inflation was 5% in Brazil and 8.8% in Uzbekistan.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $97.6M
Machinery & equipment $96.7M
Metals $11.5M
Chemicals & pharma $4.31M
Animal & marine products $2.43M
Textiles & consumer goods $877K
Raw materials & minerals $729K
Raw agricultural goods $662K
Wood & paper products $1K
Uzbekistan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $4.49M
Raw materials & minerals $4.38M
Raw agricultural goods $3.18M
Machinery & equipment $551K
Chemicals & pharma $493K

Balance of trade

Brazil Uzbekistan
Current account balance
-$66.7B
2025
-$5.78B
2025
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2025
167/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.93%
2025
-3.93%
2025
Goods imports
$291B
2025
$38.5B
2025
Goods exports
$351B
2025
$23B
2025
Service imports
$105B
2025
$13.6B
2025
Service exports
$54.4B
2025
$9.27B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.5%
2025
35.4%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.8%
2025
22%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Uzbekistan
Economic freedom 52.4 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 94/197
Property rights 49.2 43.1
Government integrity 37.2 32
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 13.7
Tax burden 70.6 95
Government spending 39.8 73.7
Fiscal health 28 79.9
Business freedom 65.7 62.5
Labor freedom 57 48.4
Monetary freedom 76 65.1
Trade freedom 69 80.6
Investment freedom 40 70
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Uzbekistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Uzbekistan
2026 52.4 60.3
2025 55.1 58
2024 53.2 55.9
2023 53.5 56.5
2022 53.3 55.7
2021 53.4 58.3
2020 53.7 57.2
2019 51.9 53.3
2018 51.4 51.5
2017 52.9 52.3
2016 56.5 46
2015 56.6 47
2014 56.9 46.5
2013 57.7 46
2012 57.9 45.8
2011 56.3 45.8
2010 55.6 47.5
2009 56.7 50.5
2008 56.2 51.9
2007 56.2 51.5
2006 60.9 48.7
2005 61.7 45.8
2004 62 39.1
2003 63.4 38.3
2002 61.5 38.5
2001 61.9 38.2
2000 61.1 38.1
1999 61.3 33.8
1998 52.3 31.5
1997 52.6 -
1996 48.1 -
1995 51.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 60.3 for Uzbekistan, ranking 94/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Uzbekistan
Services, % of GDP
59.7%
2025
46.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
20.1%
2025
32.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.09%
2025
16.6%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.25T
2025
$136B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,670
2025
$13,640
2025
Total reserves including gold
$359B
2025
$41.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2025
53/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.5B
2025
-$4.24B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$2.97B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$36.7M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
9.37%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
5.8%
2025
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.1%
2025
33.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/uzbekistan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1992–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.