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Economy of Norway vs Zimbabwe compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Norway has a GDP of $484B compared to $44.2B for Zimbabwe, ranking 32/197 and 99/197 by economy size, respectively.

Norway has $207B in government debt (42.7% of GDP), compared to $41.8B (58.6% of GDP) in Zimbabwe.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Norway
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Zimbabwe
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Norway Zimbabwe
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $5,197,398,721 $68,793,506,118 $1,052,990,485 $4,350,191,359
1961 $5,669,689,210 $73,109,153,566 $1,096,646,688 $4,624,956,287
1962 $6,107,076,929 $75,166,405,039 $1,117,601,690 $4,691,299,938
1963 $6,553,269,536 $78,011,485,854 $1,159,511,793 $4,984,240,868
1964 $7,206,522,122 $81,919,589,025 $1,217,138,098 $4,929,106,598
1965 $8,111,945,661 $86,249,538,031 $1,311,435,906 $5,171,153,857
1966 $8,753,940,267 $89,515,388,221 $1,281,749,603 $5,249,917,254
1967 $9,577,383,653 $95,115,541,631 $1,397,002,112 $5,689,178,300
1968 $10,227,087,165 $97,265,034,480 $1,479,600,019 $5,801,262,791
1969 $11,136,187,440 $101,646,446,366 $1,747,998,941 $6,522,257,412
1970 $12,814,123,115 $103,621,742,272 $1,884,206,452 $7,994,014,635
1971 $14,583,114,840 $109,500,837,087 $2,178,716,475 $8,706,887,816
1972 $17,358,610,850 $115,337,894,011 $2,677,729,616 $9,432,151,957
1973 $22,534,253,703 $120,566,084,506 $3,309,353,866 $9,677,832,605
1974 $27,145,693,810 $125,294,905,499 $3,982,161,721 $10,319,003,882
1975 $32,877,805,200 $131,499,638,270 $4,371,301,052 $10,119,720,881
1976 $35,942,270,686 $139,160,194,320 $4,318,372,348 $10,166,761,281
1977 $41,508,030,431 $144,950,253,122 $4,364,382,451 $9,469,249,965
1978 $46,522,900,254 $150,558,892,164 $4,351,600,850 $9,212,924,709
1979 $53,132,244,624 $157,142,089,506 $5,177,459,817 $9,516,678,098
1980 $64,439,382,896 $164,314,436,253 $6,678,868,738 $10,889,048,165
1981 $63,596,654,761 $166,940,746,108 $8,011,374,445 $12,252,947,710
1982 $62,647,195,538 $167,333,595,175 $8,539,701,388 $12,575,726,762
1983 $61,627,240,831 $173,981,771,260 $7,764,067,625 $12,775,090,445
1984 $62,057,955,033 $184,511,811,488 $6,352,126,411 $12,531,423,466
1985 $65,416,879,914 $194,758,499,575 $5,637,259,754 $13,401,654,104
1986 $78,693,118,044 $202,630,856,643 $6,217,524,201 $13,682,958,727
1987 $94,229,907,236 $206,184,106,690 $6,741,215,643 $13,840,413,624
1988 $101,900,260,856 $205,657,951,819 $7,814,784,729 $14,885,693,494
1989 $102,633,934,391 $207,793,200,369 $8,286,323,367 $15,659,714,790
1990 $119,791,843,060 $211,808,370,316 $8,783,817,407 $16,754,102,247
1991 $121,872,464,483 $218,341,469,492 $8,641,482,396 $17,680,902,722
1992 $130,838,040,068 $226,145,995,698 $6,751,472,744 $16,086,868,547
1993 $120,579,213,713 $232,580,262,419 $6,563,813,829 $16,256,015,317
1994 $127,131,319,429 $244,337,831,947 $6,890,675,555 $17,757,290,653
1995 $152,029,612,325 $254,491,639,971 $7,111,271,273 $17,785,351,734
1996 $163,520,109,151 $267,287,258,415 $8,553,147,289 $19,628,038,096
1997 $161,356,631,888 $281,412,338,540 $8,529,572,287 $20,154,186,142
1998 $154,230,295,158 $288,922,351,937 $6,401,968,715 $20,735,677,098
1999 $162,383,706,021 $294,908,959,351 $6,858,013,652 $20,566,096,369
2000 $171,457,201,936 $304,696,827,580 $6,689,958,139 $19,936,940,457
2001 $174,239,354,071 $310,995,308,439 $6,777,385,246 $20,223,955,722
2002 $195,914,852,576 $315,279,446,148 $6,342,116,911 $18,425,232,321
2003 $229,385,469,337 $318,258,551,155 $5,727,592,261 $15,293,850,319
2004 $265,268,662,473 $331,035,320,834 $5,805,598,867 $14,405,654,147
2005 $309,978,579,744 $339,924,026,052 $5,755,215,663 $13,582,935,180
2006 $346,915,160,682 $348,291,164,570 $5,443,896,938 $13,112,762,532
2007 $402,643,260,488 $358,440,508,444 $5,291,950,526 $12,633,710,460
2008 $464,917,553,191 $360,167,903,329 $4,415,703,156 $10,401,466,939
2009 $387,976,400,617 $353,179,332,378 $9,665,815,601 $11,781,957,805
2010 $431,052,143,940 $355,959,036,888 $12,041,602,762 $14,100,106,033
2011 $501,360,549,669 $359,894,719,458 $14,101,801,031 $16,101,463,201
2012 $512,777,309,841 $369,676,511,271 $17,114,762,914 $18,784,841,116
2013 $526,014,468,085 $373,433,130,118 $19,091,004,042 $19,158,562,814
2014 $501,736,471,833 $381,081,533,571 $19,495,547,523 $19,613,959,113
2015 $388,159,512,246 $388,159,512,246 $19,963,058,858 $19,963,058,858
2016 $370,956,547,619 $392,680,500,172 $20,548,759,858 $20,113,938,470
2017 $401,745,275,035 $402,355,151,331 $51,074,726,484 $21,066,215,031
2018 $439,788,625,884 $405,690,399,924 $34,156,057,417 $22,121,615,842
2019 $408,742,840,909 $410,249,333,419 $25,715,657,177 $20,720,775,635
2020 $367,633,418,887 $405,005,642,243 $26,868,564,055 $19,101,046,520
2021 $503,367,986,030 $420,836,044,192 $27,240,507,842 $20,718,530,621
2022 $596,297,651,036 $434,497,344,229 $32,789,657,378 $21,990,477,716
2023 $482,949,731,777 $434,810,705,801 $35,231,369,343 $23,164,059,016
2024 $483,727,398,216 $443,943,701,526 $44,187,704,410 $23,634,169,921

Economic indicators

Norway Zimbabwe
Gross domestic product
$484B
2024
$44.2B
2024
GDP rank
32/197
2024
99/197
2024
GDP growth
0.16%
2023-2024
25.4%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$86,810
2024
$2,656
2024
GDP per capita rank
8/197
2024
144/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$101,032
2024
$3,922
2024
Government debt
$207B
2024
$41.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
42.7%
2025
58.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$37,084
2024
$2,513
2024
Government debt per person rank
17/185
2024
111/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$45,746
2025
$2,797
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$296B
2019
$2.46B
1999
Number of millionaires
253,085
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
17
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
21.6%
2023
40.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
1.9%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.9%
2025
19.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.15%
2023-2024
89%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.25%
2025
35%
2024
Unemployment rate
3.98%
2024
9.29%
2023
Population
5642662
17210092

GDP per capita in Norway vs Zimbabwe

Norway's GDP per capita is $86,810, ranking 8/197, compared to $2,656 in Zimbabwe, ranking 144/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Norway ranks 7th at $101,032, while Zimbabwe ranks 167th at $3,922.

Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Zimbabwe
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Norway Zimbabwe
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,451 - $276.4 -
1961 $1,571 - $279 -
1962 $1,678 - $275.5 -
1963 $1,787 - $277 -
1964 $1,951 - $281.7 -
1965 $2,179 - $294.1 -
1966 $2,333 - $278.6 -
1967 $2,531 - $294.2 -
1968 $2,680 - $302 -
1969 $2,894 - $346 -
1970 $3,306 - $361 -
1971 $3,736 - $405 -
1972 $4,414 - $483 -
1973 $5,690 - $579 -
1974 $6,812 - $674 -
1975 $8,204 - $717 -
1976 $8,927 - $687 -
1977 $10,266 - $677 -
1978 $11,463 - $665 -
1979 $13,047 - $779 -
1980 $15,772 - $949 -
1981 $15,513 - $1,068 -
1982 $15,225 - $1,095 -
1983 $14,928 - $959 -
1984 $14,989 - $757 -
1985 $15,754 - $649 -
1986 $18,883 - $692 -
1987 $22,506 - $726 -
1988 $24,207 - $815 -
1989 $24,281 - $840 -
1990 $28,243 $18,449 $866 $1,803
1991 $28,597 $19,567 $831 $1,917
1992 $30,524 $20,609 $631 $1,734
1993 $27,964 $21,569 $604 $1,768
1994 $29,316 $23,012 $634 $1,970
1995 $34,876 $24,344 $648 $1,996
1996 $37,322 $26,816 $767 $2,206
1997 $36,629 $28,603 $750 $2,261
1998 $34,803 $28,198 $552 $2,307
1999 $36,393 $30,574 $582 $2,284
2000 $38,178 $36,986 $563 $2,243
2001 $38,602 $37,833 $566 $2,311
2002 $43,171 $38,056 $525 $2,118
2003 $50,250 $38,685 $468 $1,771
2004 $57,769 $42,673 $469 $1,695
2005 $67,047 $47,967 $461 $1,633
2006 $74,434 $54,369 $431 $1,605
2007 $85,502 $56,181 $413 $1,568
2008 $97,504 $62,073 $341 $1,300
2009 $80,348 $55,619 $735 $1,461
2010 $88,163 $58,220 $902 $1,741
2011 $101,222 $62,460 $1,037 $1,993
2012 $102,176 $65,774 $1,239 $2,272
2013 $103,554 $67,378 $1,362 $2,475
2014 $97,667 $66,332 $1,372 $2,553
2015 $74,810 $60,754 $1,386 $2,647
2016 $70,867 $59,280 $1,407 $2,797
2017 $76,132 $64,590 $3,448 $7,045
2018 $82,793 $70,254 $2,272 $2,614
2019 $76,431 $70,940 $1,684 $3,211
2020 $68,340 $67,111 $1,730 $3,511
2021 $93,073 $88,984 $1,724 $3,185
2022 $109,270 $123,150 $2,041 $3,560
2023 $87,497 $100,437 $2,156 $3,820
2024 $86,810 $101,032 $2,656 $3,922

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Norway's government spending was $230B, accounting for 47.9% of its GDP, while Zimbabwe's spent $8.24B, or 19.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42.7% in Norway and 58.6% in Zimbabwe, ranking 128/185 and 86/185, respectively.

Norway
Government spending

Government debt
Zimbabwe
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Norway Zimbabwe
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 18% 29.8% - -
1961 20.4% 27.7% - -
1962 30.6% 26.7% - -
1963 31.9% 25.3% - -
1964 32% 24.2% - -
1965 32.9% 23% - -
1966 33.5% 22.4% - -
1967 34.9% 22.6% - -
1968 36.2% 22.5% - -
1969 38% 22.3% - -
1970 38.9% 38.6% - -
1971 40.7% 38.5% - -
1972 42.2% 38.9% - -
1973 42.3% 37.7% - -
1974 42.2% 35.4% - -
1975 43.5% 36.7% - -
1976 45.2% 38.5% - -
1977 46.5% 43.8% - -
1978 47.9% 49.9% - -
1979 47.2% 39.6% - -
1980 46.1% 36.8% - -
1981 46.1% 32.9% - -
1982 46.6% 29.7% - -
1983 46.4% 27.4% - -
1984 44.5% 27.8% - -
1985 44% 30.2% - -
1986 48.1% 37.8% - -
1987 50.5% 31.3% - -
1988 52.6% 30.5% - -
1989 52.2% 30.4% - -
1990 48.9% 28.9% - -
1991 50% 39.2% - -
1992 51.3% 45% - -
1993 50.2% 53.7% - -
1994 49.4% 50.6% - -
1995 49.3% 32.7% - -
1996 47% 28.4% - -
1997 45.5% 25.8% - -
1998 47.8% 23.6% - -
1999 46.4% 25% - -
2000 41.3% 28.7% - -
2001 43.2% 27.2% - -
2002 46.1% 33.9% - -
2003 47.6% 43.1% - -
2004 44.7% 43.8% - -
2005 41.8% 42.3% 15.5% 33.1%
2006 40.5% 52.6% 8.46% 39.4%
2007 41% 49.5% 5.06% 44.7%
2008 39.8% 47.5% 3.75% 61.1%
2009 45.6% 42.5% 11.7% 58.7%
2010 44.5% 43% 18.4% 47.6%
2011 43.3% 29.6% 23.2% 42.9%
2012 42.4% 30.9% 20.6% 38.4%
2013 43.5% 31.4% 20.6% 37%
2014 45.2% 29.7% 20.4% 42.3%
2015 48.2% 34.3% 20.8% 48%
2016 50.4% 37.9% 23.6% 49.9%
2017 49.2% 38.3% 27.9% 68.9%
2018 47.7% 39.4% 20.3% 48.1%
2019 50.2% 40.6% 14.3% 82.3%
2020 56.7% 46.1% 13.8% 84.5%
2021 46.3% 41.6% 18.6% 58.2%
2022 37.5% 36.1% 21.5% 99.5%
2023 45.9% 44.2% 20% 96.6%
2024 47.5% 42.7% 18.6% 94.6%
2025 47.9% 42.7% 19.1% 58.6%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Norway's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $61.8B, equivalent to 12.8% of GDP. This compares to Zimbabwe's deficit of -$910M, or -2.06% of GDP.

Over the past 20 years, Norway recorded a fiscal deficit in 1 of those years, while Zimbabwe ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Norway posted an annual surplus equal to +11.4% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.07% of GDP for Zimbabwe.

Deficit/surplus
Norway

Zimbabwe
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Norway Zimbabwe
1881 -1.13% -
1882 -0.62% -
1883 -0.17% -
1884 -0.08% -
1885 -0.005% -
1886 -0.2% -
1887 -0.17% -
1888 -0.23% -
1889 -0.07% -
1890 -0.2% -
1891 -0.44% -
1892 -0.94% -
1893 -1.25% -
1894 -1.13% -
1895 -1.66% -
1896 -1.57% -
1897 -0.63% -
1898 -1.39% -
1899 -1.35% -
1900 -1.99% -
1901 -1.41% -
1902 -1.52% -
1903 -1.12% -
1904 -0.75% -
1905 -0.52% -
1906 -0.59% -
1907 0.16% -
1908 -0.06% -
1909 -0.52% -
1910 0.3% -
1911 -0.05% -
1912 -0.89% -
1913 -0.9% -
1914 -1.09% -
1915 -2.04% -
1916 -0.36% -
1917 0.2% -
1918 -1.17% -
1919 -2.11% -
1920 -1.15% -
1921 -5.47% -
1922 -4.28% -
1923 -3.58% -
1924 -2.96% -
1925 -1.92% -
1926 -1.59% -
1927 -0.76% -
1928 -0.81% -
1929 -0.83% -
1930 -0.46% -
1931 -1.15% -
1932 -1.14% -
1933 -1.29% -
1934 -0.59% -
1935 -1.1% -
1936 -0.7% -
1937 -0.16% -
1938 0.03% -
1939 -0.54% -
1940 -0.54% -
1941 -0.54% -
1942 -0.54% -
1943 -0.54% -
1944 -0.54% -
1945 -0.54% -
1946 -3.82% -
1947 -4.66% -
1948 -0.35% -
1949 -0.72% -
1950 -0.89% -
1951 1.59% -
1952 2.15% -
1953 1.3% -
1954 -0.54% -
1955 0.82% -
1956 1.22% -
1957 1.55% -
1958 1.7% -
1959 1.89% -
1960 1.42% -
1961 -0.7% -
1962 4% -
1963 2.6% -
1964 3.08% -
1965 2.78% -
1966 3.59% -
1967 4.19% -
1968 3.38% -
1969 3.57% -
1970 2.83% -
1971 3.71% -
1972 3.93% -
1973 4.99% -
1974 4.06% -
1975 2.88% -
1976 2.2% -
1977 1.01% -
1978 0.94% -
1979 2.16% -
1980 5.38% -
1981 4.82% -
1982 3.96% -
1983 6.03% -
1984 6.97% -
1985 9.84% -
1986 5.87% -
1987 4.56% -
1988 2.65% -
1989 1.81% -
1990 1.95% -
1991 -0.12% -
1992 -2.07% -
1993 -1.64% -
1994 0.04% -
1995 2.96% -
1996 6.01% -
1997 7.35% -
1998 3.07% -
1999 5.71% -
2000 15% -
2001 13.2% -
2002 9.03% -
2003 7.2% -
2004 10.8% -
2005 14.7% -5.12%
2006 17.9% -2.07%
2007 17% -2.47%
2008 18.5% -1.77%
2009 10.2% -2.06%
2010 10.9% -0.15%
2011 13.3% -2.45%
2012 13.7% -0.18%
2013 10.6% -0.97%
2014 8.57% -1.02%
2015 5.99% -2.04%
2016 4.04% -6.59%
2017 4.96% -10.4%
2018 7.81% -5.57%
2019 6.52% -2.64%
2020 -2.56% -0.49%
2021 10.3% -3.22%
2022 25.5% -4.88%
2023 16.6% -5.32%
2024 12.8% -2.06%
2025 13.2% -0.5%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Norway has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 90.4% in Zimbabwe. In 2024, inflation was 3.15% in Norway and 89% in Zimbabwe.

Inflation
Norway

Zimbabwe
Year Inflation
Norway Zimbabwe Norway Zimbabwe
1996 1.26% 6%
1997 2.57% -1%
1998 2.25% -28%
1999 2.37% -13.4%
2000 3.09% 4.5%
2001 3% -37.2%
2002 1.29% -34.4%
2003 2.49% -8.6%
2004 0.45% 113.6%
2005 1.53% -31.5%
2006 2.33% 33%
2007 0.71% -72.7%
2008 3.75% 157%
2009 2.2% 6.2%
2010 2.42% 3%
2011 1.28% 3.5%
2012 0.7% 3.7%
2013 2.12% 1.6%
2014 2.04% -0.2%
2015 2.17% -2.4%
2016 3.55% -1.6%
2017 1.88% 0.9%
2018 2.76% 10.6%
2019 2.17% 255.3%
2020 1.29% 557%
2021 3.48% 98.5%
2022 5.76% 193.4%
2023 5.52% 667%
2024 3.15% 736%
2025 - 89%

Top exports between countries

Norway
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $414K
Machinery & equipment $142K
Chemicals & pharma $45K
Miscellaneous $38K
Textiles & consumer goods $14K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2K
Metals $1K
Wood & paper products $1K
Zimbabwe
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $54K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K
Precious metals & jewellery $10K

Balance of trade

Norway Zimbabwe
Current account balance
$79.8B
2024
$134M
2023
Current account balance ranking
8/189
2024
64/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
+16.5%
2024
+0.38%
2023
Goods imports
$98.7B
2024
$8.66B
2023
Goods exports
$171B
2024
$7.2B
2023
Service imports
$64.6B
2024
$1.64B
2023
Service exports
$56.8B
2024
$399M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.7%
2024
30.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
47.6%
2024
22.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Norway Zimbabwe
Economic freedom 78.3 35.1
Economic freedom ranking 10/197 191/197
Property rights 97.7 20.7
Government integrity 94.8 20.7
Judicial effectiveness 98.5 15.8
Tax burden 62.4 73.6
Government spending 44 87.6
Fiscal health 96.1 44.4
Business freedom 86.7 39.3
Labor freedom 69.3 33.2
Monetary freedom 70.3 0
Trade freedom 85 50.4
Investment freedom 75 25
Financial freedom 60 10

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Norway is 78.3, ranking 10/197, compared to 35.1 for Zimbabwe, ranking 191/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Norway
Zimbabwe
Year Economic freedom index
Norway Zimbabwe
1995 - 48.5
1996 65.4 46.7
1997 65.1 48
1998 68 44.6
1999 68.6 47.2
2000 70.1 48.7
2001 67.1 38.8
2002 67.4 36.7
2003 67.2 36.7
2004 66.2 34.4
2005 64.5 35.2
2006 67.9 33.5
2007 67.9 32
2008 68.6 29.5
2009 70.2 22.7
2010 69.4 21.4
2011 70.3 22.1
2012 68.8 26.3
2013 70.5 28.6
2014 70.9 35.5
2015 71.8 37.6
2016 70.8 38.2
2017 74 44
2018 74.3 44
2019 73 40.4
2020 73.4 43.1
2021 73.4 39.5
2022 76.9 33.1
2023 76.9 39
2024 77.5 38.2
2025 78.3 35.1

More economic indicators

Norway Zimbabwe
Services, % of GDP
51.8%
2024
55.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
37%
2024
31.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.04%
2024
5.44%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$548B
2024
$37.6B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$105,770
2024
$3,880
2024
Total reserves including gold
$81.2B
2024
$485M
2024
Total reserves ranking
32/177
2024
157/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$9.78B
2024
-$558M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.6B
2024
$597M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.86B
2024
$131M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.34%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2021
38.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24%
2024
4.47%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.