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Economy of Brazil vs Cyprus compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.19T compared to $37.6B for Cyprus, ranking 10/197 and 103/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.91T in government debt (96% of GDP), compared to $24.6B (55% of GDP) in Cyprus.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Brazil
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Cyprus
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Brazil Cyprus
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $17,030,465,539 $188,463,840,487 - -
1961 $17,275,940,449 $204,671,730,769 - -
1962 $19,231,747,852 $218,180,065,000 - -
1963 $23,287,712,878 $219,489,145,390 - -
1964 $20,963,733,695 $226,951,776,333 - -
1965 $22,465,522,884 $232,398,618,965 - -
1966 $28,283,323,733 $247,969,326,436 - -
1967 $31,086,389,195 $258,384,038,146 - -
1968 $33,930,457,425 $283,705,673,885 - -
1969 $37,171,640,819 $310,657,712,904 - -
1970 $42,327,664,794 $342,966,115,046 - -
1971 $48,869,830,902 $381,868,493,938 - -
1972 $58,434,858,375 $427,464,921,461 - -
1973 $83,592,275,863 $487,176,307,045 - -
1974 $109,794,519,728 $526,900,364,408 - -
1975 $129,203,555,239 $554,123,457,259 $489,912,574 $3,097,709,457
1976 $153,168,949,208 $610,960,618,053 $576,090,074 $3,725,500,306
1977 $176,344,101,402 $641,107,419,325 $734,876,021 $4,335,066,701
1978 $200,278,646,124 $672,969,802,144 $964,024,364 $4,672,222,324
1979 $221,338,204,480 $718,459,600,523 $1,288,699,776 $5,135,032,548
1980 $237,393,489,893 $784,557,883,771 $2,154,311,277 $5,430,463,536
1981 $258,015,174,749 $751,214,173,711 $2,087,496,374 $5,567,148,219
1982 $271,314,113,768 $757,449,251,352 $2,159,242,417 $5,902,385,684
1983 $189,656,506,321 $735,255,988,288 $2,160,364,071 $6,231,867,577
1984 $188,339,974,087 $774,959,811,655 $2,278,248,953 $6,777,647,958
1985 $210,879,844,639 $835,794,156,870 $2,430,411,900 $7,108,569,382
1986 $256,480,852,471 $898,395,139,220 $3,090,734,463 $7,371,867,258
1987 $283,056,836,894 $930,108,487,634 $3,704,813,886 $7,892,708,170
1988 $307,881,930,752 $929,550,422,542 $4,278,792,597 $8,575,173,112
1989 $412,990,820,287 $958,924,215,894 $4,563,482,604 $9,256,678,609
1990 $390,725,626,003 $917,211,012,503 $5,591,130,218 $9,942,043,048
1991 $342,609,231,343 $926,678,369,050 $5,770,197,348 $10,015,564,599
1992 $328,187,960,872 $921,636,571,041 $6,912,150,456 $10,957,027,501
1993 $368,295,778,245 $967,024,315,135 $6,590,291,048 $11,033,726,778
1994 $525,369,851,354 $1,023,622,994,692 $7,425,703,929 $11,684,716,579
1995 $769,333,330,412 $1,066,858,717,574 $9,933,137,128 $12,661,847,364
1996 $850,426,433,004 $1,090,424,176,256 $10,011,914,680 $12,819,935,780
1997 $883,206,452,795 $1,127,442,397,627 $9,547,816,420 $13,158,501,395
1998 $863,711,007,325 $1,131,254,256,719 $10,248,618,778 $13,962,602,013
1999 $599,642,075,004 $1,136,547,820,361 $10,497,907,228 $14,660,446,536
2000 $655,448,188,259 $1,186,418,964,121 $9,985,847,314 $15,534,986,806
2001 $559,983,704,094 $1,202,908,958,645 $10,397,898,907 $16,149,016,881
2002 $509,795,270,685 $1,239,639,324,870 $11,420,228,846 $16,750,240,728
2003 $558,233,724,165 $1,253,781,489,768 $14,547,329,558 $17,189,649,730
2004 $669,289,321,945 $1,325,998,860,202 $17,320,551,250 $18,053,648,327
2005 $891,633,826,625 $1,368,459,094,849 $18,433,412,511 $18,929,789,646
2006 $1,107,626,711,163 $1,422,677,289,674 $20,072,754,987 $19,822,098,963
2007 $1,397,114,247,189 $1,509,031,960,317 $23,968,727,074 $20,832,674,396
2008 $1,695,855,391,758 $1,585,904,997,750 $27,844,646,258 $21,592,439,785
2009 $1,666,996,294,252 $1,583,909,738,907 $26,048,179,949 $21,157,334,410
2010 $2,208,838,108,484 $1,703,150,040,807 $25,799,940,078 $21,640,286,747
2011 $2,616,156,606,579 $1,770,840,429,106 $27,641,549,302 $21,730,464,390
2012 $2,465,228,293,707 $1,804,861,390,165 $25,047,436,975 $20,981,332,378
2013 $2,472,819,362,044 $1,859,094,274,384 $23,959,712,861 $19,599,191,826
2014 $2,456,043,766,032 $1,868,463,286,697 $23,225,918,260 $19,251,098,679
2015 $1,802,211,999,456 $1,802,211,999,456 $19,909,278,417 $19,909,278,417
2016 $1,795,693,265,999 $1,743,173,031,878 $21,046,462,281 $21,218,032,913
2017 $2,063,514,688,806 $1,766,232,928,473 $22,946,570,629 $22,438,246,417
2018 $1,916,933,708,353 $1,797,736,638,147 $25,754,001,368 $23,845,497,750
2019 $1,873,288,158,839 $1,819,683,008,336 $26,196,667,100 $25,246,562,823
2020 $1,476,107,292,152 $1,760,056,385,299 $25,555,093,854 $24,433,464,399
2021 $1,670,647,464,063 $1,843,880,907,790 $30,372,642,502 $27,218,282,940
2022 $1,951,923,832,084 $1,899,505,159,032 $31,218,038,929 $29,470,249,085
2023 $2,191,131,869,706 $1,961,080,569,228 $35,075,423,857 $30,536,911,915
2024 $2,185,821,648,944 $2,028,136,094,548 $37,634,533,332 $31,740,302,544

Economic indicators

Brazil Cyprus
Gross domestic product
$2.19T
2024
$37.6B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
103/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.24%
2023-2024
7.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,311
2024
$27,707
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
45/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$61,272
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2024
$24.6B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
96%
2026
55%
2026
Government debt per person
$8,999
2024
$18,117
2024
Government debt per person rank
59/185
2024
34/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,664
2026
$24,086
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
$10.9B
2024
Number of millionaires
380,585
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
56
2025
10
2025
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
26.3%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
46.9%
2026
40.4%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
4%
2025-2026
1.8%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
4.86%
2024
Population
213570306
1382451

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Cyprus

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,311, ranking 85/197, compared to $27,707 in Cyprus, ranking 45/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 87th at $22,338, while Cyprus ranks 30th at $61,272.

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Cyprus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Brazil Cyprus
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $235.3 - - -
1961 $231.6 - - -
1962 $250.2 - - -
1963 $294.2 - - -
1964 $257.3 - - -
1965 $268 - - -
1966 $328 - - -
1967 $351 - - -
1968 $374 - - -
1969 $399 - - -
1970 $444 - - -
1971 $500 - - -
1972 $583 - - -
1973 $815 - - -
1974 $1,045 - - -
1975 $1,201 - $743 -
1976 $1,390 - $870 -
1977 $1,562 - $1,102 -
1978 $1,733 - $1,434 -
1979 $1,870 - $1,902 -
1980 $1,959 - $3,154 -
1981 $2,080 - $3,030 -
1982 $2,138 - $3,100 -
1983 $1,461 - $3,055 -
1984 $1,420 - $3,167 -
1985 $1,556 - $3,324 -
1986 $1,854 - $4,159 -
1987 $2,006 - $4,908 -
1988 $2,141 - $5,584 -
1989 $2,819 - $5,870 -
1990 $2,620 $6,688 $7,092 $13,339
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $7,222 $13,537
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $8,530 $14,750
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $7,978 $14,842
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $8,791 $15,725
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $11,514 $17,085
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $11,373 $17,314
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $10,637 $17,777
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $11,206 $18,759
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $11,273 $19,663
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $10,537 $21,291
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $10,785 $22,869
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $11,636 $23,556
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $14,553 $24,281
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $17,016 $25,946
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $17,790 $27,763
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $19,037 $30,015
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $22,344 $32,889
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $25,522 $34,830
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $23,480 $33,884
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $22,876 $33,506
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $24,110 $33,406
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $21,493 $31,924
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $20,238 $30,416
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $19,326 $29,893
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $16,326 $31,389
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $17,013 $35,246
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $18,295 $37,768
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $20,267 $40,262
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $20,360 $44,393
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $19,624 $42,569
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $23,057 $47,633
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $23,448 $54,851
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $26,079 $57,327
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $27,707 $61,272

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $994B, accounting for 46.9% of its GDP, while Cyprus' spent $15B, or 40.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 96% in Brazil and 55% in Cyprus, ranking 25/185 and 96/185, respectively.

Brazil
Government spending

Government debt
Cyprus
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Brazil Cyprus
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1989 - 40.2% - -
1990 - 40.6% - -
1991 - 38.1% - -
1992 - 37.1% - -
1993 - 32.6% - -
1994 - 30% - -
1995 - 28% 30.4% 46.7%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 32.4% 48.8%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 34.2% 53.5%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 34.4% 55%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 34.3% 55.7%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 35% 56%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 35.7% 57.5%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 37.4% 61%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 40.4% 63%
2004 39.7% 68% 38.6% 64.7%
2005 41.9% 67% 39.7% 64%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 39.1% 59%
2007 40.4% 63% 37.6% 53.1%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 38.2% 44.1%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 41.9% 52.8%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 41.7% 55.3%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 42.1% 64.8%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 41.9% 79.2%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 42.1% 102.7%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 52.1% 113%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 43% 111.6%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 39.6% 106.8%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 38.4% 96.4%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 44.3% 100.7%
2019 43% 87.1% 40.3% 92.3%
2020 46.2% 96% 45.9% 113.6%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 42.6% 96.5%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 37.9% 81%
2023 45.3% 84% 41.9% 73.6%
2024 45.5% 87.3% 39.9% 65.4%
2025 47.7% 92% 40.4% 60.3%
2026 46.9% 96% 40.4% 55%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$145B, equivalent to -6.63% of GDP. This compares to Cyprus' surplus of $1.7B, or 4.51% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Cyprus ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to -4.99% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.25% of GDP for Cyprus.

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Cyprus
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Cyprus
1880 -4.84% -
1881 -1.9% -
1882 -1.58% -
1883 -3.33% -
1884 -3.89% -
1885 -5.71% -
1886 -3.8% -
1887 -0.76% -
1888 0.63% -
1889 -3.79% -
1890 -3.02% -
1891 0.51% -
1892 -2.6% -
1893 -1.77% -
1894 -4.11% -
1895 -1.33% -
1896 -0.79% -
1897 -2.38% -
1898 -14% -
1899 -2.13% -
1900 -5.57% -
1901 -2.46% -
1902 1.59% -
1903 1.79% -
1904 -0.62% -
1905 0.96% -
1906 0.28% -
1907 0.38% -
1908 -1.89% -
1909 -1.62% -
1910 -2.06% -
1911 -2.15% -
1912 -3.05% -
1913 -1.91% -
1914 -7.32% -
1915 -6.33% -
1916 -4.35% -
1917 -4.8% -
1918 -4.51% -
1919 -3.69% -
1920 -3.11% -
1921 -2.98% -
1922 -3.8% -
1923 -1.94% -
1924 -0.45% -
1925 -0.07% -
1926 -0.76% -
1927 0.12% -
1928 0.57% -
1929 -0.09% -
1930 -3.58% -
1931 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1933 -1.56% -
1934 -2.28% -
1935 -0.5% -
1936 -0.27% -
1937 -1.62% -
1938 -0.59% -
1939 -1.2% -
1940 -1.13% -
1941 -2.15% -
1942 -2.55% -
1943 -0.75% -
1944 -2.37% -
1945 -2.87% -
1946 -1.78% -
1947 0.25% -
1948 0.002% -
1949 -1.22% -
1950 -1.58% -
1951 0.87% -
1952 0.64% -
1953 -1.26% -
1954 -0.49% -
1955 -0.62% -
1956 -0.14% -
1957 -0.29% -
1958 -0.76% -
1959 -0.18% -
1960 -3.85% -
1961 -2.93% -
1962 -6.82% -
1963 -5.78% -
1964 -8.79% -
1965 -2% -
1966 -1.3% -
1967 -2.1% -
1968 -1.6% -
1969 -0.6% -
1970 -0.4% -
1971 -0.3% -
1972 -0.1% -
1973 0.1% -
1974 0.6% -
1975 0% -
1976 0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1978 -0.1% -
1979 0.4% -
1980 2.5% -
1981 1% -
1982 1.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1984 -0.4% -
1985 -1.3% -
1986 -1.6% -
1987 -1.6% -
1988 -1.6% -
1989 -1.6% -
1990 -1.6% -
1991 -1.6% -
1992 -1.6% -
1993 -1.6% -
1994 -1.6% -
1995 -1.6% -0.71%
1996 -5.35% -2.96%
1997 -5.6% -4.82%
1998 -7.22% -3.85%
1999 -5.17% -4.05%
2000 -3.32% -2.24%
2001 -3.47% -2.11%
2002 -4.15% -4.13%
2003 -5.4% -5.91%
2004 -2.95% -3.71%
2005 -3.36% -2.22%
2006 -4.87% -1.04%
2007 -2.66% 3.23%
2008 -2.39% 0.87%
2009 -4.23% -5.43%
2010 -3.55% -4.68%
2011 -2.74% -5.65%
2012 -2.35% -5.55%
2013 -3.42% -5.16%
2014 -6.27% -8.8%
2015 -9.28% -0.77%
2016 -7.99% 0.45%
2017 -7.97% 2.13%
2018 -6.99% -3.36%
2019 -4.86% 1.03%
2020 -11.6% -5.57%
2021 -2.63% -1.64%
2022 -3.96% 2.65%
2023 -7.71% 2.01%
2024 -6.63% 4.51%
2025 -8.52% 3.84%
2026 -7.67% 3.52%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.13%, compared with 1.99% in Cyprus. In 2024, inflation was 4% in Brazil and 1.8% in Cyprus.

Inflation
Brazil

Cyprus
Year Inflation
Brazil Cyprus
1997 6.9% 3.61%
1998 3.2% 2.23%
1999 4.9% 1.63%
2000 7% 4.14%
2001 6.8% 1.97%
2002 8.4% 2.8%
2003 14.7% 4.14%
2004 6.6% 2.29%
2005 6.9% 2.56%
2006 4.2% 2.3%
2007 3.6% 2.37%
2008 5.7% 4.67%
2009 4.9% 0.33%
2010 5% 2.43%
2011 6.6% 3.29%
2012 5.4% 2.39%
2013 6.2% -0.4%
2014 6.3% -1.35%
2015 9% -2.1%
2016 8.7% -1.43%
2017 3.4% 0.53%
2018 3.7% 1.44%
2019 3.7% 0.25%
2020 3.2% -0.64%
2021 8.3% 2.45%
2022 9.3% 8.4%
2023 4.6% 3.54%
2024 4.4% 1.8%
2025 5.2% -
2026 4% -

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $54M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6.45M
Wood & paper products $4.85M
Raw agricultural goods $4.61M
Metals $3.94M
Machinery & equipment $1.46M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.24M
Chemicals & pharma $758K
Animal & marine products $640K
Weapons & explosives $73K
Cyprus
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $2.7M
Machinery & equipment $1.1M
Chemicals & pharma $713K
Business & finance services $105K
Textiles & consumer goods $82K
Precious metals & jewellery $78K
Miscellaneous $41K
Animal & marine products $4K
Raw materials & minerals $4K
Metals $2K

Balance of trade

Brazil Cyprus
Current account balance
-$66.2B
2024
-$3.07B
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2024
157/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.03%
2024
-8.16%
2024
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$11.9B
2024
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$4.43B
2024
Service imports
$103B
2024
$23.2B
2024
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$32.1B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.6%
2024
93.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
97%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Cyprus
Economic freedom 55.1 73.2
Economic freedom ranking 129/197 24/197
Property rights 51.4 83.7
Government integrity 36.4 57.3
Judicial effectiveness 54.2 89.2
Tax burden 74.8 79.9
Government spending 44.3 51.2
Fiscal health 49.6 85.2
Business freedom 66.8 78.9
Labor freedom 57.1 61.9
Monetary freedom 74.4 76.1
Trade freedom 71.6 79.6
Investment freedom 40 75
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 55.1, ranking 129/197, compared to 73.2 for Cyprus, ranking 24/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Brazil
Cyprus
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Cyprus
1995 51.4 -
1996 48.1 67.7
1997 52.6 67.9
1998 52.3 68.2
1999 61.3 67.8
2000 61.1 67.2
2001 61.9 71
2002 61.5 73
2003 63.4 73.3
2004 62 74.1
2005 61.7 71.9
2006 60.9 71.8
2007 56.2 71.7
2008 56.2 71.3
2009 56.7 70.8
2010 55.6 70.9
2011 56.3 73.3
2012 57.9 71.8
2013 57.7 69
2014 56.9 67.6
2015 56.6 67.9
2016 56.5 68.7
2017 52.9 67.9
2018 51.4 67.8
2019 51.9 68.1
2020 53.7 70.1
2021 53.4 71.4
2022 53.3 72.9
2023 53.5 72.3
2024 53.2 72.2
2025 55.1 73.2

More economic indicators

Brazil Cyprus
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
76.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
11.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.75%
2024
1.16%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$32B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,590
2024
$54,660
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
$2.09B
2024
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
124/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.8B
2024
-$5.49B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
-$50.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
-$55.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
13.9%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17%
2024
20.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Brazil vs Cyprus
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.