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Economy of Brazil vs United Arab Emirates compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.19T compared to $552B for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 10/197 and 27/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.91T in government debt (87.3% of GDP), compared to $193B (34.9% of GDP) in the United Arab Emirates.

Brazil vs United Arab Emirates GDP by year

Brazil
United Arab Emirates
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil UAE
2024 $2,185,821,648,944 $552,324,846,835
2023 $2,191,131,869,706 $522,622,191,967
2022 $1,951,923,832,084 $511,403,403,676
2021 $1,670,647,464,063 $422,441,388,700
2020 $1,476,107,292,152 $357,161,878,829
2019 $1,873,288,158,839 $433,926,208,305
2018 $1,916,933,708,353 $440,560,108,918
2017 $2,063,514,688,806 $403,365,010,211
2016 $1,795,693,265,999 $381,717,086,453
2015 $1,802,211,999,456 $381,973,042,886
2014 $2,456,043,766,032 $424,935,874,745
2013 $2,472,819,362,044 $409,632,675,289
2012 $2,465,228,293,707 $392,793,464,942
2011 $2,616,156,606,579 $368,881,143,635
2010 $2,208,838,108,484 $307,736,419,333
2009 $1,666,996,294,252 $253,547,358,747
2008 $1,695,855,391,758 $315,474,615,739
2007 $1,397,114,247,189 $257,916,133,424
2006 $1,107,626,711,163 $222,116,541,865
2005 $891,633,826,625 $180,617,467,965
2004 $669,289,321,945 $147,824,370,320
2003 $558,233,724,165 $124,346,358,067
2002 $509,795,270,685 $109,816,201,498
2001 $559,983,704,094 $103,311,640,572
2000 $655,448,188,259 $104,337,372,362
1999 $599,642,075,004 $84,445,473,111
1998 $863,711,007,325 $75,674,336,283
1997 $883,206,452,795 $78,839,008,445
1996 $850,426,433,004 $73,571,233,996
1995 $769,333,330,412 $65,743,666,576
1994 $525,369,851,354 $59,305,093,980
1993 $368,295,778,245 $55,625,170,253
1992 $328,187,960,872 $54,239,171,888
1991 $342,609,231,343 $51,552,165,622
1990 $390,725,626,003 $50,701,443,748
1989 $412,990,820,287 $41,464,995,914
1988 $307,881,930,752 $36,275,674,203
1987 $283,056,836,894 $36,384,908,744
1986 $256,480,852,471 $33,943,612,095
1985 $210,879,844,639 $40,603,650,232
1984 $188,339,974,087 $41,807,954,236
1983 $189,656,506,321 $42,803,323,345
1982 $271,314,113,768 $46,622,718,605
1981 $258,015,174,749 $49,333,424,135
1980 $237,393,489,893 $43,599,160,050
1979 $221,338,204,480 $31,225,659,621
1978 $200,278,646,124 $23,775,764,225
1977 $176,344,101,402 $24,871,775,165
1976 $153,168,949,208 $19,213,158,779
1975 $129,203,555,239 $14,720,728,249
1974 $109,794,519,728 $11,651,505,689
1973 $83,592,275,863 $4,231,243,616
1972 $58,434,858,375 $1,415,086,929
1971 $48,869,830,902 $939,893,600
1970 $42,327,664,794 $685,986,701
1969 $37,171,640,819 -
1968 $33,930,457,425 -
1967 $31,086,389,195 -
1966 $28,283,323,733 -
1965 $22,465,522,884 -
1964 $20,963,733,695 -
1963 $23,287,712,878 -
1962 $19,231,747,852 -
1961 $17,275,940,449 -
1960 $17,030,465,539 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs United Arab Emirates by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Arab Emirates
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil UAE
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $50,274 $79,229
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $49,851 $77,955
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $50,760 $75,072
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $44,119 $68,580
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $37,992 $66,791
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $45,939 $79,816
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $47,135 $77,446
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $43,734 $70,282
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $42,721 $69,987
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $44,910 $73,986
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $52,725 $87,478
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $53,247 $87,526
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $53,142 $89,198
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $51,922 $89,665
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $44,795 $85,120
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $37,803 $84,780
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $50,054 $94,628
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $45,855 $100,813
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $44,343 $106,814
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $38,719 $101,301
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $33,377 $98,661
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $29,660 $92,636
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $27,754 $88,467
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $27,745 $90,370
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $29,866 $92,899
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $25,856 $87,658
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $24,889 $90,229
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $27,983 $96,009
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $28,323 $94,620
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $27,003 $93,702
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $25,473 $89,959
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $25,033 $86,330
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $25,648 $87,509
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $25,691 $87,250
1990 $2,620 $6,688 $26,710 $88,455
1989 $2,819 - $23,167 -
1988 $2,141 - $21,570 -
1987 $2,006 - $23,113 -
1986 $1,854 - $23,132 -
1985 $1,556 - $29,468 -
1984 $1,420 - $32,012 -
1983 $1,461 - $34,650 -
1982 $2,138 - $39,972 -
1981 $2,080 - $44,854 -
1980 $1,959 - $42,925 -
1979 $1,870 - $34,238 -
1978 $1,733 - $29,379 -
1977 $1,562 - $35,020 -
1976 $1,390 - $31,197 -
1975 $1,201 - $27,117 -
1974 $1,045 - $23,823 -
1973 $815 - $9,696 -
1972 $583 - $3,675 -
1971 $500 - $2,805 -
1970 $444 - $2,394 -
1969 $399 - - -
1968 $374 - - -
1967 $351 - - -
1966 $328 - - -
1965 $268 - - -
1964 $257.3 - - -
1963 $294.2 - - -
1962 $250.2 - - -
1961 $231.6 - - -
1960 $235.3 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,311, ranking 85/197, compared to $50,274 in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 24/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while the United Arab Emirates ranks 16th at $79,229.

Economic indicators

Brazil UAE
Gross domestic product
$2.19T
2024
$552B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
27/197
2024
GDP growth
3.42%
2023-2024
3.99%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,311
2024
$50,274
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
24/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$79,229
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
16/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2024
$193B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
87.3%
2024
34.9%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,999
2024
$17,568
2024
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2024
36/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,263
2026
$40,522
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
$1.05T
2024
Number of millionaires
433,000
2025
339,000
2025
Number of billionaires
56
2025
6
2025
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
20.5%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
2.8%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.7%
2024
21.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.4%
2023-2024
1.7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
3.65%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
1.88%
2024
Population
213824938
11686438

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
United Arab Emirates
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil UAE
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.7% 87.3% 21.4% 34.9%
2023 45.3% 84% 22.7% 31.9%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 22.7% 31.5%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 25.9% 35.7%
2020 46.2% 96% 30.5% 30.1%
2019 43% 87.1% 27.4% 25.8%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 25.9% 20.7%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 27.2% 21.2%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 31.7% 18.6%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 26.4% 15.6%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 31.4% 13.5%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 28.9% 15.3%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 27.8% 20.2%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 29.6% 20.4%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 30.4% 18.3%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 35% 21.1%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 22% 8.95%
2007 40.4% 63% 17.7% 8.89%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 15.6% 5.05%
2005 41.9% 67% 15.7% 4.48%
2004 39.7% 68% 17.7% 4.08%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 20% 3.33%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 21.3% 3.43%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 25.2% 2.69%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 21.8% 3.12%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 24.3% 4.73%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 25.8% 4.18%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 22.6% 2.86%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 27.6% 3.48%
1995 - 28% 26.1% 5.06%
1994 - 30% 30.1% 5.58%
1993 - 32.6% 31.5% 6.01%
1992 - 37.1% 29.6% 5.31%
1991 - 38.1% 36% 4.97%
1990 - 40.6% - -
1989 - 40.2% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $998B, accounting for 45.7% of its GDP, while the United Arab Emirates spent $118B, or 21.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 87.3% in Brazil and 34.9% in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 38/185 and 146/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil UAE
2024 -6.19% 6.41%
2023 -7.71% 5.82%
2022 -3.96% 9.8%
2021 -2.63% 3.96%
2020 -11.6% -2.42%
2019 -4.86% 2.5%
2018 -6.99% 3.65%
2017 -7.97% -0.16%
2016 -7.99% -2.95%
2015 -9.28% -6.35%
2014 -6.27% 1.74%
2013 -3.42% 7.99%
2012 -2.35% 8.59%
2011 -2.74% 5.05%
2010 -3.55% 0.52%
2009 -4.23% -6.13%
2008 -2.39% 17.6%
2007 -2.66% 17.1%
2006 -4.87% 20.2%
2005 -3.36% 16%
2004 -2.95% 6.4%
2003 -5.4% 2.35%
2002 -4.15% -1.24%
2001 -3.47% 1.21%
2000 -3.32% 10.7%
1999 -5.17% 1.31%
1998 -7.22% 1%
1997 -5.6% 6.71%
1996 -5.35% 0.92%
1995 - 3.58%
1994 - -1.78%
1993 - -2.89%
1992 - 3.34%
1991 - 3.89%
1990 - -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 6.19% of GDP. This compares to the United Arab Emirates' surplus of $35.4B, or 6.41% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while the United Arab Emirates ran a deficit in 8 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.09% of GDP, compared to surplus of 4.25% of GDP for the United Arab Emirates.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil UAE
2024 4.4% 1.7%
2023 4.6% 1.6%
2022 9.3% 4.8%
2021 8.3% -0.1%
2020 3.2% -2.1%
2019 3.7% -1.9%
2018 3.7% 3.1%
2017 3.4% 2%
2016 8.7% 1.6%
2015 9% 4.1%
2014 6.3% 2.3%
2013 6.2% 1.1%
2012 5.4% 0.7%
2011 6.6% 0.9%
2010 5% 0.9%
2009 4.9% -4.7%
2008 5.7% 12.3%
2007 3.6% 11.1%
2006 4.2% 9.3%
2005 6.9% 6.2%
2004 6.6% 5%
2003 14.7% 3.1%
2002 8.4% 2.9%
2001 6.8% 2.8%
2000 7% 1.3%
1999 4.9% 2.1%
1998 3.2% 2%
1997 6.9% 3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.13%, compared with 2.75% in the United Arab Emirates. In 2024, inflation was 4.4% in Brazil and 1.7% in the United Arab Emirates.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $1.6B
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.33B
Raw materials & minerals $549M
Wood & paper products $261M
Precious metals & jewellery $236M
Raw agricultural goods $187M
Machinery & equipment $182M
Metals $97.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $39.4M
Chemicals & pharma $35.9M
UAE
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $439M
Chemicals & pharma $57.4M
Metals $39.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.1M
Raw materials & minerals $7.64M
Raw agricultural goods $6.43M
Animal & marine products $6.29M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.97M
Miscellaneous $1.14M
Precious metals & jewellery $744K

Balance of trade

Brazil UAE
Current account balance
-$66.2B
2024
$80B
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2024
9/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.03%
2024
+14.5%
2024
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$400B
2024
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$467B
2024
Service imports
$103B
2024
$117B
2024
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$181B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.6%
2024
92.2%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
106.8%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil UAE
Economic freedom 52.4 71.9
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 29/197
Property rights 49.2 62.9
Government integrity 37.2 65.3
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 34.4
Tax burden 70.6 99.9
Government spending 39.8 85.1
Fiscal health 28 97.6
Business freedom 65.7 84.5
Labor freedom 57 63.2
Monetary freedom 76 81.2
Trade freedom 69 78.6
Investment freedom 40 50
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil UAE
2026 52.4 71.9
2025 55.1 71.6
2024 53.2 71.1
2023 53.5 70.9
2022 53.3 70.2
2021 53.4 76.9
2020 53.7 76.2
2019 51.9 77.6
2018 51.4 77.6
2017 52.9 76.9
2016 56.5 72.6
2015 56.6 72.4
2014 56.9 71.4
2013 57.7 71.1
2012 57.9 69.3
2011 56.3 67.8
2010 55.6 67.3
2009 56.7 64.7
2008 56.2 62.6
2007 56.2 62.6
2006 60.9 62.2
2005 61.7 65.2
2004 62 67.2
2003 63.4 73.4
2002 61.5 73.6
2001 61.9 74.9
2000 61.1 74.2
1999 61.3 71.5
1998 52.3 72.2
1997 52.6 71.9
1996 48.1 71.6
1995 51.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 71.9 for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 29/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil UAE
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
54.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
44.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.75%
2024
0.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$566B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,590
2024
$81,530
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
$238B
2024
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
14/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.8B
2024
$31.5B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$45.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$77.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
19.5%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17%
2024
26.6%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  8. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  9. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.