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Economy of Ireland vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ireland has a GDP of $609B compared to $484B for Norway, ranking 25/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ireland has $236B in government debt (38.8% of GDP), compared to $207B (42.7% of GDP) in Norway.

Ireland vs Norway GDP by year

Ireland
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ireland Norway
2024 $609,157,459,747 $483,592,648,313
2023 $567,372,737,459 $482,949,731,777
2022 $548,341,794,599 $596,297,651,036
2021 $530,394,123,830 $503,367,986,030
2020 $436,009,027,819 $367,633,418,887
2019 $407,211,793,801 $408,742,840,909
2018 $395,780,319,817 $439,788,625,884
2017 $348,355,212,569 $401,745,275,035
2016 $305,431,252,709 $370,956,547,619
2015 $302,101,388,556 $388,159,512,246
2014 $266,490,442,124 $501,736,471,833
2013 $242,924,245,719 $526,014,468,085
2012 $226,921,827,888 $512,777,309,841
2011 $240,975,871,047 $501,360,549,669
2010 $221,732,824,603 $431,052,143,940
2009 $236,443,115,854 $387,976,400,617
2008 $275,447,471,451 $464,917,553,191
2007 $270,079,279,420 $402,643,260,488
2006 $232,180,617,162 $346,915,160,682
2005 $211,876,989,656 $309,978,579,744
2004 $194,372,115,041 $265,268,662,473
2003 $164,670,771,260 $229,385,469,337
2002 $128,596,035,288 $195,914,852,576
2001 $109,346,669,230 $174,239,354,071
2000 $100,207,610,430 $171,457,201,936
1999 $98,893,958,263 $162,383,706,021
1998 $90,199,410,116 $154,230,295,158
1997 $82,856,648,758 $161,356,631,888
1996 $75,790,786,290 $163,520,109,151
1995 $69,139,823,232 $152,029,612,325
1994 $57,097,656,066 $127,131,319,429
1993 $52,417,477,614 $120,579,213,713
1992 $55,918,538,121 $130,838,040,068
1991 $49,787,501,584 $121,872,464,483
1990 $49,305,632,408 $119,791,843,060
1989 $39,238,392,678 $102,633,934,391
1988 $37,772,896,221 $101,900,260,856
1987 $33,920,518,493 $94,229,907,236
1986 $28,714,571,852 $78,693,118,044
1985 $21,270,013,326 $65,416,879,914
1984 $20,106,648,455 $62,057,955,033
1983 $20,766,047,764 $61,627,240,831
1982 $21,474,752,962 $62,647,195,538
1981 $20,670,190,138 $63,596,654,761
1980 $21,747,855,640 $64,439,382,896
1979 $18,319,334,300 $53,132,244,624
1978 $14,647,996,074 $46,522,900,254
1977 $11,248,340,431 $41,508,030,431
1976 $9,453,756,015 $35,942,270,686
1975 $9,483,808,362 $32,877,805,200
1974 $7,896,860,615 $27,145,693,810
1973 $7,481,173,066 $22,534,253,703
1972 $6,318,060,582 $17,358,610,850
1971 $5,098,250,287 $14,583,114,840
1970 $4,395,995,086 $12,814,123,115
1969 $3,902,721,632 $11,136,187,440
1968 $3,378,701,147 $10,227,087,165
1967 $3,445,739,915 $9,577,383,653
1966 $3,198,820,904 $8,753,940,267
1965 $3,035,655,794 $8,111,945,661
1964 $2,851,091,646 $7,206,522,122
1963 $2,505,073,358 $6,553,269,536
1962 $2,329,372,972 $6,107,076,929
1961 $2,151,772,980 $5,669,689,210
1960 $1,998,550,222 $5,197,398,721

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ireland vs Norway by year

Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ireland Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $112,895 $133,437 $86,785 $102,038
2023 $106,819 $129,683 $87,497 $103,638
2022 $105,191 $138,523 $109,270 $125,490
2021 $103,783 $116,904 $93,073 $88,984
2020 $86,514 $97,800 $68,340 $67,111
2019 $81,828 $92,023 $76,431 $70,940
2018 $80,804 $86,299 $82,793 $70,254
2017 $72,161 $80,450 $76,132 $64,590
2016 $64,130 $73,013 $70,867 $59,280
2015 $64,250 $71,588 $74,810 $60,738
2014 $57,215 $52,641 $97,667 $66,332
2013 $52,538 $48,839 $103,554 $67,378
2012 $49,336 $46,726 $102,176 $65,774
2011 $52,614 $45,526 $101,222 $62,460
2010 $48,624 $43,212 $88,163 $58,213
2009 $52,133 $41,491 $80,348 $55,648
2008 $61,353 $44,169 $97,504 $62,073
2007 $61,396 $46,782 $85,502 $56,179
2006 $54,329 $44,223 $74,434 $54,358
2005 $50,933 $40,466 $67,047 $47,967
2004 $47,754 $38,729 $57,769 $42,667
2003 $41,204 $36,280 $50,250 $38,680
2002 $32,705 $35,222 $43,171 $38,056
2001 $28,282 $32,573 $38,602 $37,829
2000 $26,335 $30,216 $38,178 $36,994
1999 $26,338 $27,041 $36,393 $30,574
1998 $24,295 $25,094 $34,803 $28,200
1997 $22,551 $22,637 $36,629 $28,610
1996 $20,836 $20,482 $37,322 $26,826
1995 $19,158 $18,944 $34,876 $24,360
1994 $15,903 $17,011 $29,316 $23,027
1993 $14,657 $15,811 $27,964 $21,584
1992 $15,714 $15,116 $30,524 $20,623
1991 $14,087 $14,399 $28,597 $19,580
1990 $14,031 $13,743 $28,243 $18,461
1989 $11,176 - $24,281 -
1988 $10,716 - $24,207 -
1987 $9,582 - $22,506 -
1986 $8,112 - $18,883 -
1985 $6,012 - $15,754 -
1984 $5,692 - $14,989 -
1983 $5,915 - $14,928 -
1982 $6,161 - $15,225 -
1981 $5,986 - $15,513 -
1980 $6,372 - $15,772 -
1979 $5,430 - $13,047 -
1978 $4,400 - $11,463 -
1977 $3,427 - $10,266 -
1976 $2,920 - $8,927 -
1975 $2,973 - $8,204 -
1974 $2,517 - $6,812 -
1973 $2,424 - $5,690 -
1972 $2,080 - $4,414 -
1971 $1,704 - $3,736 -
1970 $1,487 - $3,306 -
1969 $1,331 - $2,894 -
1968 $1,159 - $2,680 -
1967 $1,187 - $2,531 -
1966 $1,107 - $2,333 -
1965 $1,055 - $2,179 -
1964 $995 - $1,951 -
1963 $878 - $1,787 -
1962 $821 - $1,678 -
1961 $762 - $1,571 -
1960 $707 - $1,451 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/norway | CC BY

Ireland's GDP per capita is $112,895, ranking 4/197, compared to $86,785 in Norway, ranking 8/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Ireland Norway
Gross domestic product
$609B
2024
$484B
2024
GDP rank
25/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP growth
2.6%
2023-2024
2.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$112,895
2024
$86,785
2024
GDP per capita rank
4/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$133,437
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
4/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$236B
2024
$207B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
38.8%
2024
42.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$43,766
2024
$37,074
2024
Government debt per person rank
11/185
2024
17/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$47,851
2026
$49,765
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$110B
2018
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires n/a
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires
11
2025
17
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2023
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
22.3%
2024
48.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.11%
2023-2024
3.15%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
4%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.27%
2024
3.98%
2024
Population
5518360
5671119

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ireland
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ireland Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 22.3% 38.8% 48.5% 42.7%
2023 22.1% 42.1% 45.9% 44.1%
2022 20.6% 43.2% 37.5% 36.1%
2021 23.6% 52.7% 46.3% 41.6%
2020 26.7% 57.1% 56.7% 46%
2019 23.9% 55.9% 50.2% 40.5%
2018 24.7% 61.4% 47.7% 39.3%
2017 25.3% 65.3% 49.2% 38.2%
2016 27.5% 72.7% 50.4% 37.9%
2015 28.1% 74% 48.2% 34.3%
2014 36.6% 101.4% 45.2% 29.6%
2013 39.8% 117.7% 43.5% 31.4%
2012 42.3% 118.9% 42.4% 30.9%
2011 46.9% 109.6% 43.3% 29.6%
2010 64.9% 86.2% 44.5% 43%
2009 46.9% 61.8% 45.6% 42.5%
2008 41.6% 42.5% 39.8% 47.5%
2007 35.6% 23.9% 41% 49.5%
2006 33.6% 23.7% 40.5% 52.6%
2005 33% 26.1% 41.8% 42.3%
2004 32.8% 28.1% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 32.7% 29.8% 47.6% 43.1%
2002 32.9% 30.9% 46.1% 33.9%
2001 32.2% 33.6% 43.2% 27.2%
2000 30.6% 36.4% 41.3% 28.7%
1999 32.5% 46.6% 46.4% 25%
1998 34.2% 51.4% 47.8% 23.6%
1997 36.1% 61.6% 45.5% 25.8%
1996 38.5% 69.8% 47% 28.4%
1995 40.3% 78.5% 49.3% 32.7%
1994 44.2% 88% 49.4% 50.6%
1993 44.6% 93.4% 50.2% 53.7%
1992 46.8% 90.6% 51.3% 45%
1991 46.1% 93.8% 50% 39.2%
1990 44.6% 92.7% 48.9% 28.9%
1989 42.5% 97.9% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 48.2% 106.5% 52.6% 30.5%
1987 51.4% 108.3% 50.5% 31.3%
1986 52.9% 107.2% 48.1% 37.8%
1985 53.2% 93% 44% 30.2%
1984 52.7% 90.2% 44.5% 27.8%
1983 55.6% 86.1% 46.4% 27.4%
1982 56.7% 73.5% 46.6% 29.7%
1981 54.1% 68.8% 46.1% 32.9%
1980 53.7% 64.6% 46.1% 36.8%
1979 48.7% 63.5% 47.2% 39.6%
1978 46.2% 50.6% 47.9% 49.9%
1977 44.6% 49.2% 46.5% 43.8%
1976 47.8% 51.7% 45.2% 38.5%
1975 48.2% 48.3% 43.5% 36.7%
1974 44.3% 43.5% 42.2% 35.4%
1973 40.3% 35.1% 42.3% 37.7%
1972 41.5% 37.3% 42.2% 38.9%
1971 45.3% 39.8% 40.7% 38.5%
1970 44.1% 41.7% 38.9% 38.6%
1969 42.5% 42.6% 38% 22.3%
1968 40% 44.7% 36.2% 22.5%
1967 39.3% 47.1% 34.9% 22.6%
1966 36.9% 47.7% 33.5% 22.4%
1965 35.8% 44.6% 32.9% 23%
1964 34.8% 43.1% 32% 24.2%
1963 33.6% 45.2% 31.9% 25.3%
1962 31.7% 44.5% 30.6% 26.7%
1961 31.4% 44.3% 20.4% 27.7%
1960 29.1% 44.9% 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/norway | CC BY

In 2024, Ireland's government spending was $136B, accounting for 22.3% of its GDP, while Norway spent $234B, or 48.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 38.8% in Ireland and 42.7% in Norway, ranking 138/185 and 127/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ireland

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ireland Norway
2024 4.09% 13.2%
2023 1.52% 16.6%
2022 1.67% 25.5%
2021 -1.37% 10.3%
2020 -4.87% -2.56%
2019 0.41% 6.52%
2018 0.09% 7.81%
2017 -0.3% 4.96%
2016 -0.76% 4.04%
2015 -1.97% 5.99%
2014 -3.52% 8.57%
2013 -6.28% 10.6%
2012 -8.42% 13.7%
2011 -13.5% 13.3%
2010 -32.1% 10.9%
2009 -13.9% 10.2%
2008 -7.03% 18.5%
2007 0.27% 17%
2006 2.78% 17.9%
2005 1.57% 14.7%
2004 1.3% 10.8%
2003 0.35% 7.2%
2002 -0.52% 9.03%
2001 0.96% 13.2%
2000 4.86% 15%
1999 3.54% 5.71%
1998 2.07% 3.07%
1997 1.37% 7.35%
1996 -0.2% 6.01%
1995 -2.07% 2.96%
1994 -1.82% 0.04%
1993 -2.62% -1.64%
1992 -2.84% -2.07%
1991 -2.8% -0.12%
1990 -2.69% 1.95%
1989 -2.64% 1.81%
1988 -4.62% 2.65%
1987 -8.47% 4.56%
1986 -10.5% 5.87%
1985 -10.7% 9.84%
1984 -9.43% 6.97%
1983 -11.5% 6.03%
1982 -13.1% 3.96%
1981 -12.1% 4.82%
1980 -11.1% 5.38%
1979 -10% 2.16%
1978 -8.27% 0.94%
1977 -6.44% 1.01%
1976 -7.34% 2.2%
1975 -11.1% 2.88%
1974 -6.96% 4.06%
1973 -3.84% 4.99%
1972 -3.23% 3.93%
1971 -3.5% 3.71%
1970 -3.64% 2.83%
1969 -3.4% 3.57%
1968 -2.72% 3.38%
1967 -2.69% 4.19%
1966 -2.26% 3.59%
1965 -3.5% 2.78%
1964 -3.35% 3.08%
1963 -2.92% 2.6%
1962 -2.91% 4%
1961 -2.6% -0.7%
1960 -1.97% 1.42%
1959 -2.16% 1.89%
1958 -4.3% 1.7%
1957 -5.19% 1.55%
1956 -3.23% 1.22%
1955 -5.06% 0.82%
1954 -5.28% -0.54%
1953 -5.77% 1.3%
1952 -7.84% 2.15%
1951 -4.62% 1.59%
1950 -5.21% -0.89%
1949 -2.17% -0.72%
1948 -1.29% -0.35%
1947 -1.8% -4.66%
1946 -0.43% -3.82%
1945 -0.43% -
1944 0.39% -
1943 -1.18% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -1.42% -
1940 -0.15% -
1939 -7.31% -0.54%
1938 -0.92% 0.03%
1937 -0.77% -0.16%
1936 -0.19% -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 2.97% -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 -1.63% -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 -3.41% -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 -1.95% -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/norway | CC BY

In 2024, Ireland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.9B, equivalent to 4.09% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $64.1B, or 13.2% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Ireland recorded a fiscal deficit in 50 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 5 years. On average, Ireland posted an annual deficit equal to 4.15% of GDP, compared to surplus of 6.38% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ireland

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ireland Norway
2024 2.11% 3.15%
2023 6.3% 5.52%
2022 7.83% 5.76%
2021 2.34% 3.48%
2020 -0.33% 1.29%
2019 0.94% 2.17%
2018 0.47% 2.76%
2017 0.36% 1.88%
2016 0.02% 3.55%
2015 -0.33% 2.17%
2014 0.19% 2.04%
2013 0.52% 2.12%
2012 1.69% 0.7%
2011 2.55% 1.28%
2010 -0.92% 2.42%
2009 -4.45% 2.2%
2008 4.04% 3.75%
2007 4.89% 0.71%
2006 3.94% 2.33%
2005 2.46% 1.53%
2004 2.18% 0.45%
2003 3.49% 2.49%
2002 4.63% 1.29%
2001 4.85% 3%
2000 5.58% 3.09%
1999 1.63% 2.37%
1998 2.41% 2.25%
1997 1.54% 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/norway | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Ireland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.18%, compared with 2.44% in Norway. In 2024, inflation was 2.11% in Ireland and 3.15% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Ireland
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $2.99B
Business & finance services $955M
Chemicals & pharma $165M
Machinery & equipment $101M
Transport & tourism services $83.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $9.3M
Metals $7.58M
Wood & paper products $1.86M
Raw agricultural goods $1.67M
Norway
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $412M
Animal & marine products $66.8M
Miscellaneous $63.9M
Machinery & equipment $49.2M
Metals $10.1M
Raw materials & minerals $3.72M
Wood & paper products $3.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.47M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.33M
Raw agricultural goods $407K

Balance of trade

Ireland Norway
Current account balance
$106B
2024
$71.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
6/190
2024
11/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+17.4%
2024
+14.8%
2024
Goods imports
$165B
2024
$97.5B
2024
Goods exports
$356B
2024
$162B
2024
Service imports
$467B
2024
$63.6B
2024
Service exports
$526B
2024
$55.6B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
102.2%
2024
33.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
144%
2024
47.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ireland Norway
Economic freedom 83.3 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 3/197 9/197
Property rights 94.4 99.6
Government integrity 84 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 95.4 96.4
Tax burden 77.7 63.3
Government spending 85.9 42
Fiscal health 97 96.4
Business freedom 85.5 91.2
Labor freedom 61.3 69.3
Monetary freedom 79.3 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 85.6
Investment freedom 90 75
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ireland
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ireland Norway
2026 83.3 78.8
2025 83.1 78.3
2024 82.6 77.5
2023 82 76.9
2022 82 76.9
2021 81.4 73.4
2020 80.9 73.4
2019 80.5 73
2018 80.4 74.3
2017 76.7 74
2016 77.3 70.8
2015 76.6 71.8
2014 76.2 70.9
2013 75.7 70.5
2012 76.9 68.8
2011 78.7 70.3
2010 81.3 69.4
2009 82.2 70.2
2008 82.5 68.6
2007 82.6 67.9
2006 82.2 67.9
2005 80.8 64.5
2004 80.3 66.2
2003 80.9 67.2
2002 80.5 67.4
2001 81.2 67.1
2000 76.1 70.1
1999 74.6 68.6
1998 73.7 68
1997 72.6 65.1
1996 68.5 65.4
1995 68.5 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ireland is 83.3, ranking 3/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ireland Norway
Services, % of GDP
60.6%
2024
51.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
33.6%
2024
37%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.02%
2024
2.08%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$435B
2024
$547B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$101,180
2024
$106,830
2024
Total reserves including gold
$12.7B
2024
$81.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
73/177
2024
32/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$62.3B
2024
-$7.83B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.82B
2024
$12B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$67.1B
2024
$4.95B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14%
2021
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.2%
2024
24.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.