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Economy of Bolivia vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 88/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Bolivia vs Norway GDP by year

Bolivia
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Norway
2025 $64,768,947,525 $530,755,719,439
2024 $54,881,327,453 $500,886,328,034
2023 $52,340,206,946 $502,197,633,323
2022 $50,959,081,954 $617,321,834,099
2021 $47,877,892,402 $521,592,200,233
2020 $42,313,784,081 $382,252,517,922
2019 $49,056,643,589 $424,244,886,364
2018 $48,414,038,842 $454,588,871,811
2017 $45,927,439,595 $415,673,181,543
2016 $33,941,126,194 $383,284,047,619
2015 $33,000,198,249 $400,669,174,331
2014 $32,996,188,017 $515,829,568,897
2013 $30,659,338,886 $540,132,255,319
2012 $27,084,497,482 $525,082,939,407
2011 $23,963,164,697 $512,868,581,628
2010 $19,649,723,722 $440,132,138,425
2009 $17,339,992,194 $395,664,488,017
2008 $16,674,276,286 $472,060,283,688
2007 $13,120,108,008 $407,813,774,161
2006 $11,451,844,902 $349,773,283,645
2005 $9,549,122,905 $311,417,306,946
2004 $8,773,451,752 $265,662,977,688
2003 $8,082,399,640 $229,192,678,173
2002 $7,905,485,146 $195,359,978,957
2001 $8,141,516,928 $173,590,978,347
2000 $8,397,855,485 $170,620,327,660
1999 $8,285,064,435 $161,304,620,987
1998 $8,497,494,652 $152,955,958,172
1997 $7,925,736,821 $160,013,571,974
1996 $7,396,949,126 $162,427,517,132
1995 $6,715,161,732 $151,083,627,983
1994 $5,981,222,859 $126,324,387,894
1993 $5,734,699,489 $119,841,699,440
1992 $5,643,868,749 $129,998,873,602
1991 $5,343,262,457 $121,149,331,318
1990 $4,867,582,598 $119,344,377,526
1989 $4,715,973,437 $102,226,808,603
1988 $4,597,612,362 $101,497,621,605
1987 $4,347,956,338 $93,913,320,965
1986 $3,959,382,833 $78,438,205,742
1985 $5,377,276,555 $65,211,464,198
1984 $6,169,483,225 $61,866,078,539
1983 $5,422,656,823 $61,417,685,434
1982 $5,594,126,369 $62,453,362,256
1981 $5,891,598,695 $63,392,804,251
1980 $4,537,479,608 $64,176,789,764
1979 $4,421,336,383 $52,935,763,512
1978 $3,758,220,890 $46,355,988,784
1977 $3,227,436,282 $41,362,637,363
1976 $2,731,984,008 $35,815,449,464
1975 $2,404,697,651 $32,742,543,381
1974 $2,100,249,875 $27,033,413,362
1973 $1,262,968,516 $22,433,660,550
1972 $1,257,615,645 $17,283,931,878
1971 $1,095,622,896 $14,523,306,736
1970 $1,017,003,367 $12,753,503,479
1969 $929,629,630 $11,083,505,596
1968 $857,912,458 $10,178,705,992
1967 $755,808,081 $9,532,076,026
1966 $669,191,919 $8,712,528,095
1965 $604,377,104 $8,073,570,566
1964 $544,023,569 $7,172,430,304
1963 $482,828,283 $6,522,268,053
1962 $448,400,673 $6,078,186,245
1961 $410,101,010 $5,642,867,672
1960 $377,020,202 $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Norway by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $94,594 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $953 $4,663 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $893 $4,433 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $888 $4,304 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $930 $4,205 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $976 $4,113 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $979 $3,991 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $970 $3,822 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $922 $3,645 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $853 $3,494 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $774 $3,331 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $757 $3,177 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $760 $3,036 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $734 $2,981 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $683 $2,797 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $675 - $24,185 -
1988 $673 - $24,112 -
1987 $650 - $22,430 -
1986 $604 - $18,822 -
1985 $838 - $15,704 -
1984 $982 - $14,943 -
1983 $882 - $14,877 -
1982 $930 - $15,178 -
1981 $1,001 - $15,463 -
1980 $788 - $15,708 -
1979 $785 - $12,998 -
1978 $683 - $11,421 -
1977 $600 - $10,230 -
1976 $520 - $8,896 -
1975 $468 - $8,171 -
1974 $418 - $6,783 -
1973 $257.2 - $5,664 -
1972 $261.9 - $4,395 -
1971 $233.4 - $3,721 -
1970 $221.6 - $3,291 -
1969 $207.1 - $2,881 -
1968 $195.5 - $2,667 -
1967 $176.1 - $2,519 -
1966 $159.3 - $2,321 -
1965 $147.1 - $2,168 -
1964 $135.2 - $1,941 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,779 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,670 -
1961 $108.5 - $1,563 -
1960 $101.8 - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/norway | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Norway
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires n/a
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
4.5%
2025
Population
12837312
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 49.6% 45%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 48.4% 39%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 37% 34% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 44% 28.8%
2013 30.4% 31% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 29% 80.6% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 46.3% 34%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 45.9% 26%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 49.7% 51%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 50.5% 54%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 51.6% 45.3%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 50.3% 39.5%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 49.1% 29.1%
1989 24.4% 98% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 24% 115.9% 52.6% 30.5%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 50.5% 31.3%
1986 22.2% 149% 48.1% 37.8%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 44% 30.2%
1984 29% 166.5% 44.5% 27.8%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 46.4% 27.4%
1982 25% 155.4% 46.6% 29.7%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 46.1% 32.9%
1980 19.8% 100% 46.1% 36.8%
1979 18% 92% 47.2% 39.6%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 47.9% 49.9%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 46.5% 43.8%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 45.2% 38.5%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 43.5% 36.7%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 42.2% 35.4%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 42.3% 37.7%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 42.2% 38.9%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 40.7% 38.5%
1970 10% 63.9% 38.9% 38.6%
1969 12.3% - 38% 22.3%
1968 14.1% - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 13.1% - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 12.9% - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 12.9% - 32.9% 23%
1964 10.8% - 32% 24.2%
1963 10.8% - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 10.2% - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 10.7% - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 10.1% - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 45% in Norway, ranking 36/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Norway
2025 -11.6% 9.34%
2024 -8.7% 12.8%
2023 -9.46% 15.9%
2022 -6.15% 24.7%
2021 -7.87% 9.93%
2020 -11% -2.46%
2019 -6.04% 6.28%
2018 -6.8% 7.56%
2017 -6.42% 4.79%
2016 -5.95% 3.91%
2015 -5.76% 5.8%
2014 -2.88% 8.34%
2013 0.51% 10.3%
2012 1.49% 13.4%
2011 0.72% 13%
2010 1.42% 10.6%
2009 2.29% 10%
2008 3.1% 18.3%
2007 -1.37% 16.8%
2006 3.99% 17.7%
2005 -2% 14.7%
2004 -4.97% 10.8%
2003 -7.04% 7.21%
2002 -7.82% 9.05%
2001 -6.11% 13.2%
2000 -3.34% 15.1%
1999 -3.43% 5.75%
1998 -4.56% 3.09%
1997 -2.94% 7.41%
1996 -1.7% 6.05%
1995 -1.63% 2.98%
1994 -2.68% 0.04%
1993 -5.46% -1.65%
1992 -3.94% -2.08%
1991 -3.76% -0.12%
1990 -3.94% 1.96%
1989 -5.5% 1.81%
1988 -6.5% 2.65%
1987 -7.7% 4.56%
1986 -2.7% 5.87%
1985 -9.8% 9.84%
1984 -25.4% 6.97%
1983 -19.8% 6.03%
1982 -15.9% 3.96%
1981 -12.3% 4.82%
1980 -15.3% 5.38%
1979 -11.2% 2.16%
1978 -9.97% 0.94%
1977 -11.2% 1.01%
1976 -1.15% 2.2%
1975 -2.33% 2.88%
1974 -1.87% 4.06%
1973 -3.72% 4.99%
1972 -3.69% 3.93%
1971 -3.67% 3.71%
1970 -1.92% 2.83%
1969 -4.16% 3.57%
1968 -5.67% 3.38%
1967 -4.29% 4.19%
1966 -3.55% 3.59%
1965 -4.12% 2.78%
1964 -2.68% 3.08%
1963 -3.02% 2.6%
1962 -2.8% 4%
1961 -2.81% -0.7%
1960 -3.35% 1.42%
1959 -4.32% 1.89%
1958 -2.95% 1.7%
1957 -1.11% 1.55%
1956 -0.11% 1.22%
1955 0.33% 0.82%
1954 0.006% -0.54%
1953 -0.48% 1.3%
1952 -0.94% 2.15%
1951 -0.42% 1.59%
1950 -1.17% -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 5 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to surplus of 6.35% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Norway
2025 19.5% 3.06%
2024 5.1% 3.15%
2023 2.58% 5.52%
2022 1.75% 5.76%
2021 0.74% 3.48%
2020 0.94% 1.29%
2019 1.84% 2.17%
2018 2.27% 2.76%
2017 2.82% 1.88%
2016 3.62% 3.55%
2015 4.06% 2.17%
2014 5.77% 2.04%
2013 5.74% 2.12%
2012 4.52% 0.7%
2011 9.88% 1.28%
2010 2.5% 2.42%
2009 3.35% 2.2%
2008 14% 3.75%
2007 8.71% 0.71%
2006 4.28% 2.33%
2005 5.39% 1.53%
2004 4.44% 0.45%
2003 3.34% 2.49%
2002 0.93% 1.29%
2001 1.59% 3%
2000 4.61% 3.09%
1999 2.16% 2.37%
1998 7.67% 2.25%
1997 4.71% 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/norway | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 2.46% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $362K
Textiles & consumer goods $243K
Machinery & equipment $79K
Metals $6K
Wood & paper products $5K
Miscellaneous $2K
Raw materials & minerals $2K
Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.78M
Metals $595K
Chemicals & pharma $522K
Miscellaneous $519K
Raw materials & minerals $347K
Textiles & consumer goods $112K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Norway
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$177B
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Norway
Economic freedom 42.4 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 9/197
Property rights 20.2 99.6
Government integrity 27.1 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 96.4
Tax burden 86.4 63.3
Government spending 56.3 42
Fiscal health 0.8 96.4
Business freedom 53.6 91.2
Labor freedom 52.2 69.3
Monetary freedom 67.1 72.4
Trade freedom 60.6 85.6
Investment freedom 15 75
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Norway
2026 42.4 78.8
2025 44.1 78.3
2024 43.5 77.5
2023 43.4 76.9
2022 43 76.9
2021 42.7 73.4
2020 42.8 73.4
2019 42.3 73
2018 44.1 74.3
2017 47.7 74
2016 47.4 70.8
2015 46.8 71.8
2014 48.4 70.9
2013 47.9 70.5
2012 50.2 68.8
2011 50 70.3
2010 49.4 69.4
2009 53.6 70.2
2008 53.1 68.6
2007 54.2 67.9
2006 57.8 67.9
2005 58.4 64.5
2004 64.5 66.2
2003 64.3 67.2
2002 65.1 67.4
2001 68 67.1
2000 65 70.1
1999 65.6 68.6
1998 68.8 68
1997 65.1 65.1
1996 65.2 65.4
1995 56.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Norway
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$5.62B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.