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Economy of Equatorial Guinea vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Equatorial Guinea has a GDP of $12.8B compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 150/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Equatorial Guinea has $5.21B in government debt (40.6% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Equatorial Guinea vs Norway GDP by year

Equatorial Guinea
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Equatorial Guinea Norway
2025 $12,823,210,426 $530,755,719,439
2024 $13,254,388,261 $500,886,328,034
2023 $12,541,814,273 $502,197,633,323
2022 $13,687,643,436 $617,321,834,099
2021 $12,215,878,033 $521,592,200,233
2020 $9,893,816,008 $382,252,517,922
2019 $11,364,133,550 $424,244,886,364
2018 $13,097,012,134 $454,588,871,811
2017 $12,200,913,879 $415,673,181,543
2016 $11,240,808,848 $383,284,047,619
2015 $13,185,496,881 $400,669,174,331
2014 $21,765,453,082 $515,829,568,897
2013 $21,948,834,284 $540,132,255,319
2012 $22,388,344,144 $525,082,939,407
2011 $21,357,343,669 $512,868,581,628
2010 $16,314,443,436 $440,132,138,425
2009 $15,027,795,173 $395,664,488,017
2008 $19,749,893,536 $472,060,283,688
2007 $13,071,718,759 $407,813,774,161
2006 $10,086,528,699 $349,773,283,645
2005 $8,217,369,093 $311,417,306,946
2004 $4,410,764,339 $265,662,977,688
2003 $2,484,745,935 $229,192,678,173
2002 $1,806,742,742 $195,359,978,957
2001 $1,461,139,022 $173,590,978,347
2000 $1,045,998,496 $170,620,327,660
1999 $621,117,886 $161,304,620,987
1998 $370,687,634 $152,955,958,172
1997 $442,337,871 $160,013,571,974
1996 $232,463,023 $162,427,517,132
1995 $141,853,361 $151,083,627,983
1994 $100,807,003 $126,324,387,894
1993 $136,047,906 $119,841,699,440
1992 $134,707,184 $129,998,873,602
1991 $110,906,029 $121,149,331,318
1990 $112,119,411 $119,344,377,526
1989 $88,265,975 $102,226,808,603
1988 $100,534,657 $101,497,621,605
1987 $93,345,860 $93,913,320,965
1986 $76,407,396 $78,438,205,742
1985 $62,118,570 $65,211,464,198
1984 $50,320,914 $61,866,078,539
1983 $44,442,457 $61,417,685,434
1982 $44,294,648 $62,453,362,256
1981 $36,731,423 $63,392,804,251
1980 $50,642,881 $64,176,789,764
1979 - $52,935,763,512
1978 - $46,355,988,784
1977 $103,987,520 $41,362,637,363
1976 $103,653,050 $35,815,449,464
1975 $104,295,643 $32,742,543,381
1974 $94,159,863 $27,033,413,362
1973 $81,203,227 $22,433,660,550
1972 $65,429,198 $17,283,931,878
1971 $64,946,955 $14,523,306,736
1970 $66,331,429 $12,753,503,479
1969 $67,225,714 $11,083,505,596
1968 $67,514,286 $10,178,705,992
1967 $72,317,447 $9,532,076,026
1966 $69,110,000 $8,712,528,095
1965 $64,748,333 $8,073,570,566
1964 $51,915,000 $7,172,430,304
1963 $44,266,667 $6,522,268,053
1962 $37,253,333 $6,078,186,245
1961 - $5,642,867,672
1960 - $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Equatorial Guinea vs Norway by year

Equatorial Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Equatorial Guinea Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $6,615 - $94,594 -
2024 $7,004 $17,567 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $6,788 $17,412 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $7,589 $18,140 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $6,946 $16,821 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $5,764 $13,677 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $6,804 $16,451 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $8,102 $18,413 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $7,809 $18,435 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $7,453 $16,649 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $9,069 $19,479 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $15,549 $27,177 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $16,304 $27,910 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $17,309 $30,012 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $17,198 $27,242 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $13,720 $26,168 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $13,233 $29,722 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $18,211 $30,523 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $12,617 $26,611 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $10,185 $23,511 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $8,674 $22,137 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $4,901 $19,354 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $2,931 $14,496 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $2,264 $13,255 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $1,949 $11,627 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $1,487 $7,420 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $931 $6,470 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $578 $5,280 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $717 $4,387 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $392 $1,793 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $248.3 $1,098 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $183.2 $951 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $256.7 $828 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $263.7 $756 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $225.3 $569 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $236.4 $577 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $193.2 - $24,185 -
1988 $228.7 - $24,112 -
1987 $220.9 - $22,430 -
1986 $188.8 - $18,822 -
1985 $161.1 - $15,704 -
1984 $137.9 - $14,943 -
1983 $129.4 - $14,877 -
1982 $137.5 - $15,178 -
1981 $121.1 - $15,463 -
1980 $175.5 - $15,708 -
1979 - - $12,998 -
1978 - - $11,421 -
1977 $376 - $10,230 -
1976 $369 - $8,896 -
1975 $362 - $8,171 -
1974 $319 - $6,783 -
1973 $268.6 - $5,664 -
1972 $211.4 - $4,395 -
1971 $205.6 - $3,721 -
1970 $206.8 - $3,291 -
1969 $208.4 - $2,881 -
1968 $211.7 - $2,667 -
1967 $231.9 - $2,519 -
1966 $226.7 - $2,321 -
1965 $217.1 - $2,168 -
1964 $177.8 - $1,941 -
1963 $154.8 - $1,779 -
1962 $132.9 - $1,670 -
1961 - - $1,563 -
1960 - - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

Equatorial Guinea's GDP per capita is $6,615, ranking 107/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Equatorial Guinea ranks 106th at $17,567, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Equatorial Guinea Norway
Gross domestic product
$12.8B
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
150/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
-5.85%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$6,615
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
107/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$17,567
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
106/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$5.21B
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
40.6%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,686
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
109/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,723
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires n/a
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
29.1%
2022
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2022
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.7%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.8%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
8.6%
2014
4.5%
2025
Population
2008950
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Equatorial Guinea
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Equatorial Guinea Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 20.7% 40.6% 49.6% 45%
2024 18.5% 36.4% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 19.2% 39.1% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 14.8% 29.8% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 12.7% 42.3% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 16.2% 49.4% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 16.8% 43.2% 48.4% 39%
2018 19.1% 40.6% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 20.1% 36.2% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 27.8% 41.1% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 41.6% 31.7% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 31.6% 12.6% 44% 28.8%
2013 29.3% 6.27% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 35.2% 7.1% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 27.5% 7.17% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 31.2% 7.89% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 39.8% 4.34% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 19.9% 0.49% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 19.7% 0.75% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 18.1% 1.22% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 14.1% 2.85% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 15.5% 4.54% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 11.8% 6.77% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 11.3% 19.4% 46.3% 34%
2001 13.5% 25.5% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 22.6% 36.6% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 18.7% 60.5% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 35.1% 59.2% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 14.8% 46.3% 45.9% 26%
1996 22.9% 91.2% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 141.5% 136.9% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 510% 216% 49.7% 51%
1993 256.3% 152.6% 50.5% 54%
1992 595% 136.9% 51.6% 45.3%
1991 284.5% 169.5% 50.3% 39.5%
1990 212.9% 157% 49.1% 29.1%
1989 116.8% 187% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 227.9% 154.5% 52.6% 30.5%
1987 183% 141.3% 50.5% 31.3%
1986 119% 152.5% 48.1% 37.8%
1985 115.4% 183.8% 44% 30.2%
1984 - - 44.5% 27.8%
1983 - - 46.4% 27.4%
1982 - - 46.6% 29.7%
1981 - - 46.1% 32.9%
1980 - - 46.1% 36.8%
1979 - - 47.2% 39.6%
1978 - - 47.9% 49.9%
1977 - - 46.5% 43.8%
1976 - - 45.2% 38.5%
1975 - - 43.5% 36.7%
1974 - - 42.2% 35.4%
1973 - - 42.3% 37.7%
1972 - - 42.2% 38.9%
1971 - - 40.7% 38.5%
1970 - - 38.9% 38.6%
1969 - - 38% 22.3%
1968 - - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 - - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 - - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 - - 32.9% 23%
1964 - - 32% 24.2%
1963 - - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 - - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 - - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 - - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Equatorial Guinea's government spending was $2.65B, accounting for 20.7% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 40.6% in Equatorial Guinea and 45% in Norway, ranking 132/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Equatorial Guinea

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Equatorial Guinea Norway
2025 -2.55% 9.34%
2024 -0.55% 12.8%
2023 2.39% 15.9%
2022 11.7% 24.7%
2021 2.65% 9.93%
2020 -1.77% -2.46%
2019 1.82% 6.28%
2018 0.52% 7.56%
2017 -2.59% 4.79%
2016 -10.9% 3.91%
2015 -15.1% 5.8%
2014 -7.54% 8.34%
2013 -4.4% 10.3%
2012 -7.24% 13.4%
2011 0.83% 13%
2010 -4.53% 10.6%
2009 -6.47% 10%
2008 14.6% 18.3%
2007 17.2% 16.8%
2006 21.8% 17.7%
2005 18.5% 14.7%
2004 9.22% 10.8%
2003 9.99% 7.21%
2002 17.6% 9.05%
2001 14.9% 13.2%
2000 -2.67% 15.1%
1999 -0.19% 5.75%
1998 -7.65% 3.09%
1997 3.21% 7.41%
1996 -6.36% 6.05%
1995 -123.4% 2.98%
1994 -487% 0.04%
1993 -217.9% -1.65%
1992 -557% -2.08%
1991 -236% -0.12%
1990 -160.2% 1.96%
1989 -76.2% 1.81%
1988 -208.5% 2.65%
1987 -158% 4.56%
1986 -97.3% 5.87%
1985 -89.3% 9.84%
1984 - 6.97%
1983 - 6.03%
1982 - 3.96%
1981 - 4.82%
1980 - 5.38%
1979 - 2.16%
1978 - 0.94%
1977 - 1.01%
1976 - 2.2%
1975 - 2.88%
1974 - 4.06%
1973 - 4.99%
1972 - 3.93%
1971 - 3.71%
1970 - 2.83%
1969 - 3.57%
1968 - 3.38%
1967 - 4.19%
1966 - 3.59%
1965 - 2.78%
1964 - 3.08%
1963 - 2.6%
1962 - 4%
1961 - -0.7%
1960 - 1.42%
1959 - 1.89%
1958 - 1.7%
1957 - 1.55%
1956 - 1.22%
1955 - 0.82%
1954 - -0.54%
1953 - 1.3%
1952 - 2.15%
1951 - 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Equatorial Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $327M, equivalent to 2.55% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Equatorial Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 4 years. On average, Equatorial Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 57.2% of GDP, compared to surplus of 8.17% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Equatorial Guinea

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Equatorial Guinea Norway
2025 2.8% 3.06%
2024 3.4% 3.15%
2023 2.4% 5.52%
2022 4.9% 5.76%
2021 -0.1% 3.48%
2020 4.8% 1.29%
2019 1.2% 2.17%
2018 1.3% 2.76%
2017 0.7% 1.88%
2016 1.4% 3.55%
2015 1.7% 2.17%
2014 4.3% 2.04%
2013 3.2% 2.12%
2012 3.4% 0.7%
2011 4.8% 1.28%
2010 5.3% 2.42%
2009 5.7% 2.2%
2008 4.7% 3.75%
2007 2.8% 0.71%
2006 4.5% 2.33%
2005 5.6% 1.53%
2004 4.2% 0.45%
2003 7.3% 2.49%
2002 7.6% 1.29%
2001 8.7% 3%
2000 4.8% 3.09%
1999 0.4% 2.37%
1998 7.9% 2.25%
1997 3% 2.57%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Equatorial Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.89%, compared with 2.46% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 2.8% in Equatorial Guinea and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Equatorial Guinea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $5.09M
Chemicals & pharma $23K
Raw agricultural goods $4K
Metals $2K
Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.35M
Textiles & consumer goods $162K
Chemicals & pharma $95K
Animal & marine products $62K
Metals $58K
Raw materials & minerals $29K
Miscellaneous $24K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

Equatorial Guinea Norway
Current account balance
-$344M
1996
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
98/190
1996
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-148%
1996
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$292M
1996
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$175M
1996
$177B
2025
Service imports
$185M
1996
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$4.88M
1996
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.4%
2025
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
46.5%
2025
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Equatorial Guinea Norway
Economic freedom 47.4 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 175/197 9/197
Property rights 16.9 99.6
Government integrity 6.9 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 7.2 96.4
Tax burden 81 63.3
Government spending 90.8 42
Fiscal health 97.3 96.4
Business freedom 35.9 91.2
Labor freedom 45.2 69.3
Monetary freedom 73.5 72.4
Trade freedom 43.6 85.6
Investment freedom 40 75
Financial freedom 30 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Equatorial Guinea
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Equatorial Guinea Norway
2026 47.4 78.8
2025 47.7 78.3
2024 47.7 77.5
2023 48.3 76.9
2022 47.2 76.9
2021 49.2 73.4
2020 48.3 73.4
2019 41 73
2018 42 74.3
2017 45 74
2016 43.7 70.8
2015 40.4 71.8
2014 44.4 70.9
2013 42.3 70.5
2012 42.8 68.8
2011 47.5 70.3
2010 48.6 69.4
2009 51.3 70.2
2008 51.6 68.6
2007 53.2 67.9
2006 51.5 67.9
2005 53.3 64.5
2004 53.3 66.2
2003 53.1 67.2
2002 46.4 67.4
2001 47.9 67.1
2000 45.6 70.1
1999 45.1 68.6
1998 - 68
1997 - 65.1
1996 - 65.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Equatorial Guinea is 47.4, ranking 175/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Equatorial Guinea Norway
Services, % of GDP
55.5%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
41.4%
2025
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.21%
2025
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$11.4B
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$14,610
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.08B
2024
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
141/177
2024
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$376M
1996
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$188M
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$154M
2024
$5.62B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
50.7%
2022
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
-3.68%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/equatorial-guinea/norway | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.