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Economy of Brazil vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Brazil has a GDP of $2.28T compared to $57.5B for Tunisia, ranking 11/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $2.13T in government debt (93.3% of GDP), compared to $46.7B (81.3% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Brazil vs Tunisia GDP by year

Brazil
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Tunisia
2025 $2,279,920,092,492 $57,502,836,548
2024 $2,185,821,610,689 $51,412,122,480
2023 $2,191,131,765,685 $48,205,328,303
2022 $1,951,923,942,083 $44,929,920,093
2021 $1,670,647,398,905 $47,073,234,359
2020 $1,476,107,231,310 $42,491,780,918
2019 $1,873,288,205,060 $41,905,642,419
2018 $1,916,933,898,011 $42,686,504,460
2017 $2,063,514,977,366 $42,163,530,591
2016 $1,795,693,482,853 $44,360,072,680
2015 $1,802,212,206,815 $45,779,494,042
2014 $2,456,043,727,199 $50,271,812,921
2013 $2,472,819,535,557 $48,685,446,414
2012 $2,465,227,802,807 $47,311,401,813
2011 $2,616,156,223,918 $48,123,325,825
2010 $2,208,837,745,101 $46,206,091,938
2009 $1,666,996,438,581 $43,455,740,497
2008 $1,695,855,083,498 $44,859,439,902
2007 $1,397,114,486,369 $38,915,353,867
2006 $1,107,626,541,435 $34,376,664,601
2005 $891,633,839,894 $32,272,186,695
2004 $669,289,424,806 $31,183,885,241
2003 $558,233,745,652 $27,453,902,261
2002 $509,795,273,807 $23,141,616,605
2001 $559,983,634,799 $22,065,832,449
2000 $655,448,231,984 $21,473,528,161
1999 $599,642,024,320 $22,943,202,175
1998 $863,710,759,256 $21,802,893,587
1997 $883,206,179,730 $20,746,210,354
1996 $850,426,432,992 $19,587,161,807
1995 $769,333,050,987 $18,030,876,599
1994 $525,369,467,296 $15,633,174,304
1993 $368,292,034,381 $14,608,335,608
1992 $328,191,909,882 $15,496,708,060
1991 $342,534,090,909 $13,074,782,609
1990 $384,959,818,182 $12,290,568,182
1989 $412,990,820,287 $10,101,851,745
1988 $307,881,930,752 $10,096,245,762
1987 $283,056,836,894 $9,696,715,911
1986 $256,480,852,471 $9,017,806,654
1985 $210,879,844,639 $8,410,226,053
1984 $188,339,974,087 $8,254,541,195
1983 $189,656,506,321 $8,350,582,748
1982 $271,314,113,768 $8,133,580,052
1981 $258,015,174,749 $8,428,445,294
1980 $237,393,489,893 $8,744,134,354
1979 $221,338,204,480 $7,188,863,904
1978 $200,278,646,124 $5,968,460,080
1977 $176,344,101,402 $5,109,324,009
1976 $153,168,949,208 $4,508,191,942
1975 $129,203,555,239 $4,328,965,588
1974 $109,794,519,728 $3,545,868,575
1973 $83,592,275,863 $2,730,813,385
1972 $58,434,858,375 $2,237,556,149
1971 $48,869,830,902 $1,685,162,272
1970 $42,327,664,794 $1,439,238,095
1969 $37,171,640,819 $1,289,904,762
1968 $33,930,457,425 $1,214,666,667
1967 $31,086,389,195 $1,085,714,286
1966 $28,283,323,733 $1,040,952,381
1965 $22,465,522,884 $991,047,619
1964 $20,963,733,695 $1,025,866,792
1963 $23,287,712,878 $1,026,737,600
1962 $19,231,747,852 $880,027,733
1961 $17,275,940,449 $866,155,429
1960 $17,030,465,539 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Tunisia by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $10,713 - $4,657 -
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $4,188 $14,521
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $2,581 $6,688 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $2,819 - $1,239 -
1988 $2,141 - $1,266 -
1987 $2,006 - $1,245 -
1986 $1,854 - $1,187 -
1985 $1,556 - $1,135 -
1984 $1,420 - $1,143 -
1983 $1,461 - $1,184 -
1982 $2,138 - $1,177 -
1981 $2,080 - $1,247 -
1980 $1,959 - $1,324 -
1979 $1,870 - $1,113 -
1978 $1,733 - $946 -
1977 $1,562 - $830 -
1976 $1,390 - $752 -
1975 $1,201 - $741 -
1974 $1,045 - $624 -
1973 $815 - $493 -
1972 $583 - $415 -
1971 $500 - $320 -
1970 $444 - $280.5 -
1969 $399 - $257.7 -
1968 $374 - $248.9 -
1967 $351 - $228 -
1966 $328 - $223.8 -
1965 $268 - $217.3 -
1964 $257.3 - $228.5 -
1963 $294.2 - $231.9 -
1962 $250.2 - $201.4 -
1961 $231.6 - $200.7 -
1960 $235.3 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/tunisia | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,713, ranking 85/197, compared to $4,657 in Tunisia, ranking 127/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Brazil Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$2.28T
2025
$57.5B
2025
GDP rank
11/197
2025
93/197
2025
GDP growth
2.29%
2024-2025
2.49%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$10,713
2025
$4,657
2025
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2025
127/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$2.13T
2025
$46.7B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
93.3%
2025
81.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,999
2025
$3,785
2025
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2025
95/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,555
2026
$4,193
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$871B
2025
$12B
2025
Number of millionaires
386,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
70
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
39.3%
2024
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2024
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.4%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2024-2025
5.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
14.5%
2026
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.83%
2025
15.1%
2023
Population
213964342
12450912

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.4% 93.3% 34% 81.3%
2024 45.5% 87% 35.8% 85.7%
2023 45.3% 84% 35.9% 84%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 36.6% 83%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 33.4% 79.7%
2020 46.2% 96% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 43% 87.1% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 28.3% 49%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 24% 38.8%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 40.4% 63% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 41.9% 67% 23% 50%
2004 39.7% 68% 23% 51.6%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 24% 52.2%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 24% 62.9%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 24% 61.9%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 - 28% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 - 30% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 - 32.6% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 - 37.1% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 - 38.1% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 - 40.6% - -
1989 - 40.2% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government spending was $1.08T, accounting for 47.4% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $19.6B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 93.3% in Brazil and 81.3% in Tunisia, ranking 29/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Tunisia
2025 -8.07% -5.24%
2024 -6.17% -6.36%
2023 -7.71% -7.27%
2022 -3.96% -7%
2021 -2.63% -7.81%
2020 -11.6% -9.06%
2019 -4.86% -3.6%
2018 -6.99% -4.27%
2017 -7.97% -5.61%
2016 -7.99% -5.87%
2015 -9.28% -4.95%
2014 -6.27% -3.11%
2013 -3.42% -7.05%
2012 -2.35% -4.9%
2011 -2.74% -3.19%
2010 -3.55% -0.46%
2009 -4.23% -2.59%
2008 -2.39% -0.62%
2007 -2.66% -2.47%
2006 -4.87% -2.33%
2005 -3.36% -2.59%
2004 -2.95% -2.1%
2003 -5.4% -2.64%
2002 -4.15% -2.55%
2001 -3.47% -2.87%
2000 -3.32% -3.22%
1999 -5.17% -3.05%
1998 -7.22% -2.84%
1997 -5.6% -3.7%
1996 -5.35% -5.18%
1995 - -4.53%
1994 - -2.87%
1993 - -3.22%
1992 - -3.45%
1991 - -5.25%
1990 - -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $184B, equivalent to 8.07% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.01B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.19% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.11% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Tunisia
2025 5% 5.3%
2024 4.4% 7%
2023 4.6% 9.3%
2022 9.3% 8.3%
2021 8.3% 5.7%
2020 3.2% 5.6%
2019 3.7% 6.7%
2018 3.7% 7.3%
2017 3.4% 5.3%
2016 8.7% 3.6%
2015 9% 4.4%
2014 6.3% 4.6%
2013 6.2% 5.4%
2012 5.4% 4.6%
2011 6.6% 3.2%
2010 5% 4.4%
2009 4.9% 3.5%
2008 5.7% 4.9%
2007 3.6% 3.4%
2006 4.2% 4.1%
2005 6.9% 1.9%
2004 6.6% 3.7%
2003 14.7% 2.7%
2002 8.4% 2.7%
2001 6.8% 1.9%
2000 7% 2.8%
1999 4.9% 2.8%
1998 3.2% 3.1%
1997 6.9% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.09%, compared with 4.54% in Tunisia. In 2025, inflation was 5% in Brazil and 5.3% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $193M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $112M
Animal & marine products $22.9M
Machinery & equipment $17.2M
Weapons & explosives $7.89M
Chemicals & pharma $2.61M
Wood & paper products $2.52M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.18M
Raw materials & minerals $720K
Metals $99K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $21.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $15.3M
Machinery & equipment $15.2M
Raw agricultural goods $5.72M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.62M
Metals $1.28M
Chemicals & pharma $287K
Animal & marine products $127K
Wood & paper products $37K
Miscellaneous $6K

Balance of trade

Brazil Tunisia
Current account balance
-$66.7B
2025
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2025
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.93%
2025
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$291B
2025
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$351B
2025
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$105B
2025
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$54.4B
2025
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.5%
2025
54.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.8%
2025
46.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Tunisia
Economic freedom 52.4 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 172/197
Property rights 49.2 55.7
Government integrity 37.2 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 39.7
Tax burden 70.6 68.5
Government spending 39.8 62.5
Fiscal health 28 16
Business freedom 65.7 59.4
Labor freedom 57 55.8
Monetary freedom 76 72.4
Trade freedom 69 54.6
Investment freedom 40 20
Financial freedom 40 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Tunisia
2026 52.4 48.1
2025 55.1 49.1
2024 53.2 48.8
2023 53.5 52.9
2022 53.3 54.2
2021 53.4 56.6
2020 53.7 55.8
2019 51.9 55.4
2018 51.4 58.9
2017 52.9 55.7
2016 56.5 57.6
2015 56.6 57.7
2014 56.9 57.3
2013 57.7 57
2012 57.9 58.6
2011 56.3 58.5
2010 55.6 58.9
2009 56.7 58
2008 56.2 60.1
2007 56.2 60.3
2006 60.9 57.5
2005 61.7 55.4
2004 62 58.4
2003 63.4 58.1
2002 61.5 60.2
2001 61.9 60.8
2000 61.1 61.3
1999 61.3 61.1
1998 52.3 63.9
1997 52.6 63.8
1996 48.1 63.9
1995 51.4 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
59.7%
2025
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
20.1%
2025
22%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.09%
2025
10.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.25T
2025
$53B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,670
2025
$14,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$359B
2025
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2025
84/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.5B
2025
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.1%
2025
15.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.