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Economy of Brazil vs Cameroon compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Brazil has a GDP of $2.28T compared to $58.9B for Cameroon, ranking 11/197 and 92/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $2.13T in government debt (93.3% of GDP), compared to $23.8B (40.4% of GDP) in Cameroon.

Brazil vs Cameroon GDP by year

Brazil
Cameroon
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Cameroon
2025 $2,279,920,092,492 $58,933,453,924
2024 $2,185,821,610,689 $53,296,694,320
2023 $2,191,131,765,685 $48,814,501,547
2022 $1,951,923,942,083 $44,347,206,073
2021 $1,670,647,398,905 $45,011,937,347
2020 $1,476,107,231,310 $40,773,241,177
2019 $1,873,288,205,060 $39,667,757,528
2018 $1,916,933,898,011 $39,955,552,190
2017 $2,063,514,977,366 $36,098,547,033
2016 $1,795,693,482,853 $33,814,337,044
2015 $1,802,212,206,815 $32,210,233,020
2014 $2,456,043,727,199 $36,386,544,706
2013 $2,472,819,535,557 $33,728,621,180
2012 $2,465,227,802,807 $30,155,062,329
2011 $2,616,156,223,918 $30,630,910,495
2010 $2,208,837,745,101 $27,507,501,821
2009 $1,666,996,438,581 $27,932,970,317
2008 $1,695,855,083,498 $27,715,142,033
2007 $1,397,114,486,369 $23,928,250,433
2006 $1,107,626,541,435 $20,910,512,975
2005 $891,633,839,894 $19,509,852,207
2004 $669,289,424,806 $18,826,214,136
2003 $558,233,745,652 $15,970,315,035
2002 $509,795,273,807 $12,417,251,350
2001 $559,983,634,799 $10,953,485,349
2000 $655,448,231,984 $10,566,579,295
1999 $599,642,024,320 $11,565,826,465
1998 $863,710,759,256 $11,298,144,990
1997 $883,206,179,730 $10,789,458,433
1996 $850,426,432,992 $11,093,538,846
1995 $769,333,050,987 $10,864,772,471
1994 $525,369,467,296 $8,902,446,252
1993 $368,292,034,381 $16,181,814,713
1992 $328,191,909,882 $12,071,775,335
1991 $342,534,090,909 $11,840,192,296
1990 $384,959,818,182 $12,314,482,628
1989 $412,990,820,287 $11,012,566,195
1988 $307,881,930,752 $12,236,057,362
1987 $283,056,836,894 $13,049,659,981
1986 $256,480,852,471 $11,857,056,199
1985 $210,879,844,639 $8,544,810,498
1984 $188,339,974,087 $7,311,938,026
1983 $189,656,506,321 $6,870,200,010
1982 $271,314,113,768 $6,611,255,964
1981 $258,015,174,749 $6,610,938,617
1980 $237,393,489,893 $6,674,569,047
1979 $221,338,204,480 $5,919,002,983
1978 $200,278,646,124 $4,662,852,583
1977 $176,344,101,402 $3,394,664,024
1976 $153,168,949,208 $2,898,090,002
1975 $129,203,555,239 $2,857,037,371
1974 $109,794,519,728 $2,157,415,533
1973 $83,592,275,863 $1,901,393,361
1972 $58,434,858,375 $1,498,251,890
1971 $48,869,830,902 $1,236,941,394
1970 $42,327,664,794 $1,151,216,993
1969 $37,171,640,819 $1,100,551,489
1968 $33,930,457,425 $1,046,191,218
1967 $31,086,389,195 $936,175,260
1966 $28,283,323,733 $851,112,535
1965 $22,465,522,884 $814,083,266
1964 $20,963,733,695 $776,650,177
1963 $23,287,712,878 $718,320,845
1962 $19,231,747,852 $694,247,864
1961 $17,275,940,449 $652,777,608
1960 $17,030,465,539 $614,206,068

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Cameroon by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Cameroon
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Cameroon
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $10,713 - $1,972 -
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $1,830 $5,589
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $1,720 $5,411
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $1,605 $5,189
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $1,672 $4,794
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $1,556 $4,365
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $1,555 $4,241
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $1,611 $4,011
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $1,496 $3,767
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $1,442 $3,627
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $1,415 $3,498
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $1,649 $3,422
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $1,576 $3,239
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $1,449 $3,060
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $1,514 $2,989
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $1,399 $2,914
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $1,461 $2,879
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $1,492 $2,870
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $1,326 $2,818
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $1,191 $2,704
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $1,143 $2,598
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $1,133 $2,533
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $988 $2,368
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $790 $2,263
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $715 $2,191
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $709 $2,108
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $796 $2,039
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $799 $1,975
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $783 $1,915
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $827 $1,850
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $832 $1,790
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $701 $1,752
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $1,310 $1,731
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $1,005 $1,890
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $1,015 $1,963
1990 $2,581 $6,688 $1,087 $2,032
1989 $2,819 - $1,001 -
1988 $2,141 - $1,145 -
1987 $2,006 - $1,258 -
1986 $1,854 - $1,179 -
1985 $1,556 - $875 -
1984 $1,420 - $772 -
1983 $1,461 - $746 -
1982 $2,138 - $732 -
1981 $2,080 - $750 -
1980 $1,959 - $784 -
1979 $1,870 - $718 -
1978 $1,733 - $582 -
1977 $1,562 - $435 -
1976 $1,390 - $381 -
1975 $1,201 - $386 -
1974 $1,045 - $299.9 -
1973 $815 - $271.8 -
1972 $583 - $220.1 -
1971 $500 - $186.7 -
1970 $444 - $178.5 -
1969 $399 - $175.2 -
1968 $374 - $170.8 -
1967 $351 - $156.6 -
1966 $328 - $145.8 -
1965 $268 - $142.7 -
1964 $257.3 - $139.2 -
1963 $294.2 - $131.6 -
1962 $250.2 - $130 -
1961 $231.6 - $124.6 -
1960 $235.3 - $119.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,713, ranking 85/197, compared to $1,972 in Cameroon, ranking 159/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Cameroon ranks 156th at $5,589.

Economic indicators

Brazil Cameroon
Gross domestic product
$2.28T
2025
$58.9B
2025
GDP rank
11/197
2025
92/197
2025
GDP growth
2.29%
2024-2025
3.2%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$10,713
2025
$1,972
2025
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2025
159/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$5,589
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
156/197
2024
Government debt
$2.13T
2025
$23.8B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
93.3%
2025
40.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$9,999
2025
$796
2025
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2025
151/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,555
2026
$1,941
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$871B
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
386,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
70
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
39.3%
2024
31.1%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2024
2.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.4%
2025
16.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5%
2024-2025
3.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
14.5%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
5.83%
2025
3.28%
2021
Population
213964342
31045453

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Cameroon
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Cameroon
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.4% 93.3% 16.3% 40.4%
2024 45.5% 87% 17.1% 43.4%
2023 45.3% 84% 17.3% 43.6%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 17.1% 45.6%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 17% 47.2%
2020 46.2% 96% 16.8% 44.9%
2019 43% 87.1% 19.1% 41.6%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 17.8% 38.3%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 18.2% 36.5%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 20.1% 32.1%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 17.9% 31.6%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 19.5% 20.7%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 19.2% 17.5%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 17% 14.9%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 17.1% 15.9%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 14.8% 14%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 14.7% 11.3%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 15.9% 11.2%
2007 40.4% 63% 13.5% 13.8%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 12% 18.4%
2005 41.9% 67% 11.4% 43.8%
2004 39.7% 68% 10.7% 51.7%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 10.6% 51.5%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 14% 56.6%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 14.4% 62.2%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 14.4% 75.9%
1999 39.6% 44.5% - 68.4%
1998 40.9% 38.9% - 67.8%
1997 38.6% 31.8% - -
1996 38.2% 30.7% - -
1995 - 28% - -
1994 - 30% - -
1993 - 32.6% - -
1992 - 37.1% - -
1991 - 38.1% - -
1990 - 40.6% - -
1989 - 40.2% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1998–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government spending was $1.08T, accounting for 47.4% of its GDP, while Cameroon spent $9.58B, or 16.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 93.3% in Brazil and 40.4% in Cameroon, ranking 29/185 and 133/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Cameroon
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Cameroon
2025 -8.07% -2.01%
2024 -6.17% -1.51%
2023 -7.71% -0.64%
2022 -3.96% -1.11%
2021 -2.63% -2.88%
2020 -11.6% -3.52%
2019 -4.86% -3.65%
2018 -6.99% -2.3%
2017 -7.97% -3.68%
2016 -7.99% -5.79%
2015 -9.28% -2.86%
2014 -6.27% -3.36%
2013 -3.42% -3.54%
2012 -2.35% -1.22%
2011 -2.74% -1.55%
2010 -3.55% -0.57%
2009 -4.23% -0.05%
2008 -2.39% 1.94%
2007 -2.66% 3.66%
2006 -4.87% 6.34%
2005 -3.36% 3.43%
2004 -2.95% 2.07%
2003 -5.4% 3.51%
2002 -4.15% 1.59%
2001 -3.47% 1.2%
2000 -3.32% 2.06%
1999 -5.17% -
1998 -7.22% -
1997 -5.6% -
1996 -5.35% -
1995 - -
1994 - -
1993 - -
1992 - -
1991 - -
1990 - -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (2000–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

In 2025, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $184B, equivalent to 8.07% of GDP. This compares to Cameroon's deficit of $1.18B, or 2.01% of GDP.

Over the past 26 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Cameroon ran a deficit in 17 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.09% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.56% of GDP for Cameroon.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Cameroon
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Cameroon
2025 5% 3.4%
2024 4.4% 4.53%
2023 4.6% 7.38%
2022 9.3% 6.25%
2021 8.3% 2.27%
2020 3.2% 2.44%
2019 3.7% 2.45%
2018 3.7% 1.07%
2017 3.4% 0.64%
2016 8.7% 0.87%
2015 9% 2.68%
2014 6.3% 1.85%
2013 6.2% 2.05%
2012 5.4% 2.74%
2011 6.6% 2.94%
2010 5% 1.28%
2009 4.9% 3.04%
2008 5.7% 5.34%
2007 3.6% 0.92%
2006 4.2% 5.12%
2005 6.9% 2.01%
2004 6.6% 0.23%
2003 14.7% 0.62%
2002 8.4% 2.83%
2001 6.8% 4.42%
2000 7% 1.23%
1999 4.9% 1.87%
1998 3.2% 3.17%
1997 6.9% 4.79%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.09%, compared with 2.77% in Cameroon. In 2025, inflation was 5% in Brazil and 3.4% in Cameroon.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $179M
Animal & marine products $3.46M
Machinery & equipment $2.91M
Raw materials & minerals $2.52M
Chemicals & pharma $1.02M
Raw agricultural goods $910K
Textiles & consumer goods $774K
Wood & paper products $296K
Metals $98K
Weapons & explosives $72K
Cameroon
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $33.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11.2M
Wood & paper products $13K
Machinery & equipment $10K
Chemicals & pharma $8K

Balance of trade

Brazil Cameroon
Current account balance
-$66.7B
2025
-$1.75B
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2025
134/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.93%
2025
-3.28%
2024
Goods imports
$291B
2025
$7.77B
2024
Goods exports
$351B
2025
$6.79B
2024
Service imports
$105B
2025
$2.4B
2024
Service exports
$54.4B
2025
$1.81B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.5%
2025
20.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.8%
2025
13.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Cameroon
Economic freedom 52.4 52
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 151/197
Property rights 49.2 28.1
Government integrity 37.2 21
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 10.1
Tax burden 70.6 72.2
Government spending 39.8 91.4
Fiscal health 28 94.5
Business freedom 65.7 48.6
Labor freedom 57 45.6
Monetary freedom 76 75.3
Trade freedom 69 57.2
Investment freedom 40 30
Financial freedom 40 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Cameroon
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Cameroon
2026 52.4 52
2025 55.1 52.1
2024 53.2 53.6
2023 53.5 51.9
2022 53.3 52.9
2021 53.4 53.4
2020 53.7 53.6
2019 51.9 52.4
2018 51.4 51.9
2017 52.9 51.8
2016 56.5 54.2
2015 56.6 51.9
2014 56.9 52.6
2013 57.7 52.3
2012 57.9 51.8
2011 56.3 51.8
2010 55.6 52.3
2009 56.7 53
2008 56.2 54.3
2007 56.2 55.6
2006 60.9 54.6
2005 61.7 53
2004 62 52.3
2003 63.4 52.7
2002 61.5 52.8
2001 61.9 53.3
2000 61.1 49.9
1999 61.3 50.3
1998 52.3 48
1997 52.6 44.6
1996 48.1 45.7
1995 51.4 51.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 52 for Cameroon, ranking 151/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Cameroon
Services, % of GDP
59.7%
2025
50.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
20.1%
2025
24.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.09%
2025
16.8%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$2.25T
2025
$55.4B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,670
2025
$5,700
2025
Total reserves including gold
$359B
2025
$5.06B
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2025
105/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.5B
2025
-$825M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$888M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$63.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
3.21%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
37.7%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.1%
2025
19.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/cameroon | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1998–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.