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Economy of Brazil vs Hungary compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.19T compared to $223B for Hungary, ranking 10/197 and 55/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.91T in government debt (87.3% of GDP), compared to $164B (73.5% of GDP) in Hungary.

Brazil vs Hungary GDP by year

Brazil
Hungary
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Hungary
2024 $2,185,821,648,944 $222,722,738,926
2023 $2,191,131,869,706 $213,240,316,635
2022 $1,951,923,832,084 $177,002,580,544
2021 $1,670,647,464,063 $183,282,685,440
2020 $1,476,107,292,152 $158,468,487,754
2019 $1,873,288,158,839 $164,936,682,034
2018 $1,916,933,708,353 $161,184,691,014
2017 $2,063,514,688,806 $143,335,098,992
2016 $1,795,693,265,999 $128,983,560,865
2015 $1,802,211,999,456 $125,244,126,623
2014 $2,456,043,766,032 $141,128,696,412
2013 $2,472,819,362,044 $135,646,053,779
2012 $2,465,228,293,707 $128,470,269,690
2011 $2,616,156,606,579 $141,712,804,954
2010 $2,208,838,108,484 $131,898,737,241
2009 $1,666,996,294,252 $130,807,441,076
2008 $1,695,855,391,758 $158,228,265,916
2007 $1,397,114,247,189 $140,123,326,896
2006 $1,107,626,711,163 $115,604,111,412
2005 $891,633,826,625 $113,098,237,571
2004 $669,289,321,945 $104,015,363,080
2003 $558,233,724,165 $85,190,469,121
2002 $509,795,270,685 $67,636,468,625
2001 $559,983,704,094 $53,800,068,066
2000 $655,448,188,259 $47,275,954,429
1999 $599,642,075,004 $49,160,204,397
1998 $863,711,007,325 $48,784,412,624
1997 $883,206,452,795 $47,398,564,799
1996 $850,426,433,004 $46,833,767,124
1995 $769,333,330,412 $46,577,614,589
1994 $525,369,851,354 $43,307,949,890
1993 $368,295,778,245 $40,256,233,360
1992 $328,187,960,872 $38,857,339,125
1991 $342,609,231,343 $34,867,307,353
1990 $390,725,626,003 $34,478,360,679
1989 $412,990,820,287 $30,422,508,938
1988 $307,881,930,752 $29,799,838,597
1987 $283,056,836,894 $27,232,016,527
1986 $256,480,852,471 $24,778,163,812
1985 $210,879,844,639 $21,510,643,750
1984 $188,339,974,087 $21,242,726,264
1983 $189,656,506,321 $21,910,365,258
1982 $271,314,113,768 $24,141,667,188
1981 $258,015,174,749 $23,705,883,892
1980 $237,393,489,893 $23,116,977,148
1979 $221,338,204,480 $19,959,731,325
1978 $200,278,646,124 $17,286,744,154
1977 $176,344,101,402 $14,783,674,055
1976 $153,168,949,208 $13,235,612,079
1975 $129,203,555,239 $11,420,392,515
1974 $109,794,519,728 $10,016,338,179
1973 $83,592,275,863 $9,138,292,402
1972 $58,434,858,375 $7,379,313,742
1971 $48,869,830,902 $6,291,568,221
1970 $42,327,664,794 $5,780,929,203
1969 $37,171,640,819 $5,429,812,387
1968 $33,930,457,425 $4,886,222,555
1967 $31,086,389,195 -
1966 $28,283,323,733 -
1965 $22,465,522,884 -
1964 $20,963,733,695 -
1963 $23,287,712,878 -
1962 $19,231,747,852 -
1961 $17,275,940,449 -
1960 $17,030,465,539 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Hungary by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Hungary
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Hungary
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $23,292 $48,552
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $22,231 $46,592
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $18,428 $44,366
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $19,031 $38,887
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $16,387 $35,584
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $17,013 $35,627
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $16,605 $32,258
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $14,736 $29,728
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $13,216 $28,179
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $12,783 $26,938
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $14,353 $25,796
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $13,739 $24,592
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $12,950 $23,205
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $14,211 $22,992
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $13,190 $21,691
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $13,051 $20,691
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $15,763 $20,709
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $13,935 $19,089
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $11,478 $18,362
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $11,212 $17,091
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $10,291 $16,251
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $8,410 $15,460
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $6,658 $14,532
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $5,281 $13,223
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $4,630 $11,872
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $4,802 $10,892
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $4,752 $10,415
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $4,606 $9,846
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $4,542 $9,388
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $4,509 $9,222
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $4,187 $8,888
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $3,887 $8,441
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $3,747 $8,284
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $3,361 $8,352
1990 $2,620 $6,688 $3,324 $9,169
1989 $2,819 - $2,902 -
1988 $2,141 - $2,812 -
1987 $2,006 - $2,566 -
1986 $1,854 - $2,331 -
1985 $1,556 - $2,020 -
1984 $1,420 - $1,991 -
1983 $1,461 - $2,050 -
1982 $2,138 - $2,255 -
1981 $2,080 - $2,213 -
1980 $1,959 - $2,158 -
1979 $1,870 - $1,865 -
1978 $1,733 - $1,618 -
1977 $1,562 - $1,388 -
1976 $1,390 - $1,249 -
1975 $1,201 - $1,083 -
1974 $1,045 - $956 -
1973 $815 - $876 -
1972 $583 - $710 -
1971 $500 - $607 -
1970 $444 - $559 -
1969 $399 - $527 -
1968 $374 - $476 -
1967 $351 - - -
1966 $328 - - -
1965 $268 - - -
1964 $257.3 - - -
1963 $294.2 - - -
1962 $250.2 - - -
1961 $231.6 - - -
1960 $235.3 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,311, ranking 85/197, compared to $23,292 in Hungary, ranking 55/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Hungary ranks 48th at $48,552.

Economic indicators

Brazil Hungary
Gross domestic product
$2.19T
2024
$223B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
55/197
2024
GDP growth
3.42%
2023-2024
0.56%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,311
2024
$23,292
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
55/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$48,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
48/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2024
$164B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
87.3%
2024
73.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,999
2024
$17,109
2024
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2024
37/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,263
2026
$16,996
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
$41.5B
2024
Number of millionaires
433,000
2025
24,692
2025
Number of billionaires
56
2025
4
2025
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
24.4%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
2.8%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.7%
2024
46.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.4%
2023-2024
3.7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
6.5%
2024
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
4.47%
2024
Population
213824938
9475525

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Hungary
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Hungary
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.7% 87.3% 46.9% 73.5%
2023 45.3% 84% 49.2% 73%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 48.7% 73.9%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 48.1% 76.2%
2020 46.2% 96% 51% 78.7%
2019 43% 87.1% 45.8% 65%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 45.9% 68.8%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 46.6% 72%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 46.7% 74.6%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 50.4% 75.7%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 50% 76.5%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 50.1% 77.2%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 49.2% 78.4%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 49.1% 80.5%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 48.9% 80.2%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 50.7% 78.2%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 48.8% 71.8%
2007 40.4% 63% 49.9% 65.6%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 51.4% 64.5%
2005 41.9% 67% 49.4% 60.6%
2004 39.7% 68% 48.8% 58.9%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 49.2% 58.2%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 51% 55.6%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 47.2% 52.2%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 47.3% 55.6%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 48.9% 60.3%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 50.7% 60.4%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 49.5% 62.2%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 50.9% 71.2%
1995 - 28% 55% 83.9%
1994 - 30% - 86.2%
1993 - 32.6% - 87.2%
1992 - 37.1% - 76.5%
1991 - 38.1% - 74.2%
1990 - 40.6% - 63.7%
1989 - 40.2% - 70.7%
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $998B, accounting for 45.7% of its GDP, while Hungary spent $104B, or 46.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 87.3% in Brazil and 73.5% in Hungary, ranking 38/185 and 49/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Hungary
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Hungary
2024 -6.19% -4.92%
2023 -7.71% -6.75%
2022 -3.96% -6.17%
2021 -2.63% -7.11%
2020 -11.6% -7.49%
2019 -4.86% -2.02%
2018 -6.99% -2.05%
2017 -7.97% -2.45%
2016 -7.99% -1.79%
2015 -9.28% -2%
2014 -6.27% -2.77%
2013 -3.42% -2.6%
2012 -2.35% -2.33%
2011 -2.74% -5.22%
2010 -3.55% -4.44%
2009 -4.23% -4.76%
2008 -2.39% -3.78%
2007 -2.66% -5.09%
2006 -4.87% -9.27%
2005 -3.36% -7.79%
2004 -2.95% -6.6%
2003 -5.4% -7.19%
2002 -4.15% -8.79%
2001 -3.47% -4%
2000 -3.32% -3.04%
1999 -5.17% -5.27%
1998 -7.22% -7.41%
1997 -5.6% -5.54%
1996 -5.35% -4.36%
1995 - -8.57%
1994 - -
1993 - -
1992 - -
1991 - -
1990 - -
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -0.17%
1942 -2.55% 0.31%
1941 -2.15% 0.2%
1940 -1.13% -0.07%
1939 -1.2% 0.19%
1938 -0.59% -0.11%
1937 -1.62% -0.01%
1936 -0.27% 0.08%
1935 -0.5% 0.03%
1934 -2.28% 0.04%
1933 -1.56% -0.03%
1932 -6.47% -0.22%
1931 -1.56% -0.32%
1930 -3.58% -0.26%
1929 -0.09% 0.02%
1928 0.57% 0.12%
1927 0.12% 0.15%
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 6.19% of GDP. This compares to Hungary's deficit of $10.9B, or 4.92% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Hungary ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.09% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.05% of GDP for Hungary.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Hungary
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Hungary
2024 4.4% 3.7%
2023 4.6% 17.1%
2022 9.3% 14.6%
2021 8.3% 5.11%
2020 3.2% 3.33%
2019 3.7% 3.34%
2018 3.7% 2.85%
2017 3.4% 2.35%
2016 8.7% 0.39%
2015 9% -0.06%
2014 6.3% -0.23%
2013 6.2% 1.73%
2012 5.4% 5.65%
2011 6.6% 3.93%
2010 5% 4.86%
2009 4.9% 4.21%
2008 5.7% 6.04%
2007 3.6% 7.96%
2006 4.2% 3.93%
2005 6.9% 3.56%
2004 6.6% 6.74%
2003 14.7% 4.66%
2002 8.4% 5.27%
2001 6.8% 9.12%
2000 7% 9.8%
1999 4.9% 10%
1998 3.2% 14.2%
1997 6.9% 18.3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.13%, compared with 6.16% in Hungary. In 2024, inflation was 4.4% in Brazil and 3.7% in Hungary.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $165M
Animal & marine products $18.9M
Weapons & explosives $2.16M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.81M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.43M
Metals $1.28M
Raw materials & minerals $1.06M
Chemicals & pharma $450K
Raw agricultural goods $390K
Precious metals & jewellery $102K
Hungary
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $221M
Chemicals & pharma $95.3M
IT & IP services $29M
Raw materials & minerals $24.8M
Textiles & consumer goods $15.6M
Transport & tourism services $12.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $12.4M
Raw agricultural goods $9.8M
Manufacturing & construction services $8.43M
Metals $4.78M

Balance of trade

Brazil Hungary
Current account balance
-$66.2B
2024
$3.52B
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2024
36/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.03%
2024
+1.58%
2024
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$130B
2024
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$129B
2024
Service imports
$103B
2024
$27.9B
2024
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$38.9B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.6%
2024
71.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
75.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Hungary
Economic freedom 52.4 62.5
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 86/197
Property rights 49.2 67.3
Government integrity 37.2 44
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 61.9
Tax burden 70.6 85.1
Government spending 39.8 30.2
Fiscal health 28 32.7
Business freedom 65.7 70.8
Labor freedom 57 56.5
Monetary freedom 76 72.1
Trade freedom 69 79.4
Investment freedom 40 80
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Hungary
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Hungary
2026 52.4 62.5
2025 55.1 61.4
2024 53.2 61.2
2023 53.5 64.1
2022 53.3 66.9
2021 53.4 67.2
2020 53.7 66.4
2019 51.9 65
2018 51.4 66.7
2017 52.9 65.8
2016 56.5 66
2015 56.6 66.8
2014 56.9 67
2013 57.7 67.3
2012 57.9 67.1
2011 56.3 66.6
2010 55.6 66.1
2009 56.7 66.8
2008 56.2 67.6
2007 56.2 64.8
2006 60.9 65
2005 61.7 63.5
2004 62 62.7
2003 63.4 63
2002 61.5 64.5
2001 61.9 65.6
2000 61.1 64.4
1999 61.3 59.6
1998 52.3 56.9
1997 52.6 55.3
1996 48.1 56.8
1995 51.4 55.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 62.5 for Hungary, ranking 86/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Hungary
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
59.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
23.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.75%
2024
2.71%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$199B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,590
2024
$47,290
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
$46.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
42/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.8B
2024
-$15.8B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
-$62.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
-$78B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
12.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17%
2024
23.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/hungary | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.