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Economy of Hungary vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Hungary has a GDP of $246B compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 55/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Hungary has $185B in government debt (75.2% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Hungary vs Norway GDP by year

Hungary
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Hungary Norway
2025 $246,490,213,513 $530,755,719,439
2024 $222,848,211,034 $500,886,328,034
2023 $213,029,511,029 $502,197,633,323
2022 $177,002,580,544 $617,321,834,099
2021 $183,282,685,440 $521,592,200,233
2020 $158,468,487,754 $382,252,517,922
2019 $164,936,682,034 $424,244,886,364
2018 $161,184,691,014 $454,588,871,811
2017 $143,335,098,992 $415,673,181,543
2016 $128,983,560,865 $383,284,047,619
2015 $125,244,126,623 $400,669,174,331
2014 $141,128,696,412 $515,829,568,897
2013 $135,646,053,779 $540,132,255,319
2012 $128,470,269,690 $525,082,939,407
2011 $141,712,804,954 $512,868,581,628
2010 $131,898,737,241 $440,132,138,425
2009 $130,807,441,076 $395,664,488,017
2008 $158,228,265,916 $472,060,283,688
2007 $140,123,326,896 $407,813,774,161
2006 $115,604,111,412 $349,773,283,645
2005 $113,098,237,571 $311,417,306,946
2004 $104,015,363,080 $265,662,977,688
2003 $85,190,469,121 $229,192,678,173
2002 $67,636,468,625 $195,359,978,957
2001 $53,800,068,066 $173,590,978,347
2000 $47,275,954,429 $170,620,327,660
1999 $49,160,204,397 $161,304,620,987
1998 $48,784,412,624 $152,955,958,172
1997 $47,398,564,799 $160,013,571,974
1996 $46,833,767,124 $162,427,517,132
1995 $46,577,614,589 $151,083,627,983
1994 $43,307,949,890 $126,324,387,894
1993 $40,256,233,360 $119,841,699,440
1992 $38,857,339,125 $129,998,873,602
1991 $34,867,307,353 $121,149,331,318
1990 $34,478,360,679 $119,344,377,526
1989 $30,422,508,938 $102,226,808,603
1988 $29,799,838,597 $101,497,621,605
1987 $27,232,016,527 $93,913,320,965
1986 $24,778,163,812 $78,438,205,742
1985 $21,510,643,750 $65,211,464,198
1984 $21,242,726,264 $61,866,078,539
1983 $21,910,365,258 $61,417,685,434
1982 $24,141,667,188 $62,453,362,256
1981 $23,705,883,892 $63,392,804,251
1980 $23,116,977,148 $64,176,789,764
1979 $19,959,731,325 $52,935,763,512
1978 $17,286,744,154 $46,355,988,784
1977 $14,783,674,055 $41,362,637,363
1976 $13,235,612,079 $35,815,449,464
1975 $11,420,392,515 $32,742,543,381
1974 $10,016,338,179 $27,033,413,362
1973 $9,138,292,402 $22,433,660,550
1972 $7,379,313,742 $17,283,931,878
1971 $6,291,568,221 $14,523,306,736
1970 $5,780,929,203 $12,753,503,479
1969 $5,429,812,387 $11,083,505,596
1968 $4,886,222,555 $10,178,705,992
1967 - $9,532,076,026
1966 - $8,712,528,095
1965 - $8,073,570,566
1964 - $7,172,430,304
1963 - $6,522,268,053
1962 - $6,078,186,245
1961 - $5,642,867,672
1960 - $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Hungary vs Norway by year

Hungary
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Hungary Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $25,907 - $94,594 -
2024 $23,305 $48,552 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $22,209 $46,592 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $18,428 $44,366 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $19,031 $38,887 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $16,387 $35,584 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $17,013 $35,627 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $16,605 $32,258 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $14,736 $29,728 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $13,216 $28,179 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $12,783 $26,938 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $14,353 $25,796 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $13,739 $24,592 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $12,950 $23,205 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $14,211 $22,992 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $13,190 $21,691 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $13,051 $20,691 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $15,763 $20,709 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $13,935 $19,089 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $11,478 $18,362 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $11,212 $17,091 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $10,291 $16,251 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $8,410 $15,460 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $6,658 $14,532 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $5,281 $13,223 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $4,630 $11,872 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $4,802 $10,892 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $4,752 $10,415 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $4,606 $9,846 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $4,542 $9,388 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $4,509 $9,222 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $4,187 $8,888 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $3,887 $8,441 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $3,747 $8,284 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $3,361 $8,352 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $3,324 $9,169 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $2,902 - $24,185 -
1988 $2,812 - $24,112 -
1987 $2,566 - $22,430 -
1986 $2,331 - $18,822 -
1985 $2,020 - $15,704 -
1984 $1,991 - $14,943 -
1983 $2,050 - $14,877 -
1982 $2,255 - $15,178 -
1981 $2,213 - $15,463 -
1980 $2,158 - $15,708 -
1979 $1,865 - $12,998 -
1978 $1,618 - $11,421 -
1977 $1,388 - $10,230 -
1976 $1,249 - $8,896 -
1975 $1,083 - $8,171 -
1974 $956 - $6,783 -
1973 $876 - $5,664 -
1972 $710 - $4,395 -
1971 $607 - $3,721 -
1970 $559 - $3,291 -
1969 $527 - $2,881 -
1968 $476 - $2,667 -
1967 - - $2,519 -
1966 - - $2,321 -
1965 - - $2,168 -
1964 - - $1,941 -
1963 - - $1,779 -
1962 - - $1,670 -
1961 - - $1,563 -
1960 - - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

Hungary's GDP per capita is $25,907, ranking 52/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Hungary ranks 48th at $48,552, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Hungary Norway
Gross domestic product
$246B
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
55/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
0.51%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$25,907
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
52/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$48,552
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
48/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$185B
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
75.2%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$19,473
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
33/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$18,331
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$62.6B
2025
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires
27,000
2026
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires
4
2026
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.4%
2022
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2022
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.5%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
4.41%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
6.25%
2026
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
4.4%
2025
4.5%
2025
Population
9454659
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Hungary
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Hungary Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 47.5% 75.2% 49.6% 45%
2024 46.9% 73.5% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 49.3% 73.2% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 48.9% 74.1% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 48.1% 76.2% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 51% 78.7% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 45.8% 65% 48.4% 39%
2018 45.9% 68.8% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 46.6% 72% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 46.7% 74.6% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 50.4% 75.7% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 50% 76.5% 44% 28.8%
2013 50.1% 77.2% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 49.2% 78.4% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 49.1% 80.5% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 48.9% 80.2% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 50.7% 78.2% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 48.8% 71.8% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 49.9% 65.6% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 51.4% 64.5% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 49.4% 60.6% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 48.8% 58.9% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 49.2% 58.2% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 51% 55.6% 46.3% 34%
2001 47.2% 52.2% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 47.3% 55.6% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 48.9% 60.3% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 50.7% 60.4% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 49.5% 62.2% 45.9% 26%
1996 50.9% 71.2% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 55% 83.9% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 - 86.2% 49.7% 51%
1993 - 87.2% 50.5% 54%
1992 - 76.5% 51.6% 45.3%
1991 - 74.2% 50.3% 39.5%
1990 - 63.7% 49.1% 29.1%
1989 - 70.7% 52.2% 30.4%
1988 - - 52.6% 30.5%
1987 - - 50.5% 31.3%
1986 - - 48.1% 37.8%
1985 - - 44% 30.2%
1984 - - 44.5% 27.8%
1983 - - 46.4% 27.4%
1982 - - 46.6% 29.7%
1981 - - 46.1% 32.9%
1980 - - 46.1% 36.8%
1979 - - 47.2% 39.6%
1978 - - 47.9% 49.9%
1977 - - 46.5% 43.8%
1976 - - 45.2% 38.5%
1975 - - 43.5% 36.7%
1974 - - 42.2% 35.4%
1973 - - 42.3% 37.7%
1972 - - 42.2% 38.9%
1971 - - 40.7% 38.5%
1970 - - 38.9% 38.6%
1969 - - 38% 22.3%
1968 - - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 - - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 - - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 - - 32.9% 23%
1964 - - 32% 24.2%
1963 - - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 - - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 - - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 - - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Hungary's government spending was $117B, accounting for 47.5% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 75.2% in Hungary and 45% in Norway, ranking 50/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Hungary

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Hungary Norway
2025 -4.68% 9.34%
2024 -4.9% 12.8%
2023 -6.77% 15.9%
2022 -6.19% 24.7%
2021 -7.11% 9.93%
2020 -7.49% -2.46%
2019 -2.02% 6.28%
2018 -2.05% 7.56%
2017 -2.45% 4.79%
2016 -1.79% 3.91%
2015 -2% 5.8%
2014 -2.77% 8.34%
2013 -2.6% 10.3%
2012 -2.33% 13.4%
2011 -5.22% 13%
2010 -4.44% 10.6%
2009 -4.76% 10%
2008 -3.78% 18.3%
2007 -5.09% 16.8%
2006 -9.27% 17.7%
2005 -7.79% 14.7%
2004 -6.6% 10.8%
2003 -7.19% 7.21%
2002 -8.79% 9.05%
2001 -4% 13.2%
2000 -3.04% 15.1%
1999 -5.27% 5.75%
1998 -7.41% 3.09%
1997 -5.54% 7.41%
1996 -4.36% 6.05%
1995 -8.57% 2.98%
1994 - 0.04%
1993 - -1.65%
1992 - -2.08%
1991 - -0.12%
1990 - 1.96%
1989 - 1.81%
1988 - 2.65%
1987 - 4.56%
1986 - 5.87%
1985 - 9.84%
1984 - 6.97%
1983 - 6.03%
1982 - 3.96%
1981 - 4.82%
1980 - 5.38%
1979 - 2.16%
1978 - 0.94%
1977 - 1.01%
1976 - 2.2%
1975 - 2.88%
1974 - 4.06%
1973 - 4.99%
1972 - 3.93%
1971 - 3.71%
1970 - 2.83%
1969 - 3.57%
1968 - 3.38%
1967 - 4.19%
1966 - 3.59%
1965 - 2.78%
1964 - 3.08%
1963 - 2.6%
1962 - 4%
1961 - -0.7%
1960 - 1.42%
1959 - 1.89%
1958 - 1.7%
1957 - 1.55%
1956 - 1.22%
1955 - 0.82%
1954 - -0.54%
1953 - 1.3%
1952 - 2.15%
1951 - 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 -0.17% -
1942 0.31% -
1941 0.2% -
1940 -0.07% -
1939 0.19% -0.54%
1938 -0.11% 0.03%
1937 -0.01% -0.16%
1936 0.08% -0.7%
1935 0.03% -1.1%
1934 0.04% -0.59%
1933 -0.03% -1.29%
1932 -0.22% -1.14%
1931 -0.32% -1.15%
1930 -0.26% -0.46%
1929 0.02% -0.83%
1928 0.12% -0.81%
1927 0.15% -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Hungary's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $11.5B, equivalent to 4.68% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Hungary recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 1 years. On average, Hungary posted an annual deficit equal to 5.04% of GDP, compared to surplus of 10.1% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Hungary

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Hungary Norway
2025 4.41% 3.06%
2024 3.7% 3.15%
2023 17.1% 5.52%
2022 14.6% 5.76%
2021 5.11% 3.48%
2020 3.33% 1.29%
2019 3.34% 2.17%
2018 2.85% 2.76%
2017 2.35% 1.88%
2016 0.39% 3.55%
2015 -0.06% 2.17%
2014 -0.23% 2.04%
2013 1.73% 2.12%
2012 5.65% 0.7%
2011 3.93% 1.28%
2010 4.86% 2.42%
2009 4.21% 2.2%
2008 6.04% 3.75%
2007 7.96% 0.71%
2006 3.93% 2.33%
2005 3.56% 1.53%
2004 6.74% 0.45%
2003 4.66% 2.49%
2002 5.27% 1.29%
2001 9.12% 3%
2000 9.8% 3.09%
1999 10% 2.37%
1998 14.2% 2.25%
1997 18.3% 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Hungary has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.1%, compared with 2.46% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 4.41% in Hungary and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Hungary
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $324M
Transport & tourism services $95.9M
IT & IP services $63.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $47.8M
Raw materials & minerals $18.3M
Chemicals & pharma $13.9M
Business & finance services $11.6M
Metals $11M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.7M
Wood & paper products $8.4M
Norway
Export category Export value
Metals $55.5M
Machinery & equipment $44.3M
Chemicals & pharma $24.8M
Weapons & explosives $16.9M
Miscellaneous $11M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.3M
Wood & paper products $3.72M
Animal & marine products $2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.37M
Raw materials & minerals $592K

Balance of trade

Hungary Norway
Current account balance
$4.08B
2025
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
34/190
2025
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.65%
2025
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$139B
2025
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$136B
2025
$177B
2025
Service imports
$29.8B
2025
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$43.1B
2025
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
68.1%
2025
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.6%
2025
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Hungary Norway
Economic freedom 62.5 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 86/197 9/197
Property rights 67.3 99.6
Government integrity 44 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 61.9 96.4
Tax burden 85.1 63.3
Government spending 30.2 42
Fiscal health 32.7 96.4
Business freedom 70.8 91.2
Labor freedom 56.5 69.3
Monetary freedom 72.1 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 85.6
Investment freedom 80 75
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Hungary
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Hungary Norway
2026 62.5 78.8
2025 61.4 78.3
2024 61.2 77.5
2023 64.1 76.9
2022 66.9 76.9
2021 67.2 73.4
2020 66.4 73.4
2019 65 73
2018 66.7 74.3
2017 65.8 74
2016 66 70.8
2015 66.8 71.8
2014 67 70.9
2013 67.3 70.5
2012 67.1 68.8
2011 66.6 70.3
2010 66.1 69.4
2009 66.8 70.2
2008 67.6 68.6
2007 64.8 67.9
2006 65 67.9
2005 63.5 64.5
2004 62.7 66.2
2003 63 67.2
2002 64.5 67.4
2001 65.6 67.1
2000 64.4 70.1
1999 59.6 68.6
1998 56.9 68
1997 55.3 65.1
1996 56.8 65.4
1995 55.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Hungary is 62.5, ranking 86/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Hungary Norway
Services, % of GDP
60.1%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
23%
2025
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.65%
2025
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$227B
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$48,630
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$59.1B
2025
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
42/177
2025
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$9.1B
2025
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$61.3B
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$76.3B
2024
$5.62B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.1%
2021
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.2%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/norway | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.