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Economy of Ivory Coast vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ivory Coast has a GDP of $87.1B compared to $484B for Norway, ranking 77/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ivory Coast has $51.6B in government debt (59.3% of GDP), compared to $207B (42.7% of GDP) in Norway.

Ivory Coast vs Norway GDP by year

Ivory Coast
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ivory Coast Norway
2024 $87,113,179,149 $483,592,648,313
2023 $80,780,312,569 $482,949,731,777
2022 $70,922,824,814 $596,297,651,036
2021 $72,794,636,654 $503,367,986,030
2020 $63,027,852,805 $367,633,418,887
2019 $60,382,894,697 $408,742,840,909
2018 $58,522,477,787 $439,788,625,884
2017 $52,512,343,997 $401,745,275,035
2016 $48,407,761,037 $370,956,547,619
2015 $45,815,005,169 $388,159,512,246
2014 $48,843,005,614 $501,736,471,833
2013 $42,760,235,485 $526,014,468,085
2012 $36,302,302,877 $512,777,309,841
2011 $36,693,710,801 $501,360,549,669
2010 $34,936,307,980 $431,052,143,940
2009 $33,886,813,250 $387,976,400,617
2008 $34,078,240,293 $464,917,553,191
2007 $28,760,090,953 $402,643,260,488
2006 $25,281,413,263 $346,915,160,682
2005 $24,036,918,703 $309,978,579,744
2004 $23,510,575,681 $265,268,662,473
2003 $21,251,754,340 $229,385,469,337
2002 $18,054,383,321 $195,914,852,576
2001 $16,810,537,044 $174,239,354,071
2000 $16,577,533,892 $171,457,201,936
1999 $18,870,992,456 $162,383,706,021
1998 $19,619,654,756 $154,230,295,158
1997 $18,047,558,038 $161,356,631,888
1996 $18,071,152,831 $163,520,109,151
1995 $11,000,146,267 $152,029,612,325
1994 $8,313,557,510 $127,131,319,429
1993 $11,045,760,288 $120,579,213,713
1992 $11,152,971,274 $130,838,040,068
1991 $10,492,628,581 $121,872,464,483
1990 $10,795,850,583 $119,791,843,060
1989 $9,757,410,645 $102,633,934,391
1988 $10,255,169,806 $101,900,260,856
1987 $10,087,654,465 $94,229,907,236
1986 $9,158,302,100 $78,693,118,044
1985 $6,977,650,644 $65,416,879,914
1984 $6,841,639,247 $62,057,955,033
1983 $6,838,184,773 $61,627,240,831
1982 $7,567,110,849 $62,647,195,538
1981 $8,432,589,942 $63,596,654,761
1980 $10,175,617,609 $64,439,382,896
1979 $9,142,933,967 $53,132,244,624
1978 $7,900,526,298 $46,522,900,254
1977 $6,265,068,189 $41,508,030,431
1976 $4,662,053,825 $35,942,270,686
1975 $3,893,839,190 $32,877,805,200
1974 $3,070,152,309 $27,145,693,810
1973 $2,508,421,426 $22,534,253,703
1972 $1,849,400,402 $17,358,610,850
1971 $1,584,128,509 $14,583,114,840
1970 $1,455,482,795 $12,814,123,115
1969 $1,361,360,293 $11,136,187,440
1968 $1,281,281,277 $10,227,087,165
1967 $1,082,922,725 $9,577,383,653
1966 $1,024,102,880 $8,753,940,267
1965 $919,771,229 $8,111,945,661
1964 $921,063,327 $7,206,522,122
1963 $761,047,198 $6,553,269,536
1962 $645,284,474 $6,107,076,929
1961 $618,245,634 $5,669,689,210
1960 $546,203,559 $5,197,398,721

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ivory Coast vs Norway by year

Ivory Coast
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ivory Coast Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,728 $7,669 $86,785 $102,038
2023 $2,592 $7,237 $87,497 $103,638
2022 $2,333 $6,719 $109,270 $125,490
2021 $2,456 $6,045 $93,073 $88,984
2020 $2,180 $5,544 $68,340 $67,111
2019 $2,142 $5,516 $76,431 $70,940
2018 $2,131 $4,946 $82,793 $70,254
2017 $1,964 $4,690 $76,132 $64,590
2016 $1,863 $4,531 $70,867 $59,280
2015 $1,815 $4,404 $74,810 $60,738
2014 $1,991 $4,074 $97,667 $66,332
2013 $1,786 $3,619 $103,554 $67,378
2012 $1,547 $3,291 $102,176 $65,774
2011 $1,597 $3,176 $101,222 $62,460
2010 $1,554 $3,361 $88,163 $58,213
2009 $1,540 $3,177 $80,348 $55,648
2008 $1,584 $3,116 $97,504 $62,073
2007 $1,368 $2,985 $85,502 $56,179
2006 $1,230 $2,942 $74,434 $54,358
2005 $1,198 $2,842 $67,047 $47,967
2004 $1,200 $2,794 $57,769 $42,667
2003 $1,111 $2,702 $50,250 $38,680
2002 $968 $2,851 $43,171 $38,056
2001 $925 $2,962 $38,602 $37,829
2000 $937 $3,041 $38,178 $36,994
1999 $1,096 $3,065 $36,393 $30,574
1998 $1,177 $3,086 $34,803 $28,200
1997 $1,125 $3,040 $36,629 $28,610
1996 $1,170 $2,832 $37,322 $26,826
1995 $740 $2,683 $34,876 $24,360
1994 $582 $2,551 $29,316 $23,027
1993 $804 $2,577 $27,964 $21,584
1992 $845 $2,625 $30,524 $20,623
1991 $827 $2,677 $28,597 $19,580
1990 $886 $2,693 $28,243 $18,461
1989 $833 - $24,281 -
1988 $910 - $24,207 -
1987 $930 - $22,506 -
1986 $877 - $18,883 -
1985 $695 - $15,754 -
1984 $709 - $14,989 -
1983 $737 - $14,928 -
1982 $849 - $15,225 -
1981 $986 - $15,513 -
1980 $1,238 - $15,772 -
1979 $1,157 - $13,047 -
1978 $1,039 - $11,463 -
1977 $856 - $10,266 -
1976 $661 - $8,927 -
1975 $575 - $8,204 -
1974 $474 - $6,812 -
1973 $406 - $5,690 -
1972 $313 - $4,414 -
1971 $280.3 - $3,736 -
1970 $269 - $3,306 -
1969 $262.2 - $2,894 -
1968 $256.8 - $2,680 -
1967 $225.6 - $2,531 -
1966 $221.8 - $2,333 -
1965 $207 - $2,179 -
1964 $215.5 - $1,951 -
1963 $185.1 - $1,787 -
1962 $163.1 - $1,678 -
1961 $162.3 - $1,571 -
1960 $148.7 - $1,451 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

Ivory Coast's GDP per capita is $2,728, ranking 142/197, compared to $86,785 in Norway, ranking 8/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ivory Coast ranks 145th at $7,669, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Ivory Coast Norway
Gross domestic product
$87.1B
2024
$484B
2024
GDP rank
77/197
2024
32/197
2024
GDP growth
6.02%
2023-2024
2.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,728
2024
$86,785
2024
GDP per capita rank
142/197
2024
8/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,669
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
145/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$51.6B
2024
$207B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.3%
2024
42.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,616
2024
$37,074
2024
Government debt per person rank
125/185
2024
17/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,733
2026
$49,765
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$7.33B
2020
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires n/a
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
17
2025
Income share by richest 10%
27.8%
2021
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.1%
2021
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
48.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.45%
2023-2024
3.15%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
4%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.31%
2022
3.98%
2024
Population
33722528
5671119

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ivory Coast
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ivory Coast Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.4% 59.3% 48.5% 42.7%
2023 21.3% 57.5% 45.9% 44.1%
2022 21.9% 56% 37.5% 36.1%
2021 20.5% 50.2% 46.3% 41.6%
2020 20.4% 46.3% 56.7% 46%
2019 17.2% 37.2% 50.2% 40.5%
2018 17.6% 35.3% 47.7% 39.3%
2017 18.1% 32.6% 49.2% 38.2%
2016 17.6% 31.1% 50.4% 37.9%
2015 16.5% 29.2% 48.2% 34.3%
2014 15.2% 26.7% 45.2% 29.6%
2013 15.9% 24.6% 43.5% 31.4%
2012 16.1% 24.7% 42.4% 30.9%
2011 13.2% 50% 43.3% 29.6%
2010 14.5% 45.6% 44.5% 43%
2009 14.4% 46.5% 45.6% 42.5%
2008 14.6% 51.2% 39.8% 47.5%
2007 14.8% 53.5% 41% 49.5%
2006 14.5% 57.5% 40.5% 52.6%
2005 13.6% 58.2% 41.8% 42.3%
2004 13.5% 56.7% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 12.7% 56.4% 47.6% 43.1%
2002 13.1% 63% 46.1% 33.9%
2001 11.4% 71.2% 43.2% 27.2%
2000 12.9% 74% 41.3% 28.7%
1999 13.7% 78% 46.4% 25%
1998 14.6% 75.2% 47.8% 23.6%
1997 15.2% 84.2% 45.5% 25.8%
1996 - - 47% 28.4%
1995 - - 49.3% 32.7%
1994 - - 49.4% 50.6%
1993 - - 50.2% 53.7%
1992 - - 51.3% 45%
1991 - - 50% 39.2%
1990 - - 48.9% 28.9%
1989 - - 52.2% 30.4%
1988 - - 52.6% 30.5%
1987 - - 50.5% 31.3%
1986 - - 48.1% 37.8%
1985 - - 44% 30.2%
1984 - - 44.5% 27.8%
1983 - - 46.4% 27.4%
1982 - - 46.6% 29.7%
1981 - - 46.1% 32.9%
1980 - - 46.1% 36.8%
1979 - - 47.2% 39.6%
1978 - - 47.9% 49.9%
1977 - - 46.5% 43.8%
1976 - - 45.2% 38.5%
1975 - - 43.5% 36.7%
1974 - - 42.2% 35.4%
1973 - - 42.3% 37.7%
1972 - - 42.2% 38.9%
1971 - - 40.7% 38.5%
1970 - - 38.9% 38.6%
1969 - - 38% 22.3%
1968 - - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 - - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 - - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 - - 32.9% 23%
1964 - - 32% 24.2%
1963 - - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 - - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 - - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 - - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

In 2024, Ivory Coast's government spending was $17.7B, accounting for 20.4% of its GDP, while Norway spent $234B, or 48.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.3% in Ivory Coast and 42.7% in Norway, ranking 82/185 and 127/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ivory Coast

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ivory Coast Norway
2024 -3.97% 13.2%
2023 -5.19% 16.6%
2022 -6.74% 25.5%
2021 -4.86% 10.3%
2020 -5.42% -2.56%
2019 -2.22% 6.52%
2018 -2.9% 7.81%
2017 -3.27% 4.96%
2016 -2.98% 4.04%
2015 -2.04% 5.99%
2014 -1.57% 8.57%
2013 -1.62% 10.6%
2012 -2.28% 13.7%
2011 -2.89% 13.3%
2010 -1.34% 10.9%
2009 -1% 10.2%
2008 -0.21% 18.5%
2007 -0.39% 17%
2006 -1.03% 17.9%
2005 -1.03% 14.7%
2004 -1.04% 10.8%
2003 -1.26% 7.2%
2002 -0.64% 9.03%
2001 0.7% 13.2%
2000 -0.83% 15%
1999 -1.27% 5.71%
1998 -0.7% 3.07%
1997 -0.75% 7.35%
1996 - 6.01%
1995 - 2.96%
1994 - 0.04%
1993 - -1.64%
1992 - -2.07%
1991 - -0.12%
1990 - 1.95%
1989 - 1.81%
1988 - 2.65%
1987 - 4.56%
1986 - 5.87%
1985 - 9.84%
1984 - 6.97%
1983 - 6.03%
1982 - 3.96%
1981 - 4.82%
1980 - 5.38%
1979 - 2.16%
1978 - 0.94%
1977 - 1.01%
1976 - 2.2%
1975 - 2.88%
1974 - 4.06%
1973 - 4.99%
1972 - 3.93%
1971 - 3.71%
1970 - 2.83%
1969 - 3.57%
1968 - 3.38%
1967 - 4.19%
1966 - 3.59%
1965 - 2.78%
1964 - 3.08%
1963 - 2.6%
1962 - 4%
1961 - -0.7%
1960 - 1.42%
1959 - 1.89%
1958 - 1.7%
1957 - 1.55%
1956 - 1.22%
1955 - 0.82%
1954 - -0.54%
1953 - 1.3%
1952 - 2.15%
1951 - 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

In 2024, Ivory Coast's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.45B, equivalent to 3.97% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $64.1B, or 13.2% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 1 years. On average, Ivory Coast posted an annual deficit equal to 2.1% of GDP, compared to surplus of 10.7% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ivory Coast

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ivory Coast Norway
2024 3.45% 3.15%
2023 4.37% 5.52%
2022 5.23% 5.76%
2021 4.16% 3.48%
2020 2.41% 1.29%
2019 0.79% 2.17%
2018 0.4% 2.76%
2017 0.69% 1.88%
2016 0.72% 3.55%
2015 1.25% 2.17%
2014 0.45% 2.04%
2013 2.58% 2.12%
2012 1.3% 0.7%
2011 4.91% 1.28%
2010 1.23% 2.42%
2009 1.02% 2.2%
2008 6.31% 3.75%
2007 1.89% 0.71%
2006 2.47% 2.33%
2005 3.89% 1.53%
2004 1.46% 0.45%
2003 3.3% 2.49%
2002 3.08% 1.29%
2001 4.36% 3%
2000 2.53% 3.09%
1999 0.7% 2.37%
1998 4.61% 2.25%
1997 4.02% 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Ivory Coast has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.63%, compared with 2.44% in Norway. In 2024, inflation was 3.45% in Ivory Coast and 3.15% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Ivory Coast
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.56M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $567K
Raw materials & minerals $111K
Textiles & consumer goods $107K
Raw agricultural goods $68K
Metals $57K
Chemicals & pharma $35K
Precious metals & jewellery $12K
Wood & paper products $1K
Norway
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $33.6M
Machinery & equipment $22.7M
Metals $19.6M
Miscellaneous $2.15M
Animal & marine products $1.78M
Textiles & consumer goods $591K
Chemicals & pharma $441K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $54K
Wood & paper products $10K
Precious metals & jewellery $4K

Balance of trade

Ivory Coast Norway
Current account balance
-$9.21B
2023
$71.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
175/190
2023
11/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-11.4%
2023
+14.8%
2024
Goods imports
$15.4B
2023
$97.5B
2024
Goods exports
$17.1B
2023
$162B
2024
Service imports
$8.78B
2023
$63.6B
2024
Service exports
$1.5B
2023
$55.6B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.2%
2024
33.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
26%
2024
47.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ivory Coast Norway
Economic freedom 58.1 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 111/197 9/197
Property rights 43.9 99.6
Government integrity 39.3 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 30.2 96.4
Tax burden 81.6 63.3
Government spending 86.6 42
Fiscal health 48 96.4
Business freedom 68.3 91.2
Labor freedom 57.1 69.3
Monetary freedom 67.6 72.4
Trade freedom 74.4 85.6
Investment freedom 50 75
Financial freedom 50 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ivory Coast
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ivory Coast Norway
2026 58.1 78.8
2025 57.8 78.3
2024 58.4 77.5
2023 60.4 76.9
2022 61.6 76.9
2021 61.7 73.4
2020 59.7 73.4
2019 62.4 73
2018 62 74.3
2017 63 74
2016 60 70.8
2015 58.5 71.8
2014 57.7 70.9
2013 54.1 70.5
2012 54.3 68.8
2011 55.4 70.3
2010 54.1 69.4
2009 55 70.2
2008 53.9 68.6
2007 54.9 67.9
2006 56.2 67.9
2005 56.6 64.5
2004 57.8 66.2
2003 56.7 67.2
2002 57.3 67.4
2001 54.8 67.1
2000 50.2 70.1
1999 51.7 68.6
1998 51.3 68
1997 50.5 65.1
1996 49.9 65.4
1995 53.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ivory Coast is 58.1, ranking 111/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ivory Coast Norway
Services, % of GDP
51.9%
2024
51.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2024
37%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
15.9%
2024
2.08%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$80.9B
2024
$547B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,360
2024
$106,830
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$81.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
32/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2B
2023
-$7.83B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.12B
2024
$12B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$228M
2024
$4.95B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
6.44%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.5%
2021
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
24.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ivory-coast/norway | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.