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Economy of Brazil vs Gabon compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.19T compared to $20.9B for Gabon, ranking 10/197 and 127/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.91T in government debt (87.3% of GDP), compared to $15.2B (72.7% of GDP) in Gabon.

Brazil vs Gabon GDP by year

Brazil
Gabon
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Gabon
2024 $2,185,821,648,944 $20,895,684,426
2023 $2,191,131,869,706 $19,388,372,071
2022 $1,951,923,832,084 $20,440,655,695
2021 $1,670,647,464,063 $19,444,935,097
2020 $1,476,107,292,152 $15,342,236,164
2019 $1,873,288,158,839 $16,874,405,465
2018 $1,916,933,708,353 $16,867,326,402
2017 $2,063,514,688,806 $14,929,487,485
2016 $1,795,693,265,999 $14,023,890,265
2015 $1,802,211,999,456 $14,383,107,763
2014 $2,456,043,766,032 $18,203,966,896
2013 $2,472,819,362,044 $17,595,744,798
2012 $2,465,228,293,707 $17,170,464,016
2011 $2,616,156,606,579 $18,210,307,744
2010 $2,208,838,108,484 $14,372,593,020
2009 $1,666,996,294,252 $12,113,699,068
2008 $1,695,855,391,758 $15,571,348,344
2007 $1,397,114,247,189 $12,455,409,587
2006 $1,107,626,711,163 $10,327,598,306
2005 $891,633,826,625 $9,582,783,991
2004 $669,289,321,945 $7,770,219,008
2003 $558,233,724,165 $6,511,903,365
2002 $509,795,270,685 $5,335,451,100
2001 $559,983,704,094 $5,023,265,413
2000 $655,448,188,259 $5,080,483,629
1999 $599,642,075,004 $4,662,992,036
1998 $863,711,007,325 $4,483,417,310
1997 $883,206,452,795 $5,326,817,115
1996 $850,426,433,004 $5,694,040,003
1995 $769,333,330,412 $4,958,845,648
1994 $525,369,851,354 $4,190,819,344
1993 $368,295,778,245 $4,378,645,081
1992 $328,187,960,872 $5,592,390,827
1991 $342,609,231,343 $5,402,919,785
1990 $390,725,626,003 $5,952,293,765
1989 $412,990,820,287 $4,186,411,464
1988 $307,881,930,752 $3,834,503,376
1987 $283,056,836,894 $3,281,797,043
1986 $256,480,852,471 $3,403,638,189
1985 $210,879,844,639 $3,339,914,757
1984 $188,339,974,087 $3,561,451,561
1983 $189,656,506,321 $3,391,275,732
1982 $271,314,113,768 $3,618,007,841
1981 $258,015,174,749 $3,862,269,121
1980 $237,393,489,893 $4,279,637,942
1979 $221,338,204,480 $3,030,251,120
1978 $200,278,646,124 $2,389,479,272
1977 $176,344,101,402 $2,809,349,069
1976 $153,168,949,208 $3,009,409,974
1975 $129,203,555,239 $2,157,592,940
1974 $109,794,519,728 $1,544,216,002
1973 $83,592,275,863 $722,780,701
1972 $58,434,858,375 $430,508,359
1971 $48,869,830,902 $381,687,073
1970 $42,327,664,794 $323,802,476
1969 $37,171,640,819 $318,124,701
1968 $33,930,457,425 $294,468,564
1967 $31,086,389,195 $271,543,680
1966 $28,283,323,733 $245,849,781
1965 $22,465,522,884 $226,474,286
1964 $20,963,733,695 $215,679,855
1963 $23,287,712,878 $154,480,244
1962 $19,231,747,852 $182,796,536
1961 $17,275,940,449 $167,637,907
1960 $17,030,465,539 $141,468,978

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Gabon by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Gabon
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Gabon
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $8,230 $21,510
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $7,803 $20,756
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $8,409 $19,993
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $8,181 $18,524
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $6,606 $14,477
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $7,441 $15,950
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $7,624 $15,432
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $6,922 $14,797
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $6,677 $13,998
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $7,047 $14,306
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $9,201 $14,854
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $9,198 $14,498
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $9,297 $14,620
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $10,219 $14,784
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $8,357 $14,015
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $7,291 $13,384
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $9,689 $13,734
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $8,004 $14,391
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $6,847 $13,637
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $6,548 $14,028
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $5,466 $13,638
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $4,711 $13,564
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $3,966 $13,369
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $3,836 $13,556
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $3,983 $13,326
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $3,751 $13,629
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $3,700 $15,138
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $4,509 $14,837
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $4,943 $14,147
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $4,415 $13,750
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $3,828 $13,164
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $4,106 $12,757
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $5,386 $12,312
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $5,345 $12,760
1990 $2,620 $6,688 $6,051 $11,952
1989 $2,819 - $4,374 -
1988 $2,141 - $4,119 -
1987 $2,006 - $3,624 -
1986 $1,854 - $3,865 -
1985 $1,556 - $3,898 -
1984 $1,420 - $4,273 -
1983 $1,461 - $4,182 -
1982 $2,138 - $4,584 -
1981 $2,080 - $5,026 -
1980 $1,959 - $5,718 -
1979 $1,870 - $4,155 -
1978 $1,733 - $3,360 -
1977 $1,562 - $4,048 -
1976 $1,390 - $4,441 -
1975 $1,201 - $3,258 -
1974 $1,045 - $2,384 -
1973 $815 - $1,140 -
1972 $583 - $693 -
1971 $500 - $627 -
1970 $444 - $543 -
1969 $399 - $545 -
1968 $374 - $515 -
1967 $351 - $482 -
1966 $328 - $443 -
1965 $268 - $415 -
1964 $257.3 - $400 -
1963 $294.2 - $290.7 -
1962 $250.2 - $348 -
1961 $231.6 - $323 -
1960 $235.3 - $276.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,311, ranking 85/197, compared to $8,230 in Gabon, ranking 93/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Gabon ranks 90th at $21,510.

Economic indicators

Brazil Gabon
Gross domestic product
$2.19T
2024
$20.9B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
127/197
2024
GDP growth
3.42%
2023-2024
3.39%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,311
2024
$8,230
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
93/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$21,510
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
90/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2024
$15.2B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
87.3%
2024
72.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,999
2024
$5,985
2024
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2024
75/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,263
2026
$5,368
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
433,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
56
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
27.7%
2017
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
2.2%
2017
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.7%
2024
24.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.4%
2023-2024
1.17%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
20.4%
2010
Population
213824938
2663339

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Gabon
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Gabon
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.7% 87.3% 24.8% 72.7%
2023 45.3% 84% 21.5% 70.6%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 19.7% 65.6%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 17.3% 72.9%
2020 46.2% 96% 19.8% 83%
2019 43% 87.1% 17.4% 59.8%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 17.1% 62.3%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 18.1% 62.9%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 21.8% 64.5%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 22.3% 44.7%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 23.8% 34.1%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 34.7% 31.1%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 23.9% 21.4%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 22.1% 21.4%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 23.1% 21.3%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 22.6% 26%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 18.9% 20.1%
2007 40.4% 63% 19.4% 39.2%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 21.1% 34.9%
2005 41.9% 67% 20.8% 41.7%
2004 39.7% 68% 20.9% 60.3%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 21.2% 70.2%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 25.7% 81.1%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 27.8% 81%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 20.3% 72.5%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 25.5% 73.1%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 45.5% 87.6%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 29.7% 57%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 22.2% 64.5%
1995 - 28% 25.1% 73.4%
1994 - 30% 23.9% 71.3%
1993 - 32.6% 26.9% 90.1%
1992 - 37.1% 26.5% 87.9%
1991 - 38.1% 25.1% 89.3%
1990 - 40.6% 22.6% 90%
1989 - 40.2% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $998B, accounting for 45.7% of its GDP, while Gabon spent $5.18B, or 24.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 87.3% in Brazil and 72.7% in Gabon, ranking 38/185 and 51/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Gabon
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Gabon
2024 -6.19% -3.84%
2023 -7.71% 1.79%
2022 -3.96% -0.89%
2021 -2.63% -1.93%
2020 -11.6% -2.19%
2019 -4.86% 2.13%
2018 -6.99% -0.21%
2017 -7.97% -1.7%
2016 -7.99% -4.71%
2015 -9.28% -1.12%
2014 -6.27% 5.98%
2013 -3.42% -3.07%
2012 -2.35% 6.2%
2011 -2.74% 1.41%
2010 -3.55% 2.7%
2009 -4.23% 6.77%
2008 -2.39% 11%
2007 -2.66% 8.06%
2006 -4.87% 8.67%
2005 -3.36% 7.98%
2004 -2.95% 6.99%
2003 -5.4% 7.75%
2002 -4.15% 3.72%
2001 -3.47% 4.07%
2000 -3.32% 11.1%
1999 -5.17% 1.11%
1998 -7.22% -13.1%
1997 -5.6% 1.41%
1996 -5.35% 2.12%
1995 - 2.64%
1994 - -1.53%
1993 - -5.35%
1992 - -4.9%
1991 - -2.03%
1990 - -3.83%
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 6.19% of GDP. This compares to Gabon's deficit of $802M, or 3.84% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Gabon ran a deficit in 15 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.09% of GDP, compared to surplus of 1.52% of GDP for Gabon.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Gabon
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Gabon
2024 4.4% 1.17%
2023 4.6% 3.63%
2022 9.3% 4.23%
2021 8.3% 1.09%
2020 3.2% 1.35%
2019 3.7% 2.46%
2018 3.7% 4.75%
2017 3.4% 2.65%
2016 8.7% 2.11%
2015 9% -0.34%
2014 6.3% 4.69%
2013 6.2% 0.51%
2012 5.4% 2.65%
2011 6.6% 1.26%
2010 5% 1.46%
2009 4.9% 1.89%
2008 5.7% 5.26%
2007 3.6% 5.03%
2006 4.2% -1.41%
2005 6.9% 3.71%
2004 6.6% 0.41%
2003 14.7% 2.24%
2002 8.4% 0.04%
2001 6.8% 2.14%
2000 7% 0.5%
1999 4.9% -1.94%
1998 3.2% 1.45%
1997 6.9% 3.97%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.13%, compared with 2.03% in Gabon. In 2024, inflation was 4.4% in Brazil and 1.17% in Gabon.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $61.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $12.6M
Raw materials & minerals $2.83M
Weapons & explosives $2.29M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.45M
Machinery & equipment $774K
Chemicals & pharma $374K
Metals $368K
Wood & paper products $185K
Raw agricultural goods $96K
Gabon
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $421M
Machinery & equipment $47.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $124K
Raw agricultural goods $36K
Wood & paper products $36K
Metals $9K
Animal & marine products $1K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Brazil Gabon
Current account balance
-$66.2B
2024
$141M
2015
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2024
66/190
2015
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.03%
2024
+0.98%
2015
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$3.17B
2015
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$5.11B
2015
Service imports
$103B
2024
$1.88B
2015
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$277M
2015
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.6%
2024
27.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
64.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Gabon
Economic freedom 52.4 56.6
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 120/197
Property rights 49.2 30
Government integrity 37.2 22.6
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 19.9
Tax burden 70.6 76.5
Government spending 39.8 85.5
Fiscal health 28 87.9
Business freedom 65.7 63.6
Labor freedom 57 55.4
Monetary freedom 76 80.9
Trade freedom 69 57.4
Investment freedom 40 60
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Gabon
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Gabon
2026 52.4 56.6
2025 55.1 56.3
2024 53.2 56.9
2023 53.5 56.1
2022 53.3 55.8
2021 53.4 58.1
2020 53.7 56.7
2019 51.9 56.3
2018 51.4 58
2017 52.9 58.6
2016 56.5 59
2015 56.6 58.3
2014 56.9 57.8
2013 57.7 57.8
2012 57.9 56.4
2011 56.3 56.7
2010 55.6 55.4
2009 56.7 55
2008 56.2 54.2
2007 56.2 54.8
2006 60.9 56.1
2005 61.7 54.8
2004 62 57.1
2003 63.4 58.7
2002 61.5 58
2001 61.9 55
2000 61.1 58.2
1999 61.3 60.5
1998 52.3 59.2
1997 52.6 58.8
1996 48.1 55.7
1995 51.4 57.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 56.6 for Gabon, ranking 120/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Gabon
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
36.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
52.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.75%
2024
6.56%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$19.8B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,590
2024
$20,400
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
$1.45B
2023
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
136/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.8B
2024
-$25.3M
2015
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$1.14B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
-$33.8M
2019
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
5.67%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
33.4%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17%
2024
19.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/gabon | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.