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Economy of Guinea vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Guinea has a GDP of $28.3B compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 117/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Guinea has $13.6B in government debt (48.1% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Guinea vs Norway GDP by year

Guinea
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Guinea Norway
2025 $28,346,024,753 $530,755,719,439
2024 $25,008,678,293 $500,886,328,034
2023 $22,407,615,556 $502,197,633,323
2022 $19,910,452,542 $617,321,834,099
2021 $17,069,115,738 $521,592,200,233
2020 $14,088,693,743 $382,252,517,922
2019 $13,442,861,496 $424,244,886,364
2018 $11,857,030,367 $454,588,871,811
2017 $10,324,668,271 $415,673,181,543
2016 $8,595,955,222 $383,284,047,619
2015 $8,794,201,743 $400,669,174,331
2014 $8,778,473,373 $515,829,568,897
2013 $8,376,613,539 $540,132,255,319
2012 $7,638,044,557 $525,082,939,407
2011 $6,785,137,203 $512,868,581,628
2010 $6,853,467,146 $440,132,138,425
2009 $6,716,905,340 $395,664,488,017
2008 $6,964,179,983 $472,060,283,688
2007 $6,281,918,226 $407,813,774,161
2006 $4,220,019,845 $349,773,283,645
2005 $4,282,468,637 $311,417,306,946
2004 $5,300,767,961 $265,662,977,688
2003 $5,025,167,975 $229,192,678,173
2002 $4,301,608,753 $195,359,978,957
2001 $4,125,527,603 $173,590,978,347
2000 $4,367,458,867 $170,620,327,660
1999 $5,046,806,783 $161,304,620,987
1998 $5,232,118,046 $152,955,958,172
1997 $5,516,916,163 $160,013,571,974
1996 $5,641,243,100 $162,427,517,132
1995 $5,385,704,166 $151,083,627,983
1994 $4,932,800,407 $126,324,387,894
1993 $4,781,166,117 $119,841,699,440
1992 $4,789,220,417 $129,998,873,602
1991 $4,396,178,694 $121,149,331,318
1990 $3,888,320,666 $119,344,377,526
1989 $3,546,079,263 $102,226,808,603
1988 $3,476,480,303 $101,497,621,605
1987 $2,976,714,019 $93,913,320,965
1986 $2,909,130,355 $78,438,205,742
1985 $22,787,644,566 $65,211,464,198
1984 $18,421,497,251 $61,866,078,539
1983 $15,129,893,722 $61,417,685,434
1982 $11,926,032,493 $62,453,362,256
1981 $9,646,440,667 $63,392,804,251
1980 $9,746,524,915 $64,176,789,764
1979 $8,877,094,497 $52,935,763,512
1978 $8,087,305,999 $46,355,988,784
1977 $6,914,381,291 $41,362,637,363
1976 $6,762,781,871 $35,815,449,464
1975 $6,102,769,605 $32,742,543,381
1974 $5,691,417,541 $27,033,413,362
1973 $5,152,080,388 $22,433,660,550
1972 $4,203,069,035 $17,283,931,878
1971 $3,594,302,908 $14,523,306,736
1970 $3,220,224,608 $12,753,503,479
1969 - $11,083,505,596
1968 - $10,178,705,992
1967 - $9,532,076,026
1966 - $8,712,528,095
1965 - $8,073,570,566
1964 - $7,172,430,304
1963 - $6,522,268,053
1962 - $6,078,186,245
1961 - $5,642,867,672
1960 - $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Guinea vs Norway by year

Guinea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Guinea Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,877 - $94,594 -
2024 $1,695 $4,565 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $1,555 $4,334 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $1,417 $4,062 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $1,245 $3,739 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $1,054 $3,332 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $1,031 $3,106 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $933 $2,844 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $834 $2,687 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $712 $2,255 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $747 $1,930 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $765 $1,873 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $748 $1,842 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $699 $1,790 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $637 $1,705 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $659 $1,622 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $662 $1,567 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $704 $1,614 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $650 $1,558 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $447 $1,453 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $463 $1,422 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $585 $1,366 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $566 $1,328 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $496 $1,315 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $483 $1,251 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $518 $1,196 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $611 $1,163 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $647 $1,130 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $696 $1,099 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $726 $1,048 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $713 $1,014 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $672 $976 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $671 $947 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $693 $908 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $656 $887 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $604 $871 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $570 - $24,185 -
1988 $574 - $24,112 -
1987 $505 - $22,430 -
1986 $506 - $18,822 -
1985 $4,062 - $15,704 -
1984 $3,362 - $14,943 -
1983 $2,823 - $14,877 -
1982 $2,273 - $15,178 -
1981 $1,876 - $15,463 -
1980 $1,931 - $15,708 -
1979 $1,790 - $12,998 -
1978 $1,658 - $11,421 -
1977 $1,440 - $10,230 -
1976 $1,431 - $8,896 -
1975 $1,311 - $8,171 -
1974 $1,243 - $6,783 -
1973 $1,143 - $5,664 -
1972 $948 - $4,395 -
1971 $825 - $3,721 -
1970 $753 - $3,291 -
1969 - - $2,881 -
1968 - - $2,667 -
1967 - - $2,519 -
1966 - - $2,321 -
1965 - - $2,168 -
1964 - - $1,941 -
1963 - - $1,779 -
1962 - - $1,670 -
1961 - - $1,563 -
1960 - - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

Guinea's GDP per capita is $1,877, ranking 161/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Guinea ranks 161st at $4,565, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Guinea Norway
Gross domestic product
$28.3B
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
117/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
7.45%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,877
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
161/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$4,565
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
161/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$13.6B
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
48.1%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$902
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
146/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,966
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires n/a
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.1%
2018
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2018
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.1%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
5.02%
2019
4.5%
2025
Population
15624314
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Guinea
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Guinea Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 25.2% 48.1% 49.6% 45%
2024 20.6% 48.3% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 18.3% 39.8% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 15.7% 37.2% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 15.1% 40.6% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 17.1% 45.3% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 14.9% 37.3% 48.4% 39%
2018 15.9% 37.5% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 17.3% 39.9% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 16.1% 40.6% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 21.7% 41.5% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 20.1% 32.1% 44% 28.8%
2013 18.6% 30.5% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 19.6% 26.9% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 16% 53.8% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 20.5% 71.1% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 16.2% 61.3% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 10.1% 58.5% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 8.66% 60.8% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 13.2% 95.2% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 11% 97.9% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 13% 86.9% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 14.7% 81.6% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 14.4% 82.6% 46.3% 34%
2001 14.9% 90.4% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 12.6% 91.5% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 11.6% 92.3% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 10.3% 75.9% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 12.6% 67.9% 45.9% 26%
1996 12% 67.7% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 12.7% 66.5% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 12.6% 71.3% 49.7% 51%
1993 13.3% 68.9% 50.5% 54%
1992 13.8% 62% 51.6% 45.3%
1991 16.3% 70.9% 50.3% 39.5%
1990 18.7% 71.6% 49.1% 29.1%
1989 - - 52.2% 30.4%
1988 - - 52.6% 30.5%
1987 - - 50.5% 31.3%
1986 - - 48.1% 37.8%
1985 - - 44% 30.2%
1984 - - 44.5% 27.8%
1983 - - 46.4% 27.4%
1982 - - 46.6% 29.7%
1981 - - 46.1% 32.9%
1980 - - 46.1% 36.8%
1979 - - 47.2% 39.6%
1978 - - 47.9% 49.9%
1977 - - 46.5% 43.8%
1976 - - 45.2% 38.5%
1975 - - 43.5% 36.7%
1974 - - 42.2% 35.4%
1973 - - 42.3% 37.7%
1972 - - 42.2% 38.9%
1971 - - 40.7% 38.5%
1970 - - 38.9% 38.6%
1969 - - 38% 22.3%
1968 - - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 - - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 - - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 - - 32.9% 23%
1964 - - 32% 24.2%
1963 - - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 - - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 - - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 - - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Guinea's government spending was $7.13B, accounting for 25.2% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 48.1% in Guinea and 45% in Norway, ranking 111/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Guinea

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Guinea Norway
2025 -7% 9.34%
2024 -4.99% 12.8%
2023 -3.86% 15.9%
2022 -1.88% 24.7%
2021 -1.7% 9.93%
2020 -3.08% -2.46%
2019 -0.17% 6.28%
2018 -0.97% 7.56%
2017 -1.98% 4.79%
2016 -0.08% 3.91%
2015 -6.53% 5.8%
2014 -3.01% 8.34%
2013 -3.86% 10.3%
2012 23.7% 13.4%
2011 -0.92% 13%
2010 -9.66% 10.6%
2009 -4.87% 10%
2008 0.38% 18.3%
2007 1.28% 16.8%
2006 -2.13% 17.7%
2005 -1.06% 14.7%
2004 -3.85% 10.8%
2003 -4.65% 7.21%
2002 -3.37% 9.05%
2001 -3.23% 13.2%
2000 -2.42% 15.1%
1999 -1.3% 5.75%
1998 2.46% 3.09%
1997 0.07% 7.41%
1996 -2.2% 6.05%
1995 -1.07% 2.98%
1994 -2.59% 0.04%
1993 -2.33% -1.65%
1992 -0.89% -2.08%
1991 -3.25% -0.12%
1990 -3.76% 1.96%
1989 - 1.81%
1988 - 2.65%
1987 - 4.56%
1986 - 5.87%
1985 - 9.84%
1984 - 6.97%
1983 - 6.03%
1982 - 3.96%
1981 - 4.82%
1980 - 5.38%
1979 - 2.16%
1978 - 0.94%
1977 - 1.01%
1976 - 2.2%
1975 - 2.88%
1974 - 4.06%
1973 - 4.99%
1972 - 3.93%
1971 - 3.71%
1970 - 2.83%
1969 - 3.57%
1968 - 3.38%
1967 - 4.19%
1966 - 3.59%
1965 - 2.78%
1964 - 3.08%
1963 - 2.6%
1962 - 4%
1961 - -0.7%
1960 - 1.42%
1959 - 1.89%
1958 - 1.7%
1957 - 1.55%
1956 - 1.22%
1955 - 0.82%
1954 - -0.54%
1953 - 1.3%
1952 - 2.15%
1951 - 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Guinea's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.98B, equivalent to 7% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Guinea recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 4 years. On average, Guinea posted an annual deficit equal to 1.8% of GDP, compared to surplus of 8.62% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Guinea

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Guinea Norway
2025 3.1% 3.06%
2024 4.5% 3.15%
2023 5.4% 5.52%
2022 10.5% 5.76%
2021 12.6% 3.48%
2020 10.6% 1.29%
2019 9.5% 2.17%
2018 9.8% 2.76%
2017 8.9% 1.88%
2016 8.2% 3.55%
2015 8.2% 2.17%
2014 9.7% 2.04%
2013 11.9% 2.12%
2012 15.2% 0.7%
2011 21.4% 1.28%
2010 15.5% 2.42%
2009 4.7% 2.2%
2008 18.4% 3.75%
2007 22.9% 0.71%
2006 34.7% 2.33%
2005 31.4% 1.53%
2004 17.5% 0.45%
2003 11% 2.49%
2002 3% 1.29%
2001 5.4% 3%
2000 6.8% 3.09%
1999 4.6% 2.37%
1998 5.1% 2.25%
1997 1.9% 2.57%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Guinea has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 11.5%, compared with 2.46% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 3.1% in Guinea and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Guinea
Export category Export value
Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.24M
Animal & marine products $356K
Miscellaneous $83K
Raw materials & minerals $60K
Textiles & consumer goods $37K
Metals $27K
Chemicals & pharma $20K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

Guinea Norway
Current account balance
-$392M
2024
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
101/190
2024
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.57%
2024
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$7.08B
2024
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$11.6B
2024
$177B
2025
Service imports
$3.15B
2024
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$71.2M
2024
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
62.3%
2025
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2025
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Guinea Norway
Economic freedom 53.1 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 141/197 9/197
Property rights 21.3 99.6
Government integrity 26.7 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 26 96.4
Tax burden 70.1 63.3
Government spending 90.1 42
Fiscal health 74.8 96.4
Business freedom 44.8 91.2
Labor freedom 56.4 69.3
Monetary freedom 75.3 72.4
Trade freedom 61.8 85.6
Investment freedom 50 75
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Guinea
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Guinea Norway
2026 53.1 78.8
2025 54.6 78.3
2024 53.3 77.5
2023 53.2 76.9
2022 54.2 76.9
2021 56.5 73.4
2020 56.5 73.4
2019 55.7 73
2018 52.2 74.3
2017 47.6 74
2016 53.3 70.8
2015 52.1 71.8
2014 53.5 70.9
2013 51.2 70.5
2012 50.8 68.8
2011 51.7 70.3
2010 51.8 69.4
2009 51 70.2
2008 52.8 68.6
2007 54.5 67.9
2006 52.8 67.9
2005 57.4 64.5
2004 56.1 66.2
2003 54.6 67.2
2002 52.9 67.4
2001 58.4 67.1
2000 58.2 70.1
1999 59.4 68.6
1998 61 68
1997 52.9 65.1
1996 58.5 65.4
1995 59.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Guinea is 53.1, ranking 141/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Guinea Norway
Services, % of GDP
35.7%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.4%
2025
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
31.3%
2025
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$26.2B
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$4,730
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.35B
2024
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
137/177
2024
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.4B
2024
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.4B
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30K
2024
$5.62B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.94%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
47%
2020
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
37%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/guinea/norway | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.