Bhutan ranked 167/197 by economy size with a GDP of $3.58B and 128/197 by GDP per capita at $4,493. Bhutan has $3.71B in government debt, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 103.6%.
In 2025, Bhutan made up 0.003% of the world's economy, compared to 0.002% in 1970.
Bhutan GDP & GDP growth by year
| Year | GDP | GDP growth |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | $3,579,320,145 | 8.01% |
| 2024 | $3,346,603,859 | 7.5% |
| 2023 | $3,012,896,790 | 4.63% |
| 2022 | $2,898,227,744 | 5.21% |
| 2021 | $2,768,802,960 | 4.42% |
| 2020 | $2,457,604,334 | -10.2% |
| 2019 | $2,735,683,570 | 5.76% |
| 2018 | $2,583,335,722 | 3.5% |
| 2017 | $2,591,358,009 | 2.09% |
| 2016 | $2,357,504,761 | 8.48% |
| 2015 | $2,187,815,803 | 6.66% |
| 2014 | $2,089,079,571 | 5.88% |
| 2013 | $1,943,696,952 | 1.74% |
| 2012 | $1,973,387,228 | 5.16% |
| 2011 | $1,977,728,659 | 8.49% |
| 2010 | $1,708,880,730 | 11.9% |
| 2009 | $1,331,343,798 | 7.67% |
| 2008 | $1,317,517,835 | 4.53% |
| 2007 | $1,255,767,964 | 16.1% |
| 2006 | $942,879,879 | 5.64% |
| 2005 | $860,391,000 | 6.94% |
| 2004 | $735,348,490 | 5.16% |
| 2003 | $651,935,430 | 7.79% |
| 2002 | $559,345,264 | 10.4% |
| 2001 | $496,110,226 | 7.33% |
| 2000 | $460,733,418 | 3.36% |
| 1999 | $399,311,200 | 7.98% |
| 1998 | $363,458,381 | 5.91% |
| 1997 | $352,229,077 | 5.37% |
| 1996 | $303,408,346 | 5.57% |
| 1995 | $290,490,984 | 7.07% |
| 1994 | $258,954,708 | 4.95% |
| 1993 | $225,973,693 | 1.99% |
| 1992 | $240,233,531 | 4.6% |
| 1991 | $240,294,286 | -0.41% |
| 1990 | $287,765,007 | 10.4% |
| 1989 | $264,798,626 | 7.36% |
| 1988 | $272,298,067 | 4.77% |
| 1987 | $242,742,766 | 29.1% |
| 1986 | $191,218,115 | 11.4% |
| 1985 | $163,288,815 | 4.03% |
| 1984 | $160,423,494 | 4.56% |
| 1983 | $156,704,290 | 10.4% |
| 1982 | $141,439,317 | 3.44% |
| 1981 | $139,174,178 | 15.1% |
| 1980 | $128,669,201 | 5.01% |
| 1979 | $105,377,995 | 4.79% |
| 1978 | $94,086,228 | 7.13% |
| 1977 | $97,884,434 | 7.9% |
| 1976 | $88,461,263 | 8.95% |
| 1975 | $86,820,762 | -3.31% |
| 1974 | $92,901,784 | 5.16% |
| 1973 | $78,900,289 | 1.47% |
| 1972 | $70,139,867 | 1.16% |
| 1971 | $66,289,450 | 2.68% |
| 1970 | $61,812,113 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1970–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY 
Bhutan GDP per capita by year
| Year | Current $ | |
|---|---|---|
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $4,493 | - |
| 2024 | $4,228 | - |
| 2023 | $3,831 | $16,215 |
| 2022 | $3,711 | $15,064 |
| 2021 | $3,571 | $13,459 |
| 2020 | $3,192 | $12,475 |
| 2019 | $3,577 | $12,909 |
| 2018 | $3,400 | $11,970 |
| 2017 | $3,435 | $11,677 |
| 2016 | $3,152 | $11,273 |
| 2015 | $2,954 | $10,214 |
| 2014 | $2,849 | $9,323 |
| 2013 | $2,680 | $8,667 |
| 2012 | $2,751 | $8,577 |
| 2011 | $2,788 | $7,935 |
| 2010 | $2,436 | $7,246 |
| 2009 | $1,918 | $6,466 |
| 2008 | $1,920 | $6,035 |
| 2007 | $1,850 | $5,729 |
| 2006 | $1,406 | $4,860 |
| 2005 | $1,300 | $4,523 |
| 2004 | $1,130 | $4,173 |
| 2003 | $1,022 | $3,942 |
| 2002 | $896 | $3,663 |
| 2001 | $812 | $3,338 |
| 2000 | $772 | $3,113 |
| 1999 | $685 | $3,017 |
| 1998 | $638 | $2,819 |
| 1997 | $630 | $2,683 |
| 1996 | $553 | $2,548 |
| 1995 | $530 | $2,374 |
| 1994 | $467 | $2,146 |
| 1993 | $407 | $2,001 |
| 1992 | $416 | $1,840 |
| 1991 | $401 | $1,657 |
| 1990 | $488 | $1,638 |
| 1989 | $462 | - |
| 1988 | $489 | - |
| 1987 | $449 | - |
| 1986 | $365 | - |
| 1985 | $321 | - |
| 1984 | $326 | - |
| 1983 | $328 | - |
| 1982 | $306 | - |
| 1981 | $311 | - |
| 1980 | $296.9 | - |
| 1979 | $251.4 | - |
| 1978 | $232.2 | - |
| 1977 | $249.9 | - |
| 1976 | $233.7 | - |
| 1975 | $237.4 | - |
| 1974 | $262.8 | - |
| 1973 | $230.9 | - |
| 1972 | $212.4 | - |
| 1971 | $207.7 | - |
| 1970 | $200.3 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1970–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY
Bhutan has a GDP per capita of $4,493, ranking 128/197, a GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) of $16,215, ranking 109/197, and a median annual after tax income of $4,215, ranking 117/197.
Bhutan GDP rankings by year
| Year | Rank | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| GDP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | 154 | 117 | - |
| 2024 | 164 | 125 | - |
| 2023 | 167 | 126 | 102 |
| 2022 | 167 | 127 | 102 |
| 2021 | 166 | 132 | 105 |
| 2020 | 167 | 134 | 105 |
| 2019 | 167 | 128 | 107 |
| 2018 | 168 | 131 | 108 |
| 2017 | 168 | 131 | 105 |
| 2016 | 168 | 130 | 104 |
| 2015 | 171 | 133 | 109 |
| 2014 | 171 | 138 | 116 |
| 2013 | 172 | 138 | 117 |
| 2012 | 170 | 134 | 116 |
| 2011 | 172 | 134 | 116 |
| 2010 | 173 | 135 | 119 |
| 2009 | 177 | 133 | 122 |
| 2008 | 176 | 137 | 125 |
| 2007 | 175 | 129 | 124 |
| 2006 | 176 | 135 | 127 |
| 2005 | 174 | 129 | 126 |
| 2004 | 175 | 129 | 127 |
| 2003 | 174 | 128 | 126 |
| 2002 | 176 | 131 | 125 |
| 2001 | 177 | 130 | 126 |
| 2000 | 177 | 133 | 128 |
| 1999 | 178 | 136 | 126 |
| 1998 | 179 | 140 | 126 |
| 1997 | 178 | 145 | 124 |
| 1996 | 177 | 146 | 122 |
| 1995 | 176 | 148 | 122 |
| 1994 | 174 | 143 | 126 |
| 1993 | 173 | 144 | 127 |
| 1992 | 171 | 144 | 131 |
| 1991 | 169 | 150 | 137 |
| 1990 | 165 | 146 | 135 |
| 1989 | 151 | 132 | - |
| 1988 | 148 | 131 | - |
| 1987 | 146 | 130 | - |
| 1986 | 141 | 133 | - |
| 1985 | 144 | 134 | - |
| 1984 | 141 | 133 | - |
| 1983 | 139 | 130 | - |
| 1982 | 140 | 134 | - |
| 1981 | 141 | 134 | - |
| 1980 | 141 | 137 | - |
| 1979 | 134 | 129 | - |
| 1978 | 132 | 129 | - |
| 1977 | 131 | 123 | - |
| 1976 | 130 | 120 | - |
| 1975 | 131 | 120 | - |
| 1974 | 129 | 115 | - |
| 1973 | 127 | 114 | - |
| 1972 | 125 | 110 | - |
| 1971 | 125 | 107 | - |
| 1970 | 126 | 106 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1970–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY
Compared with 2000, in 2025 Bhutan is ranked 154th out of 179 by GDP (up from 177th), 117th by GDP per capita (up from 133rd), and 102nd by GDP per capita PPP (up from 128th).
Economic indicators
Bhutan
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$3.58B
2025 |
167/197 |
| GDP growth |
8.01%
2024-2025 |
13/194 |
| GDP per capita |
$4,493
2025 |
128/197 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$16,215
2023 |
109/197 |
| Government debt |
$3.71B
2025 |
151/185 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
103.6%
2025 |
19/185 |
| Government debt per person |
$4,655
2025 |
88/185 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$4,215
2026 |
117/197 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
22.7%
2022 |
152/169 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.6%
2022 |
28/169 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
30.5%
2025 |
93/195 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.6%
2024-2025 |
107/195 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.36%
2025 |
143/196 |
| Population |
805057
|
163/197 |
Government spending, deficit, and debt by year
| Year | % of GDP | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Government spending | Government debt | Government deficit/surplus | |
| 2025 | 30.5% | 103.6% | -2.7% |
| 2024 | 28.3% | 108.7% | -1.79% |
| 2023 | 28.9% | 117.2% | -4.73% |
| 2022 | 32.1% | 119.9% | -6.95% |
| 2021 | 36.6% | 124.5% | -5.76% |
| 2020 | 30.9% | 116% | -1.81% |
| 2019 | 24.2% | 100.8% | -1.49% |
| 2018 | 31.7% | 103.4% | -1.52% |
| 2017 | 30.6% | 104.1% | -4.49% |
| 2016 | 30.5% | 103% | -2.31% |
| 2015 | 27.5% | 90.2% | -0.49% |
| 2014 | 28.9% | 89.8% | 2.46% |
| 2013 | 32.5% | 87.4% | -4.55% |
| 2012 | 35.1% | 71.5% | -2.1% |
| 2011 | 36.1% | 62.3% | -3.02% |
| 2010 | 41.5% | 55.8% | 1.92% |
| 2009 | 39.3% | 61% | -0.8% |
| 2008 | 36.1% | 60.6% | -2.57% |
| 2007 | 33.2% | 67.3% | 0.79% |
| 2006 | 33.4% | 80.1% | -0.07% |
| 2005 | 36.4% | 80.8% | -6.96% |
| 2004 | 31% | 76% | 1.8% |
| 2003 | 34.7% | 68.5% | -10.2% |
| 2002 | 39.3% | 57.7% | -4.33% |
| 2001 | 50.3% | 52.4% | -12.2% |
| 2000 | 43% | 44% | -3.39% |
| 1999 | 40.2% | 39.2% | -1.28% |
| 1998 | 31.1% | 36.4% | 1.28% |
| 1997 | 37.8% | 33% | -1.92% |
| 1996 | 37.9% | 36.8% | 2.55% |
| 1995 | 38.6% | 38.7% | -0.88% |
| 1994 | 37.9% | 53.2% | -0.13% |
| 1993 | 35.2% | 60.2% | 4.71% |
| 1992 | 34.5% | 35.6% | -3.47% |
| 1991 | 30.8% | 33.5% | -0.48% |
| 1990 | 35.8% | 27.4% | -7.21% |
| 1989 | 46.8% | 26.4% | -10.1% |
| 1988 | 45.3% | 24.7% | 1.33% |
| 1987 | 47.5% | 17.3% | -0.56% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1987–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY
This chart shows Bhutan's government spending, budget balance, and debt over time, each expressed as a share of GDP.
Over the past 39 years, Bhutan recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of them, with an average annual deficit equal to 2.4% of GDP. In 2025, government spending reached $1.09B (30.5% of GDP), with a deficit of 2.7%.
The national debt reached $3.71B, ranking 151st out of 185 countries by total size, with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 103.6%, ranking 19th.
Inflation rate by year
| Year | Inflation |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 2.6% |
| 2024 | 4.3% |
| 2023 | 4.5% |
| 2022 | 5.9% |
| 2021 | 8.2% |
| 2020 | 3% |
| 2019 | 2.8% |
| 2018 | 3.6% |
| 2017 | 4.3% |
| 2016 | 3.3% |
| 2015 | 6.7% |
| 2014 | 9.6% |
| 2013 | 8.1% |
| 2012 | 10.1% |
| 2011 | 8.6% |
| 2010 | 4.8% |
| 2009 | 7.1% |
| 2008 | 6.3% |
| 2007 | 5.2% |
| 2006 | 4.9% |
| 2005 | 4.8% |
| 2004 | 3.3% |
| 2003 | 2.5% |
| 2002 | 2.9% |
| 2001 | 3.7% |
| 2000 | 7.2% |
| 1999 | 9.1% |
| 1998 | 7.6% |
| 1997 | 8.6% |
| 1996 | 8.8% |
| 1995 | 7.1% |
| 1994 | 9.5% |
| 1993 | 9.6% |
| 1992 | 8.1% |
| 1991 | 10.3% |
| 1990 | 9.4% |
| 1989 | 8.9% |
| 1988 | 8.2% |
| 1987 | 7% |
| 1986 | 5.2% |
| 1985 | 8% |
| 1984 | 13% |
| 1983 | 12.1% |
| 1982 | 9.9% |
| 1981 | 5% |
| 1980 | 12.5% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1980–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY
Over the past 20 years, Bhutan has had an average annual inflation rate of 5.7%. In 2025, inflation was 2.6%. The bar chart above shows consumer price inflation by year.
Balance of trade
|
Bhutan
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$649M
2024 |
105/190 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-19.4%
2024 |
178/190 |
| Goods imports |
$1.28B
2024 |
165/189 |
| Goods exports |
$660M
2024 |
156/189 |
| Service imports |
$228M
2024 |
172/189 |
| Service exports |
$288M
2024 |
157/189 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
47.9%
2024 |
82/182 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
31.5%
2024 |
108/193 |
Bhutan top 10 trading partners
Bhutan's biggest trading partner accounting for 60.3% of all exports and imports is India, with a trade balance between the two of -$750M: Bhutan exports $394M worth of goods and services to India and imports $1.14B.
Below is the list of the top 10 trade partners of Bhutan.
| Rank | Country | Trade value | Share of total trade | Export to | Import from | Top export to | Top import from |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
India
|
$1.54B | 60.3% | $394M | $1.14B | Metals | Raw materials & minerals |
| 2 |
China
|
$415M | 16.3% | $0 | $415M | Metals | Machinery & equipment |
| 3 |
Vietnam
|
$258M | 10.1% | $350K | $258M | Raw agricultural goods | Machinery & equipment |
| 4 |
Bangladesh
|
$84.4M | 3.31% | $68.8M | $15.5M | Raw materials & minerals | Processed food, beverages & tobacco |
| 5 |
Malaysia
|
$53.6M | 2.1% | $16K | $53.6M | Raw agricultural goods | Machinery & equipment |
| 6 |
Singapore
|
$26.5M | 1.04% | $221K | $26.3M | Chemicals & pharma | Machinery & equipment |
| 7 |
Thailand
|
$22.9M | 0.9% | $1.13M | $21.7M | Raw agricultural goods | Machinery & equipment |
| 8 |
United States
|
$22.2M | 0.87% | $12.3M | $9.91M | Metals | Machinery & equipment |
| 9 |
Japan
|
$17.9M | 0.7% | $101K | $17.8M | Raw agricultural goods | Machinery & equipment |
| 10 |
South Korea
|
$16.2M | 0.63% | $8.96M | $7.2M | Metals | Processed food, beverages & tobacco |
Top 10 exports
|
Bhutan
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Metals | $261M | 108/192 |
| Transport & tourism services | $231M | 152/191 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $166M | 142/193 |
| Government & miscellaneous services | $31M | 122/187 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $30.3M | 147/192 |
| Business & finance services | $24.9M | 160/189 |
| Machinery & equipment | $23M | 156/193 |
| Wood & paper products | $12.9M | 134/192 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $5.79M | 154/193 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $2.08M | 167/193 |
Top 10 imports
|
Bhutan
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Machinery & equipment | $1.04B | 141/193 |
| Raw materials & minerals | $351M | 158/193 |
| Metals | $166M | 153/193 |
| Transport & tourism services | $151M | 172/191 |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $112M | 169/193 |
| Chemicals & pharma | $93.8M | 168/193 |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $93.6M | 166/193 |
| Raw agricultural goods | $85.8M | 164/193 |
| Wood & paper products | $56.3M | 152/193 |
| Animal & marine products | $44.3M | 160/193 |
Economic freedom indices
|
Bhutan
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 57.5 | 115/197 |
| Property rights | 69.2 | 52/182 |
| Government integrity | 72.2 | 25/182 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 61.8 | 59/182 |
| Tax burden | 83.4 | 67/182 |
| Government spending | 74.1 | 91/180 |
| Fiscal health | 25.8 | 149/181 |
| Business freedom | 67.8 | 82/182 |
| Labor freedom | 60.1 | 51/182 |
| Monetary freedom | 71.6 | 122/180 |
| Trade freedom | 63.4 | 137/181 |
| Investment freedom | 20 | 161/181 |
| Financial freedom | 20 | 157/181 |
Economic freedom by year
| Year | Index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | Judicial effectiveness | Tax burden | Government spending | Fiscal health | |
| 2026 | 57.5 | 61.8 | 83.4 | 74.1 | 25.8 |
| 2025 | 57.5 | 62.9 | 83.4 | 68.2 | 25.8 |
| 2024 | 55.4 | 64.2 | 83.6 | 61.8 | 36.5 |
| 2023 | 59 | 72.3 | 84 | 72.2 | 78.7 |
| 2022 | 59.3 | 60.9 | 82.4 | 71.6 | 72.4 |
| 2021 | 58.3 | 45.7 | 82.2 | 71.6 | 70.2 |
| 2020 | 62.1 | 46.4 | 82.9 | 71.1 | 74.8 |
| 2019 | 62.9 | 55.4 | 83 | 71.6 | 77.6 |
| 2018 | 61.8 | 51.6 | 83 | 72.2 | 80 |
| 2017 | 58.4 | 50.7 | 83.1 | 73.6 | 61.7 |
| 2016 | 59.5 | - | 83.1 | 67.5 | - |
| 2015 | 57.4 | - | 82.6 | 60.1 | - |
| 2014 | 56.7 | - | 82.9 | 57.2 | - |
| 2013 | 55 | - | 82.7 | 38.8 | - |
| 2012 | 56.6 | - | 83.8 | 55.3 | - |
| 2011 | 57.6 | - | 83.9 | 64.1 | - |
| 2010 | 57 | - | 84.1 | 58.3 | - |
| 2009 | 57.7 | - | 83.6 | 58.3 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2009–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY
Bhutan is ranked 102/174 for economic freedom with a score of 57.5, compared to 98/177 and a score of 57.7 in 2009.
Other economic metrics
|
Bhutan
|
Rank | |
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
53.2%
2025 |
121/191 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
33.2%
2025 |
42/194 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
13.7%
2025 |
58/193 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$3.43B
2025 |
167/194 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$18,520
2025 |
100/191 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$1.19B
2025 |
140/177 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$2.82M
2024 |
48/189 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$2.82M
2024 |
166/193 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
2024 |
137/193 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
5.11%
2024 |
52/121 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
12.4%
2022 |
144/176 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
42.6%
2024 |
4/179 |
Compare Bhutan vs other countries
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1970–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2009–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1987–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.