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Economy of Norway vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Norway has a GDP of $531B compared to $57.5B for Tunisia, ranking 32/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Norway has $239B in government debt (45% of GDP), compared to $46.7B (81.3% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Norway vs Tunisia GDP by year

Norway
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Norway Tunisia
2025 $530,755,719,439 $57,502,836,548
2024 $500,886,328,034 $51,412,122,480
2023 $502,197,633,323 $48,205,328,303
2022 $617,321,834,099 $44,929,920,093
2021 $521,592,200,233 $47,073,234,359
2020 $382,252,517,922 $42,491,780,918
2019 $424,244,886,364 $41,905,642,419
2018 $454,588,871,811 $42,686,504,460
2017 $415,673,181,543 $42,163,530,591
2016 $383,284,047,619 $44,360,072,680
2015 $400,669,174,331 $45,779,494,042
2014 $515,829,568,897 $50,271,812,921
2013 $540,132,255,319 $48,685,446,414
2012 $525,082,939,407 $47,311,401,813
2011 $512,868,581,628 $48,123,325,825
2010 $440,132,138,425 $46,206,091,938
2009 $395,664,488,017 $43,455,740,497
2008 $472,060,283,688 $44,859,439,902
2007 $407,813,774,161 $38,915,353,867
2006 $349,773,283,645 $34,376,664,601
2005 $311,417,306,946 $32,272,186,695
2004 $265,662,977,688 $31,183,885,241
2003 $229,192,678,173 $27,453,902,261
2002 $195,359,978,957 $23,141,616,605
2001 $173,590,978,347 $22,065,832,449
2000 $170,620,327,660 $21,473,528,161
1999 $161,304,620,987 $22,943,202,175
1998 $152,955,958,172 $21,802,893,587
1997 $160,013,571,974 $20,746,210,354
1996 $162,427,517,132 $19,587,161,807
1995 $151,083,627,983 $18,030,876,599
1994 $126,324,387,894 $15,633,174,304
1993 $119,841,699,440 $14,608,335,608
1992 $129,998,873,602 $15,496,708,060
1991 $121,149,331,318 $13,074,782,609
1990 $119,344,377,526 $12,290,568,182
1989 $102,226,808,603 $10,101,851,745
1988 $101,497,621,605 $10,096,245,762
1987 $93,913,320,965 $9,696,715,911
1986 $78,438,205,742 $9,017,806,654
1985 $65,211,464,198 $8,410,226,053
1984 $61,866,078,539 $8,254,541,195
1983 $61,417,685,434 $8,350,582,748
1982 $62,453,362,256 $8,133,580,052
1981 $63,392,804,251 $8,428,445,294
1980 $64,176,789,764 $8,744,134,354
1979 $52,935,763,512 $7,188,863,904
1978 $46,355,988,784 $5,968,460,080
1977 $41,362,637,363 $5,109,324,009
1976 $35,815,449,464 $4,508,191,942
1975 $32,742,543,381 $4,328,965,588
1974 $27,033,413,362 $3,545,868,575
1973 $22,433,660,550 $2,730,813,385
1972 $17,283,931,878 $2,237,556,149
1971 $14,523,306,736 $1,685,162,272
1970 $12,753,503,479 $1,439,238,095
1969 $11,083,505,596 $1,289,904,762
1968 $10,178,705,992 $1,214,666,667
1967 $9,532,076,026 $1,085,714,286
1966 $8,712,528,095 $1,040,952,381
1965 $8,073,570,566 $991,047,619
1964 $7,172,430,304 $1,025,866,792
1963 $6,522,268,053 $1,026,737,600
1962 $6,078,186,245 $880,027,733
1961 $5,642,867,672 $866,155,429
1960 $5,172,811,442 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Norway vs Tunisia by year

Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Norway Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $94,594 - $4,657 -
2024 $89,889 $102,038 $4,188 $14,521
2023 $90,984 $103,638 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $113,122 $125,490 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $96,443 $88,984 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $71,058 $67,111 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $79,329 $70,940 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $85,579 $70,254 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $78,771 $64,590 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $73,222 $59,280 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $77,221 $60,738 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $100,410 $66,332 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $106,333 $67,378 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $104,628 $65,774 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $103,545 $62,460 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $90,020 $58,213 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $81,940 $55,648 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $99,002 $62,073 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $86,600 $56,179 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $75,048 $54,358 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $67,358 $47,967 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $57,855 $42,667 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $50,208 $38,680 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $43,048 $38,056 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $38,458 $37,829 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $37,992 $36,994 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $36,151 $30,574 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $34,516 $28,200 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $36,324 $28,610 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $37,073 $26,826 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $34,659 $24,360 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $29,130 $23,027 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $27,793 $21,584 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $30,328 $20,623 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $28,427 $19,580 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $28,137 $18,461 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $24,185 - $1,239 -
1988 $24,112 - $1,266 -
1987 $22,430 - $1,245 -
1986 $18,822 - $1,187 -
1985 $15,704 - $1,135 -
1984 $14,943 - $1,143 -
1983 $14,877 - $1,184 -
1982 $15,178 - $1,177 -
1981 $15,463 - $1,247 -
1980 $15,708 - $1,324 -
1979 $12,998 - $1,113 -
1978 $11,421 - $946 -
1977 $10,230 - $830 -
1976 $8,896 - $752 -
1975 $8,171 - $741 -
1974 $6,783 - $624 -
1973 $5,664 - $493 -
1972 $4,395 - $415 -
1971 $3,721 - $320 -
1970 $3,291 - $280.5 -
1969 $2,881 - $257.7 -
1968 $2,667 - $248.9 -
1967 $2,519 - $228 -
1966 $2,321 - $223.8 -
1965 $2,168 - $217.3 -
1964 $1,941 - $228.5 -
1963 $1,779 - $231.9 -
1962 $1,670 - $201.4 -
1961 $1,563 - $200.7 -
1960 $1,444 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

Norway's GDP per capita is $94,594, ranking 9/197, compared to $4,657 in Tunisia, ranking 127/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Norway ranks 7th at $102,038, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Norway Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$531B
2025
$57.5B
2025
GDP rank
32/197
2025
93/197
2025
GDP growth
1.09%
2024-2025
2.49%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$94,594
2025
$4,657
2025
GDP per capita rank
9/197
2025
127/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$102,038
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
7/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$239B
2025
$46.7B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
45%
2025
81.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$42,567
2025
$3,785
2025
Government debt per person rank
15/185
2025
95/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,036
2026
$4,193
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$296B
2019
$12B
2025
Number of millionaires
348,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
17
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
21.6%
2023
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.6%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.06%
2024-2025
5.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.25%
2026
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.5%
2025
15.1%
2023
Population
5660666
12450912

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Norway
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Norway Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.6% 45% 34% 81.3%
2024 46.9% 52.8% 35.8% 85.7%
2023 44.2% 42.4% 35.9% 84%
2022 36.2% 34.8% 36.6% 83%
2021 44.7% 40.1% 33.4% 79.7%
2020 54.5% 44.3% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 48.4% 39% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 46.1% 38.1% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 47.6% 36.9% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 48.8% 36.7% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 46.7% 33.2% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 44% 28.8% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 42.3% 30.6% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 41.4% 30.2% 28.3% 49%
2011 42.3% 28.9% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 43.6% 42.1% 24% 38.8%
2009 44.7% 41.7% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 39.2% 46.8% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 40.5% 48.9% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 40.1% 52.2% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 41.6% 42.1% 23% 50%
2004 44.7% 43.8% 23% 51.6%
2003 47.7% 43.1% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 46.3% 34% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 43.4% 27.3% 24% 52.2%
2000 41.5% 28.8% 24% 62.9%
1999 46.7% 25.1% 24% 61.9%
1998 48.2% 23.8% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 45.9% 26% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 47.4% 28.6% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 49.6% 32.9% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 49.7% 51% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 50.5% 54% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 51.6% 45.3% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 50.3% 39.5% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 49.1% 29.1% - -
1989 52.2% 30.4% - -
1988 52.6% 30.5% - -
1987 50.5% 31.3% - -
1986 48.1% 37.8% - -
1985 44% 30.2% - -
1984 44.5% 27.8% - -
1983 46.4% 27.4% - -
1982 46.6% 29.7% - -
1981 46.1% 32.9% - -
1980 46.1% 36.8% - -
1979 47.2% 39.6% - -
1978 47.9% 49.9% - -
1977 46.5% 43.8% - -
1976 45.2% 38.5% - -
1975 43.5% 36.7% - -
1974 42.2% 35.4% - -
1973 42.3% 37.7% - -
1972 42.2% 38.9% - -
1971 40.7% 38.5% - -
1970 38.9% 38.6% - -
1969 38% 22.3% - -
1968 36.2% 22.5% - -
1967 34.9% 22.6% - -
1966 33.5% 22.4% - -
1965 32.9% 23% - -
1964 32% 24.2% - -
1963 31.9% 25.3% - -
1962 30.6% 26.7% - -
1961 20.4% 27.7% - -
1960 18% 29.8% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Norway's government spending was $263B, accounting for 49.6% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $19.6B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 45% in Norway and 81.3% in Tunisia, ranking 117/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Norway

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Norway Tunisia
2025 9.34% -5.24%
2024 12.8% -6.36%
2023 15.9% -7.27%
2022 24.7% -7%
2021 9.93% -7.81%
2020 -2.46% -9.06%
2019 6.28% -3.6%
2018 7.56% -4.27%
2017 4.79% -5.61%
2016 3.91% -5.87%
2015 5.8% -4.95%
2014 8.34% -3.11%
2013 10.3% -7.05%
2012 13.4% -4.9%
2011 13% -3.19%
2010 10.6% -0.46%
2009 10% -2.59%
2008 18.3% -0.62%
2007 16.8% -2.47%
2006 17.7% -2.33%
2005 14.7% -2.59%
2004 10.8% -2.1%
2003 7.21% -2.64%
2002 9.05% -2.55%
2001 13.2% -2.87%
2000 15.1% -3.22%
1999 5.75% -3.05%
1998 3.09% -2.84%
1997 7.41% -3.7%
1996 6.05% -5.18%
1995 2.98% -4.53%
1994 0.04% -2.87%
1993 -1.65% -3.22%
1992 -2.08% -3.45%
1991 -0.12% -5.25%
1990 1.96% -
1989 1.81% -
1988 2.65% -
1987 4.56% -
1986 5.87% -
1985 9.84% -
1984 6.97% -
1983 6.03% -
1982 3.96% -
1981 4.82% -
1980 5.38% -
1979 2.16% -
1978 0.94% -
1977 1.01% -
1976 2.2% -
1975 2.88% -
1974 4.06% -
1973 4.99% -
1972 3.93% -
1971 3.71% -
1970 2.83% -
1969 3.57% -
1968 3.38% -
1967 4.19% -
1966 3.59% -
1965 2.78% -
1964 3.08% -
1963 2.6% -
1962 4% -
1961 -0.7% -
1960 1.42% -
1959 1.89% -
1958 1.7% -
1957 1.55% -
1956 1.22% -
1955 0.82% -
1954 -0.54% -
1953 1.3% -
1952 2.15% -
1951 1.59% -
1950 -0.89% -
1949 -0.72% -
1948 -0.35% -
1947 -4.66% -
1946 -3.82% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -0.54% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 -0.16% -
1936 -0.7% -
1935 -1.1% -
1934 -0.59% -
1933 -1.29% -
1932 -1.14% -
1931 -1.15% -
1930 -0.46% -
1929 -0.83% -
1928 -0.81% -
1927 -0.76% -
1926 -1.59% -
1925 -1.92% -
1924 -2.96% -
1923 -3.58% -
1922 -4.28% -
1921 -5.47% -
1920 -1.15% -
1919 -2.11% -
1918 -1.17% -
1917 0.2% -
1916 -0.36% -
1915 -2.04% -
1914 -1.09% -
1913 -0.9% -
1912 -0.89% -
1911 -0.05% -
1910 0.3% -
1909 -0.52% -
1908 -0.06% -
1907 0.16% -
1906 -0.59% -
1905 -0.52% -
1904 -0.75% -
1903 -1.12% -
1902 -1.52% -
1901 -1.41% -
1900 -1.99% -
1899 -1.35% -
1898 -1.39% -
1897 -0.63% -
1896 -1.57% -
1895 -1.66% -
1894 -1.13% -
1893 -1.25% -
1892 -0.94% -
1891 -0.44% -
1890 -0.2% -
1889 -0.07% -
1888 -0.23% -
1887 -0.17% -
1886 -0.2% -
1885 -0.005% -
1884 -0.08% -
1883 -0.17% -
1882 -0.62% -
1881 -1.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

In 2025, Norway's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $49.6B, equivalent to 9.34% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.01B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Norway recorded a fiscal deficit in 4 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Norway posted an annual surplus equal to 8.81% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.11% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Norway

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Norway Tunisia
2025 3.06% 5.3%
2024 3.15% 7%
2023 5.52% 9.3%
2022 5.76% 8.3%
2021 3.48% 5.7%
2020 1.29% 5.6%
2019 2.17% 6.7%
2018 2.76% 7.3%
2017 1.88% 5.3%
2016 3.55% 3.6%
2015 2.17% 4.4%
2014 2.04% 4.6%
2013 2.12% 5.4%
2012 0.7% 4.6%
2011 1.28% 3.2%
2010 2.42% 4.4%
2009 2.2% 3.5%
2008 3.75% 4.9%
2007 0.71% 3.4%
2006 2.33% 4.1%
2005 1.53% 1.9%
2004 0.45% 3.7%
2003 2.49% 2.7%
2002 1.29% 2.7%
2001 3% 1.9%
2000 3.09% 2.8%
1999 2.37% 2.8%
1998 2.25% 3.1%
1997 2.57% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Norway has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.46%, compared with 4.54% in Tunisia. In 2025, inflation was 3.06% in Norway and 5.3% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Norway
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $4.57M
Chemicals & pharma $2.08M
Wood & paper products $1.59M
Machinery & equipment $1.35M
Miscellaneous $996K
Weapons & explosives $326K
Raw materials & minerals $215K
Metals $186K
Textiles & consumer goods $116K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $7.03M
Machinery & equipment $4.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $584K
Raw agricultural goods $240K
Metals $154K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $117K
Wood & paper products $40K
Chemicals & pharma $2K

Balance of trade

Norway Tunisia
Current account balance
$74.1B
2025
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
10/190
2025
111/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+14%
2025
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$105B
2025
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$177B
2025
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$73.9B
2025
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$63.5B
2025
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.7%
2025
54.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
45.4%
2025
46.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Norway Tunisia
Economic freedom 78.8 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 9/197 172/197
Property rights 99.6 55.7
Government integrity 94.3 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 96.4 39.7
Tax burden 63.3 68.5
Government spending 42 62.5
Fiscal health 96.4 16
Business freedom 91.2 59.4
Labor freedom 69.3 55.8
Monetary freedom 72.4 72.4
Trade freedom 85.6 54.6
Investment freedom 75 20
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Norway
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Norway Tunisia
2026 78.8 48.1
2025 78.3 49.1
2024 77.5 48.8
2023 76.9 52.9
2022 76.9 54.2
2021 73.4 56.6
2020 73.4 55.8
2019 73 55.4
2018 74.3 58.9
2017 74 55.7
2016 70.8 57.6
2015 71.8 57.7
2014 70.9 57.3
2013 70.5 57
2012 68.8 58.6
2011 70.3 58.5
2010 69.4 58.9
2009 70.2 58
2008 68.6 60.1
2007 67.9 60.3
2006 67.9 57.5
2005 64.5 55.4
2004 66.2 58.4
2003 67.2 58.1
2002 67.4 60.2
2001 67.1 60.8
2000 70.1 61.3
1999 68.6 61.1
1998 68 63.9
1997 65.1 63.8
1996 65.4 63.9
1995 - 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Norway is 78.8, ranking 9/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Norway Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
55%
2025
62.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
34.5%
2025
22%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.64%
2025
10.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$546B
2025
$53B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$107,770
2025
$14,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$85.5B
2025
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
34/177
2025
84/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$8.93B
2025
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.1B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$5.62B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.2%
2021
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
15.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/norway/tunisia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.