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Economy of Brazil vs Singapore compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brazil has a GDP of $2.19T compared to $547B for Singapore, ranking 10/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brazil has $1.91T in government debt (87.3% of GDP), compared to $950B (173.5% of GDP) in Singapore.

Brazil vs Singapore GDP by year

Brazil
Singapore
1x
Year GDP, current $
Brazil Singapore
2024 $2,185,821,648,944 $547,386,645,892
2023 $2,191,131,869,706 $505,439,514,078
2022 $1,951,923,832,084 $509,017,841,147
2021 $1,670,647,464,063 $436,591,382,250
2020 $1,476,107,292,152 $349,165,858,545
2019 $1,873,288,158,839 $376,161,998,830
2018 $1,916,933,708,353 $377,123,710,561
2017 $2,063,514,688,806 $343,673,334,902
2016 $1,795,693,265,999 $319,646,468,521
2015 $1,802,211,999,456 $307,998,545,269
2014 $2,456,043,766,032 $314,863,580,758
2013 $2,472,819,362,044 $307,576,360,585
2012 $2,465,228,293,707 $295,092,888,077
2011 $2,616,156,606,579 $279,356,499,090
2010 $2,208,838,108,484 $239,807,980,591
2009 $1,666,996,294,252 $194,150,283,772
2008 $1,695,855,391,758 $193,617,323,539
2007 $1,397,114,247,189 $180,941,701,358
2006 $1,107,626,711,163 $148,627,286,361
2005 $891,633,826,625 $127,807,848,728
2004 $669,289,321,945 $115,033,593,101
2003 $558,233,724,165 $97,646,401,096
2002 $509,795,270,685 $92,538,372,870
2001 $559,983,704,094 $89,793,790,670
2000 $655,448,188,259 $96,076,539,926
1999 $599,642,075,004 $86,286,849,755
1998 $863,711,007,325 $85,728,207,782
1997 $883,206,452,795 $100,123,787,215
1996 $850,426,433,004 $96,293,086,513
1995 $769,333,330,412 $87,812,540,788
1994 $525,369,851,354 $73,688,724,431
1993 $368,295,778,245 $60,603,815,716
1992 $328,187,960,872 $52,131,320,033
1991 $342,609,231,343 $45,466,164,978
1990 $390,725,626,003 $36,144,336,769
1989 $412,990,820,287 $30,465,364,739
1988 $307,881,930,752 $25,371,462,488
1987 $283,056,836,894 $20,919,215,578
1986 $256,480,852,471 $18,586,746,057
1985 $210,879,844,639 $19,156,532,746
1984 $188,339,974,087 $19,749,361,098
1983 $189,656,506,321 $17,784,112,150
1982 $271,314,113,768 $16,084,252,378
1981 $258,015,174,749 $14,175,228,844
1980 $237,393,489,893 $11,896,256,783
1979 $221,338,204,480 $9,296,921,724
1978 $200,278,646,124 $7,517,176,355
1977 $176,344,101,402 $6,618,585,074
1976 $153,168,949,208 $6,327,077,974
1975 $129,203,555,239 $5,633,673,930
1974 $109,794,519,728 $5,221,534,956
1973 $83,592,275,863 $3,696,213,333
1972 $58,434,858,375 $2,721,440,981
1971 $48,869,830,902 $2,263,785,444
1970 $42,327,664,794 $1,920,574,150
1969 $37,171,640,819 $1,659,893,768
1968 $33,930,457,425 $1,425,706,091
1967 $31,086,389,195 $1,238,035,816
1966 $28,283,323,733 $1,096,425,608
1965 $22,465,522,884 $974,644,096
1964 $20,963,733,695 $894,153,311
1963 $23,287,712,878 $917,608,012
1962 $19,231,747,852 $826,239,212
1961 $17,275,940,449 $764,629,788
1960 $17,030,465,539 $704,751,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

GDP per capita in Brazil vs Singapore by year

Brazil
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Brazil Singapore
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $10,311 $22,338 $90,674 $150,689
2023 $10,378 $21,176 $85,412 $143,786
2022 $9,281 $19,877 $90,299 $143,095
2021 $7,973 $18,076 $80,056 $132,617
2020 $7,074 $16,102 $61,410 $101,518
2019 $9,030 $16,070 $65,952 $105,335
2018 $9,301 $15,464 $66,882 $103,963
2017 $10,081 $14,559 $61,236 $95,744
2016 $8,836 $14,309 $57,006 $89,902
2015 $8,936 $14,821 $55,646 $87,156
2014 $12,275 $15,827 $57,565 $84,555
2013 $12,459 $15,722 $56,967 $83,088
2012 $12,522 $15,198 $55,548 $82,108
2011 $13,397 $15,212 $53,891 $80,052
2010 $11,403 $14,452 $47,237 $75,401
2009 $8,679 $13,391 $38,927 $66,213
2008 $8,908 $13,445 $40,009 $67,735
2007 $7,410 $12,673 $39,433 $68,805
2006 $5,934 $11,751 $33,768 $64,061
2005 $4,828 $11,081 $29,961 $58,822
2004 $3,664 $10,526 $27,608 $54,384
2003 $3,091 $9,802 $23,730 $48,778
2002 $2,856 $9,617 $22,160 $45,083
2001 $3,176 $9,304 $21,700 $43,109
2000 $3,767 $9,092 $23,853 $43,781
1999 $3,494 $8,635 $21,797 $39,949
1998 $5,106 $8,599 $21,829 $37,560
1997 $5,299 $8,602 $26,376 $39,286
1996 $5,179 $8,301 $26,233 $36,873
1995 $4,757 $8,097 $24,915 $35,090
1994 $3,299 $7,727 $21,552 $33,058
1993 $2,349 $7,260 $18,290 $30,062
1992 $2,127 $6,869 $16,136 $27,022
1991 $2,258 $6,867 $14,502 $25,530
1990 $2,620 $6,688 $11,862 $23,815
1989 $2,819 - $10,395 -
1988 $2,141 - $8,914 -
1987 $2,006 - $7,539 -
1986 $1,854 - $6,800 -
1985 $1,556 - $7,002 -
1984 $1,420 - $7,228 -
1983 $1,461 - $6,633 -
1982 $2,138 - $6,078 -
1981 $2,080 - $5,597 -
1980 $1,959 - $4,928 -
1979 $1,870 - $3,901 -
1978 $1,733 - $3,194 -
1977 $1,562 - $2,846 -
1976 $1,390 - $2,759 -
1975 $1,201 - $2,490 -
1974 $1,045 - $2,342 -
1973 $815 - $1,685 -
1972 $583 - $1,264 -
1971 $500 - $1,071 -
1970 $444 - $926 -
1969 $399 - $813 -
1968 $374 - $709 -
1967 $351 - $626 -
1966 $328 - $567 -
1965 $268 - $517 -
1964 $257.3 - $486 -
1963 $294.2 - $511 -
1962 $250.2 - $472 -
1961 $231.6 - $449 -
1960 $235.3 - $428 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

Brazil's GDP per capita is $10,311, ranking 85/197, compared to $90,674 in Singapore, ranking 7/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brazil ranks 88th at $22,338, while Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689.

Economic indicators

Brazil Singapore
Gross domestic product
$2.19T
2024
$547B
2024
GDP rank
10/197
2024
28/197
2024
GDP growth
3.42%
2023-2024
4.39%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$10,311
2024
$90,674
2024
GDP per capita rank
85/197
2024
7/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,338
2024
$150,689
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
88/197
2024
2/197
2024
Government debt
$1.91T
2024
$950B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
87.3%
2024
173.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$8,999
2024
$157,326
2024
Government debt per person rank
60/185
2024
1/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,263
2026
$52,793
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$659B
2024
$638B
2024
Number of millionaires
433,000
2025
331,000
2025
Number of billionaires
56
2025
49
2025
Income share by richest 10%
40.8%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
1.3%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.7%
2024
14.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.4%
2023-2024
2.39%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
15%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
6.8%
2024
2.74%
2024
Population
213824938
6125852

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Brazil
Spending

Debt
Singapore
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Brazil Singapore
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 45.7% 87.3% 14.6% 173.5%
2023 45.3% 84% 14.8% 172.8%
2022 43.4% 83.9% 15% 154.3%
2021 40.4% 88.9% 15.6% 141.7%
2020 46.2% 96% 24.1% 148.2%
2019 43% 87.1% 14% 127.9%
2018 44.2% 84.8% 13.9% 109.4%
2017 44.3% 82.7% 13.6% 107.6%
2016 45.5% 77.4% 15.3% 106.3%
2015 46.2% 71.7% 14.4% 102.2%
2014 41.4% 61.6% 12.6% 97.7%
2013 39.8% 59.6% 10.9% 98.2%
2012 39.3% 61.6% 9.83% 106.7%
2011 39.4% 60.6% 9.66% 103.1%
2010 39.5% 62.4% 10.2% 98.7%
2009 40.5% 64.7% 15.9% 101.7%
2008 39.9% 61.4% 14% 97.9%
2007 40.4% 63% 9.01% 87.8%
2006 42.6% 64.6% 12.3% 86.5%
2005 41.9% 67% 12.4% 92.7%
2004 39.7% 68% 14.1% 95.7%
2003 41.3% 71.5% 15.6% 99.1%
2002 44.5% 76.1% 15.9% 96.3%
2001 39.8% 67.3% 18.2% 94.5%
2000 34.5% 62.2% 16.1% 82.3%
1999 39.6% 44.5% 15.9% 85.3%
1998 40.9% 38.9% 18.1% 84.6%
1997 38.6% 31.8% 14.5% 70.8%
1996 38.2% 30.7% 18.1% 71.3%
1995 - 28% 13.8% 69.8%
1994 - 30% 11.7% 70.7%
1993 - 32.6% 14.5% 71.2%
1992 - 37.1% 14.5% 79%
1991 - 38.1% 15.9% 76.4%
1990 - 40.6% 15.1% 73.5%
1989 - 40.2% - -
1988 - 46.9% - -
1987 - 50.3% - -
1986 11.7% 49.4% - -
1985 11.1% 52.6% - -
1984 10% 55.8% - -
1983 9.7% 51.5% - -
1982 8.1% 32.8% - -
1981 7.8% 34.6% - -
1980 6.8% 39.7% - -
1979 9% 36.6% - -
1978 10.2% 37% - -
1977 10.4% 31% - -
1976 10.6% 31.8% - -
1975 10.7% 27.7% - -
1974 10.5% 25.7% - -
1973 11% 22.4% - -
1972 12.6% 22.5% - -
1971 11.7% 17.9% - -
1970 11.4% 17% - -
1969 11.2% 16.5% - -
1968 14.4% 15.8% - -
1967 13.5% 13.8% - -
1966 14.6% 19.6% - -
1965 14% 17.6% - -
1964 25.4% 22.2% - -
1963 22.8% 20.4% - -
1962 23.1% 23.7% - -
1961 12% 25.7% - -
1960 13.7% 22.3% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government spending was $998B, accounting for 45.7% of its GDP, while Singapore spent $79.7B, or 14.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 87.3% in Brazil and 173.5% in Singapore, ranking 38/185 and 4/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Brazil

Singapore
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brazil Singapore
2024 -6.19% 4.44%
2023 -7.71% 3.47%
2022 -3.96% 1.21%
2021 -2.63% 1.13%
2020 -11.6% -6.73%
2019 -4.86% 3.77%
2018 -6.99% 3.68%
2017 -7.97% 5.24%
2016 -7.99% 3.25%
2015 -9.28% 2.86%
2014 -6.27% 4.6%
2013 -3.42% 5.96%
2012 -2.35% 7.34%
2011 -2.74% 7.96%
2010 -3.55% 5.68%
2009 -4.23% -0.09%
2008 -2.39% 3.59%
2007 -2.66% 7.12%
2006 -4.87% 2.16%
2005 -3.36% 2.56%
2004 -2.95% 2.06%
2003 -5.4% 0.68%
2002 -4.15% 2.23%
2001 -3.47% 1.2%
2000 -3.32% 4.59%
1999 -5.17% 5.2%
1998 -7.22% 2.41%
1997 -5.6% 5.66%
1996 -5.35% 1.98%
1995 - 4.8%
1994 - 7.9%
1993 - 4.36%
1992 - 2.7%
1991 - 0.68%
1990 - 1.97%
1989 - -
1988 - -
1987 - -
1986 -1.6% -
1985 -1.3% -
1984 -0.4% -
1983 0.1% -
1982 1.4% -
1981 1% -
1980 2.5% -
1979 0.4% -
1978 -0.1% -
1977 0.1% -
1976 0.1% -
1975 0% -
1974 0.6% -
1973 0.1% -
1972 -0.1% -
1971 -0.3% -
1970 -0.4% -
1969 -0.6% -
1968 -1.6% -
1967 -2.1% -
1966 -1.3% -
1965 -2% -
1964 -8.79% -
1963 -5.78% -
1962 -6.82% -
1961 -2.93% -
1960 -3.85% -
1959 -0.18% -
1958 -0.76% -
1957 -0.29% -
1956 -0.14% -
1955 -0.62% -
1954 -0.49% -
1953 -1.26% -
1952 0.64% -
1951 0.87% -
1950 -1.58% -
1949 -1.22% -
1948 0.002% -
1947 0.25% -
1946 -1.78% -
1945 -2.87% -
1944 -2.37% -
1943 -0.75% -
1942 -2.55% -
1941 -2.15% -
1940 -1.13% -
1939 -1.2% -
1938 -0.59% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -0.27% -
1935 -0.5% -
1934 -2.28% -
1933 -1.56% -
1932 -6.47% -
1931 -1.56% -
1930 -3.58% -
1929 -0.09% -
1928 0.57% -
1927 0.12% -
1926 -0.76% -
1925 -0.07% -
1924 -0.45% -
1923 -1.94% -
1922 -3.8% -
1921 -2.98% -
1920 -3.11% -
1919 -3.69% -
1918 -4.51% -
1917 -4.8% -
1916 -4.35% -
1915 -6.33% -
1914 -7.32% -
1913 -1.91% -
1912 -3.05% -
1911 -2.15% -
1910 -2.06% -
1909 -1.62% -
1908 -1.89% -
1907 0.38% -
1906 0.28% -
1905 0.96% -
1904 -0.62% -
1903 1.79% -
1902 1.59% -
1901 -2.46% -
1900 -5.57% -
1899 -2.13% -
1898 -14% -
1897 -2.38% -
1896 -0.79% -
1895 -1.33% -
1894 -4.11% -
1893 -1.77% -
1892 -2.6% -
1891 0.51% -
1890 -3.02% -
1889 -3.79% -
1888 0.63% -
1887 -0.76% -
1886 -3.8% -
1885 -5.71% -
1884 -3.89% -
1883 -3.33% -
1882 -1.58% -
1881 -1.9% -
1880 -4.84% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

In 2024, Brazil's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 6.19% of GDP. This compares to Singapore's surplus of $24.3B, or 4.44% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Brazil recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Singapore ran a deficit in 2 years. On average, Brazil posted an annual deficit equal to 5.09% of GDP, compared to surplus of 3.36% of GDP for Singapore.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Brazil

Singapore
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Brazil Singapore
2024 4.4% 2.39%
2023 4.6% 4.83%
2022 9.3% 6.13%
2021 8.3% 2.32%
2020 3.2% -0.17%
2019 3.7% 0.57%
2018 3.7% 0.44%
2017 3.4% 0.58%
2016 8.7% -0.53%
2015 9% -0.52%
2014 6.3% 1.03%
2013 6.2% 2.36%
2012 5.4% 4.58%
2011 6.6% 5.25%
2010 5% 2.83%
2009 4.9% 0.59%
2008 5.7% 6.64%
2007 3.6% 2.11%
2006 4.2% 0.97%
2005 6.9% 0.43%
2004 6.6% 1.66%
2003 14.7% 0.51%
2002 8.4% -0.39%
2001 6.8% 1%
2000 7% 1.36%
1999 4.9% 0.02%
1998 3.2% -0.27%
1997 6.9% 2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Brazil has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.13%, compared with 1.74% in Singapore. In 2024, inflation was 4.4% in Brazil and 2.39% in Singapore.

Top exports between countries

Brazil
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $5.47B
Machinery & equipment $1.36B
Animal & marine products $557M
Metals $297M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $89.4M
Chemicals & pharma $57.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $25.2M
Raw agricultural goods $10.8M
Wood & paper products $8.47M
Weapons & explosives $4.47M
Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.46B
Chemicals & pharma $305M
Miscellaneous $37.3M
Metals $34.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $27.9M
Raw materials & minerals $27.9M
Raw agricultural goods $8.45M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.49M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.91M
Wood & paper products $1.5M

Balance of trade

Brazil Singapore
Current account balance
-$66.2B
2024
$96B
2024
Current account balance ranking
188/190
2024
8/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.03%
2024
+17.5%
2024
Goods imports
$274B
2024
$435B
2024
Goods exports
$340B
2024
$583B
2024
Service imports
$103B
2024
$351B
2024
Service exports
$48.1B
2024
$396B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.6%
2024
143.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
178.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brazil Singapore
Economic freedom 52.4 84.4
Economic freedom ranking 148/197 1/197
Property rights 49.2 89.2
Government integrity 37.2 86.1
Judicial effectiveness 55.6 58.3
Tax burden 70.6 89.5
Government spending 39.8 93.4
Fiscal health 28 80
Business freedom 65.7 90.6
Labor freedom 57 77
Monetary freedom 76 83.5
Trade freedom 69 95
Investment freedom 40 90
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Brazil
Singapore
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Brazil Singapore
2026 52.4 84.4
2025 55.1 84.1
2024 53.2 83.5
2023 53.5 83.9
2022 53.3 84.4
2021 53.4 89.7
2020 53.7 89.4
2019 51.9 89.4
2018 51.4 88.8
2017 52.9 88.6
2016 56.5 87.8
2015 56.6 89.4
2014 56.9 89.4
2013 57.7 88
2012 57.9 87.5
2011 56.3 87.2
2010 55.6 86.1
2009 56.7 87.1
2008 56.2 87.3
2007 56.2 87.1
2006 60.9 88
2005 61.7 88.6
2004 62 88.9
2003 63.4 88.2
2002 61.5 87.4
2001 61.9 87.8
2000 61.1 87.7
1999 61.3 86.9
1998 52.3 87
1997 52.6 87.3
1996 48.1 86.5
1995 51.4 86.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Brazil is 52.4, ranking 148/197, compared to 84.4 for Singapore, ranking 1/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Brazil Singapore
Services, % of GDP
59.2%
2024
73%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
21.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.75%
2024
0.03%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.11T
2024
$451B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,590
2024
$126,190
2024
Total reserves including gold
$330B
2024
$384B
2024
Total reserves ranking
11/177
2024
9/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$47.8B
2024
-$96.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$74.1B
2024
$152B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$26.3B
2024
$55.3B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.4%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
4.2%
2020
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17%
2024
22.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/brazil/singapore | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.