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Economy of Cyprus vs Norway compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Cyprus has a GDP of $41.2B compared to $531B for Norway, ranking 103/197 and 32/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cyprus has $22.8B in government debt (55.3% of GDP), compared to $239B (45% of GDP) in Norway.

Cyprus vs Norway GDP by year

Cyprus
Norway
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cyprus Norway
2025 $41,225,787,247 $530,755,719,439
2024 $37,634,551,821 $500,886,328,034
2023 $35,075,440,603 $502,197,633,323
2022 $31,218,047,044 $617,321,834,099
2021 $30,372,637,513 $521,592,200,233
2020 $25,555,082,267 $382,252,517,922
2019 $26,196,660,680 $424,244,886,364
2018 $25,754,011,492 $454,588,871,811
2017 $22,946,583,376 $415,673,181,543
2016 $21,046,452,117 $383,284,047,619
2015 $19,909,269,065 $400,669,174,331
2014 $23,225,912,183 $515,829,568,897
2013 $23,959,708,956 $540,132,255,319
2012 $25,047,433,100 $525,082,939,407
2011 $27,641,553,201 $512,868,581,628
2010 $25,799,940,416 $440,132,138,425
2009 $26,048,190,775 $395,664,488,017
2008 $27,958,384,913 $472,060,283,688
2007 $23,968,727,074 $407,813,774,161
2006 $20,072,754,987 $349,773,283,645
2005 $18,433,412,511 $311,417,306,946
2004 $17,320,551,250 $265,662,977,688
2003 $14,547,329,558 $229,192,678,173
2002 $11,420,228,846 $195,359,978,957
2001 $10,397,898,907 $173,590,978,347
2000 $9,985,847,314 $170,620,327,660
1999 $10,497,907,228 $161,304,620,987
1998 $10,248,618,778 $152,955,958,172
1997 $9,547,816,420 $160,013,571,974
1996 $10,011,914,680 $162,427,517,132
1995 $9,933,137,128 $151,083,627,983
1994 $7,425,703,929 $126,324,387,894
1993 $6,590,291,048 $119,841,699,440
1992 $6,912,150,456 $129,998,873,602
1991 $5,770,197,348 $121,149,331,318
1990 $5,591,130,218 $119,344,377,526
1989 $4,563,482,604 $102,226,808,603
1988 $4,278,792,597 $101,497,621,605
1987 $3,704,813,886 $93,913,320,965
1986 $3,090,734,463 $78,438,205,742
1985 $2,430,411,900 $65,211,464,198
1984 $2,278,248,953 $61,866,078,539
1983 $2,160,364,071 $61,417,685,434
1982 $2,159,242,417 $62,453,362,256
1981 $2,087,496,374 $63,392,804,251
1980 $2,154,311,277 $64,176,789,764
1979 $1,288,699,776 $52,935,763,512
1978 $964,024,364 $46,355,988,784
1977 $734,876,021 $41,362,637,363
1976 $576,090,074 $35,815,449,464
1975 $489,912,574 $32,742,543,381
1974 - $27,033,413,362
1973 - $22,433,660,550
1972 - $17,283,931,878
1971 - $14,523,306,736
1970 - $12,753,503,479
1969 - $11,083,505,596
1968 - $10,178,705,992
1967 - $9,532,076,026
1966 - $8,712,528,095
1965 - $8,073,570,566
1964 - $7,172,430,304
1963 - $6,522,268,053
1962 - $6,078,186,245
1961 - $5,642,867,672
1960 - $5,172,811,442

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cyprus vs Norway by year

Cyprus
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Norway
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cyprus Norway
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $30,075 - $94,594 -
2024 $27,707 $63,007 $89,889 $102,038
2023 $26,079 $59,875 $90,984 $103,638
2022 $23,448 $55,876 $113,122 $125,490
2021 $23,057 $47,633 $96,443 $88,984
2020 $19,624 $42,569 $71,058 $67,111
2019 $20,360 $44,394 $79,329 $70,940
2018 $20,267 $40,262 $85,579 $70,254
2017 $18,295 $37,768 $78,771 $64,590
2016 $17,013 $35,247 $73,222 $59,280
2015 $16,326 $31,380 $77,221 $60,738
2014 $19,326 $29,893 $100,410 $66,332
2013 $20,238 $30,416 $106,333 $67,378
2012 $21,493 $31,924 $104,628 $65,774
2011 $24,110 $33,406 $103,545 $62,460
2010 $22,876 $33,502 $90,020 $58,213
2009 $23,480 $33,901 $81,940 $55,648
2008 $25,626 $34,830 $99,002 $62,073
2007 $22,344 $32,888 $86,600 $56,179
2006 $19,037 $30,009 $75,048 $54,358
2005 $17,790 $27,763 $67,358 $47,967
2004 $17,016 $25,942 $57,855 $42,667
2003 $14,553 $24,278 $50,208 $38,680
2002 $11,636 $23,556 $43,048 $38,056
2001 $10,785 $22,866 $38,458 $37,829
2000 $10,537 $21,296 $37,992 $36,994
1999 $11,273 $19,663 $36,151 $30,574
1998 $11,206 $18,760 $34,516 $28,200
1997 $10,637 $17,781 $36,324 $28,610
1996 $11,373 $17,320 $37,073 $26,826
1995 $11,514 $17,096 $34,659 $24,360
1994 $8,791 $15,735 $29,130 $23,027
1993 $7,978 $14,852 $27,793 $21,584
1992 $8,530 $14,759 $30,328 $20,623
1991 $7,222 $13,546 $28,427 $19,580
1990 $7,092 $13,348 $28,137 $18,461
1989 $5,870 - $24,185 -
1988 $5,584 - $24,112 -
1987 $4,908 - $22,430 -
1986 $4,159 - $18,822 -
1985 $3,324 - $15,704 -
1984 $3,167 - $14,943 -
1983 $3,055 - $14,877 -
1982 $3,100 - $15,178 -
1981 $3,030 - $15,463 -
1980 $3,154 - $15,708 -
1979 $1,902 - $12,998 -
1978 $1,434 - $11,421 -
1977 $1,102 - $10,230 -
1976 $870 - $8,896 -
1975 $743 - $8,171 -
1974 - - $6,783 -
1973 - - $5,664 -
1972 - - $4,395 -
1971 - - $3,721 -
1970 - - $3,291 -
1969 - - $2,881 -
1968 - - $2,667 -
1967 - - $2,519 -
1966 - - $2,321 -
1965 - - $2,168 -
1964 - - $1,941 -
1963 - - $1,779 -
1962 - - $1,670 -
1961 - - $1,563 -
1960 - - $1,444 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

Cyprus' GDP per capita is $30,075, ranking 45/197, compared to $94,594 in Norway, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cyprus ranks 29th at $63,007, while Norway ranks 7th at $102,038.

Economic indicators

Cyprus Norway
Gross domestic product
$41.2B
2025
$531B
2025
GDP rank
103/197
2025
32/197
2025
GDP growth
3.77%
2024-2025
1.09%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$30,075
2025
$94,594
2025
GDP per capita rank
45/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$63,007
2024
$102,038
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
29/197
2024
7/197
2024
Government debt
$22.8B
2025
$239B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
55.3%
2025
45%
2025
Government debt per person
$16,632
2025
$42,567
2025
Government debt per person rank
40/185
2025
15/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$24,626
2026
$50,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$27.9B
2025
$296B
2019
Number of millionaires
24,000
2026
348,000
2025
Number of billionaires
10
2026
17
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26.3%
2023
21.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
40.4%
2025
49.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.13%
2024-2025
3.06%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.25%
2026
Unemployment rate
4.4%
2025
4.5%
2025
Population
1388591
5660666

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cyprus
Spending

Debt
Norway
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cyprus Norway
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 40.4% 55.3% 49.6% 45%
2024 38.3% 62.8% 46.9% 52.8%
2023 40.6% 71.1% 44.2% 42.4%
2022 37.7% 80.3% 36.2% 34.8%
2021 42.7% 96.5% 44.7% 40.1%
2020 45.9% 113.6% 54.5% 44.3%
2019 40.3% 92.3% 48.4% 39%
2018 44.3% 100.7% 46.1% 38.1%
2017 38.4% 96.4% 47.6% 36.9%
2016 39.6% 106.8% 48.8% 36.7%
2015 43% 111.6% 46.7% 33.2%
2014 52.1% 113% 44% 28.8%
2013 42.1% 102.7% 42.3% 30.6%
2012 41.9% 79.2% 41.4% 30.2%
2011 42.1% 64.8% 42.3% 28.9%
2010 41.7% 55.3% 43.6% 42.1%
2009 41.9% 52.8% 44.7% 41.7%
2008 38.2% 44.1% 39.2% 46.8%
2007 37.6% 53.1% 40.5% 48.9%
2006 39.1% 59% 40.1% 52.2%
2005 39.7% 64% 41.6% 42.1%
2004 38.6% 64.7% 44.7% 43.8%
2003 40.4% 63% 47.7% 43.1%
2002 37.4% 61% 46.3% 34%
2001 35.7% 57.5% 43.4% 27.3%
2000 35% 56% 41.5% 28.8%
1999 34.3% 55.7% 46.7% 25.1%
1998 34.4% 55% 48.2% 23.8%
1997 34.2% 53.5% 45.9% 26%
1996 32.4% 48.8% 47.4% 28.6%
1995 30.4% 46.7% 49.6% 32.9%
1994 - - 49.7% 51%
1993 - - 50.5% 54%
1992 - - 51.6% 45.3%
1991 - - 50.3% 39.5%
1990 - - 49.1% 29.1%
1989 - - 52.2% 30.4%
1988 - - 52.6% 30.5%
1987 - - 50.5% 31.3%
1986 - - 48.1% 37.8%
1985 - - 44% 30.2%
1984 - - 44.5% 27.8%
1983 - - 46.4% 27.4%
1982 - - 46.6% 29.7%
1981 - - 46.1% 32.9%
1980 - - 46.1% 36.8%
1979 - - 47.2% 39.6%
1978 - - 47.9% 49.9%
1977 - - 46.5% 43.8%
1976 - - 45.2% 38.5%
1975 - - 43.5% 36.7%
1974 - - 42.2% 35.4%
1973 - - 42.3% 37.7%
1972 - - 42.2% 38.9%
1971 - - 40.7% 38.5%
1970 - - 38.9% 38.6%
1969 - - 38% 22.3%
1968 - - 36.2% 22.5%
1967 - - 34.9% 22.6%
1966 - - 33.5% 22.4%
1965 - - 32.9% 23%
1964 - - 32% 24.2%
1963 - - 31.9% 25.3%
1962 - - 30.6% 26.7%
1961 - - 20.4% 27.7%
1960 - - 18% 29.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Cyprus' government spending was $16.7B, accounting for 40.4% of its GDP, while Norway spent $263B, or 49.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.3% in Cyprus and 45% in Norway, ranking 89/185 and 117/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cyprus

Norway
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cyprus Norway
2025 2.99% 9.34%
2024 4.14% 12.8%
2023 1.71% 15.9%
2022 2.69% 24.7%
2021 -1.59% 9.93%
2020 -5.57% -2.46%
2019 1.03% 6.28%
2018 -3.36% 7.56%
2017 2.13% 4.79%
2016 0.45% 3.91%
2015 -0.77% 5.8%
2014 -8.8% 8.34%
2013 -5.16% 10.3%
2012 -5.55% 13.4%
2011 -5.65% 13%
2010 -4.68% 10.6%
2009 -5.43% 10%
2008 0.87% 18.3%
2007 3.23% 16.8%
2006 -1.04% 17.7%
2005 -2.22% 14.7%
2004 -3.71% 10.8%
2003 -5.91% 7.21%
2002 -4.13% 9.05%
2001 -2.11% 13.2%
2000 -2.24% 15.1%
1999 -4.05% 5.75%
1998 -3.85% 3.09%
1997 -4.82% 7.41%
1996 -2.96% 6.05%
1995 -0.71% 2.98%
1994 - 0.04%
1993 - -1.65%
1992 - -2.08%
1991 - -0.12%
1990 - 1.96%
1989 - 1.81%
1988 - 2.65%
1987 - 4.56%
1986 - 5.87%
1985 - 9.84%
1984 - 6.97%
1983 - 6.03%
1982 - 3.96%
1981 - 4.82%
1980 - 5.38%
1979 - 2.16%
1978 - 0.94%
1977 - 1.01%
1976 - 2.2%
1975 - 2.88%
1974 - 4.06%
1973 - 4.99%
1972 - 3.93%
1971 - 3.71%
1970 - 2.83%
1969 - 3.57%
1968 - 3.38%
1967 - 4.19%
1966 - 3.59%
1965 - 2.78%
1964 - 3.08%
1963 - 2.6%
1962 - 4%
1961 - -0.7%
1960 - 1.42%
1959 - 1.89%
1958 - 1.7%
1957 - 1.55%
1956 - 1.22%
1955 - 0.82%
1954 - -0.54%
1953 - 1.3%
1952 - 2.15%
1951 - 1.59%
1950 - -0.89%
1949 - -0.72%
1948 - -0.35%
1947 - -4.66%
1946 - -3.82%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -0.54%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - -0.16%
1936 - -0.7%
1935 - -1.1%
1934 - -0.59%
1933 - -1.29%
1932 - -1.14%
1931 - -1.15%
1930 - -0.46%
1929 - -0.83%
1928 - -0.81%
1927 - -0.76%
1926 - -1.59%
1925 - -1.92%
1924 - -2.96%
1923 - -3.58%
1922 - -4.28%
1921 - -5.47%
1920 - -1.15%
1919 - -2.11%
1918 - -1.17%
1917 - 0.2%
1916 - -0.36%
1915 - -2.04%
1914 - -1.09%
1913 - -0.9%
1912 - -0.89%
1911 - -0.05%
1910 - 0.3%
1909 - -0.52%
1908 - -0.06%
1907 - 0.16%
1906 - -0.59%
1905 - -0.52%
1904 - -0.75%
1903 - -1.12%
1902 - -1.52%
1901 - -1.41%
1900 - -1.99%
1899 - -1.35%
1898 - -1.39%
1897 - -0.63%
1896 - -1.57%
1895 - -1.66%
1894 - -1.13%
1893 - -1.25%
1892 - -0.94%
1891 - -0.44%
1890 - -0.2%
1889 - -0.07%
1888 - -0.23%
1887 - -0.17%
1886 - -0.2%
1885 - -0.005%
1884 - -0.08%
1883 - -0.17%
1882 - -0.62%
1881 - -1.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

In 2025, Cyprus' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.23B, equivalent to 2.99% of GDP. This compares to Norway's surplus of $49.6B, or 9.34% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Cyprus recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Norway ran a deficit in 1 years. On average, Cyprus posted an annual deficit equal to 2.1% of GDP, compared to surplus of 10.1% of GDP for Norway.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cyprus

Norway
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cyprus Norway
2025 0.13% 3.06%
2024 1.8% 3.15%
2023 3.54% 5.52%
2022 8.4% 5.76%
2021 2.45% 3.48%
2020 -0.64% 1.29%
2019 0.25% 2.17%
2018 1.44% 2.76%
2017 0.53% 1.88%
2016 -1.43% 3.55%
2015 -2.1% 2.17%
2014 -1.35% 2.04%
2013 -0.4% 2.12%
2012 2.39% 0.7%
2011 3.29% 1.28%
2010 2.43% 2.42%
2009 0.33% 2.2%
2008 4.67% 3.75%
2007 2.37% 0.71%
2006 2.3% 2.33%
2005 2.56% 1.53%
2004 2.29% 0.45%
2003 4.14% 2.49%
2002 2.8% 1.29%
2001 1.97% 3%
2000 4.14% 3.09%
1999 1.63% 2.37%
1998 2.23% 2.25%
1997 3.61% 2.57%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Cyprus has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.92%, compared with 2.46% in Norway. In 2025, inflation was 0.13% in Cyprus and 3.06% in Norway.

Top exports between countries

Cyprus
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $135M
Machinery & equipment $32.8M
Business & finance services $7.97M
IT & IP services $1.73M
Animal & marine products $875K
Raw agricultural goods $540K
Chemicals & pharma $234K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $204K
Raw materials & minerals $154K
Textiles & consumer goods $85K
Norway
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $18.9M
Animal & marine products $3.62M
Metals $3.19M
Chemicals & pharma $1.25M
Miscellaneous $831K
Raw materials & minerals $355K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $239K
Textiles & consumer goods $225K
Wood & paper products $127K
Raw agricultural goods $86K

Balance of trade

Cyprus Norway
Current account balance
-$2.59B
2025
$74.1B
2025
Current account balance ranking
149/190
2025
10/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.29%
2025
+14%
2025
Goods imports
$12.6B
2025
$105B
2025
Goods exports
$4.62B
2025
$177B
2025
Service imports
$25.3B
2025
$73.9B
2025
Service exports
$35.7B
2025
$63.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
91.9%
2025
33.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
97.6%
2025
45.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cyprus Norway
Economic freedom 74.1 78.8
Economic freedom ranking 21/197 9/197
Property rights 85.1 99.6
Government integrity 59.7 94.3
Judicial effectiveness 89.8 96.4
Tax burden 80.8 63.3
Government spending 52.1 42
Fiscal health 91.5 96.4
Business freedom 82.3 91.2
Labor freedom 60.3 69.3
Monetary freedom 78.7 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 85.6
Investment freedom 70 75
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cyprus
Norway
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cyprus Norway
2026 74.1 78.8
2025 73.2 78.3
2024 72.2 77.5
2023 72.3 76.9
2022 72.9 76.9
2021 71.4 73.4
2020 70.1 73.4
2019 68.1 73
2018 67.8 74.3
2017 67.9 74
2016 68.7 70.8
2015 67.9 71.8
2014 67.6 70.9
2013 69 70.5
2012 71.8 68.8
2011 73.3 70.3
2010 70.9 69.4
2009 70.8 70.2
2008 71.3 68.6
2007 71.7 67.9
2006 71.8 67.9
2005 71.9 64.5
2004 74.1 66.2
2003 73.3 67.2
2002 73 67.4
2001 71 67.1
2000 67.2 70.1
1999 67.8 68.6
1998 68.2 68
1997 67.9 65.1
1996 67.7 65.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cyprus is 74.1, ranking 21/197, compared to 78.8 for Norway, ranking 9/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cyprus Norway
Services, % of GDP
76.8%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
11.1%
2025
34.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.12%
2025
1.64%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$35.6B
2025
$546B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$57,390
2025
$107,770
2025
Total reserves including gold
$2.95B
2025
$85.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
121/177
2025
34/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$9.59B
2025
$8.93B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$50.4B
2024
$12.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$55.9B
2024
$5.62B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
13.9%
2021
12.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.3%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cyprus/norway | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1881–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.