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Economy of Bolivia vs Mexico compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $1.83T for Mexico, ranking 88/197 and 14/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $1.13T (61.8% of GDP) in Mexico.

Bolivia vs Mexico GDP by year

Bolivia
Mexico
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Mexico
2025 $64,768,947,525 $1,832,641,364,776
2024 $54,881,327,453 $1,830,489,311,089
2023 $52,340,206,946 $1,794,410,347,718
2022 $50,959,081,954 $1,466,934,724,243
2021 $47,877,892,402 $1,316,569,466,834
2020 $42,313,784,081 $1,121,064,767,169
2019 $49,056,643,589 $1,304,106,204,006
2018 $48,414,038,842 $1,256,300,182,984
2017 $45,927,439,595 $1,190,721,475,853
2016 $33,941,126,194 $1,112,233,497,453
2015 $33,000,198,249 $1,213,294,467,654
2014 $32,996,188,017 $1,364,507,717,689
2013 $30,659,338,886 $1,327,436,290,439
2012 $27,084,497,482 $1,255,110,424,742
2011 $23,963,164,697 $1,229,013,703,417
2010 $19,649,723,722 $1,105,424,238,652
2009 $17,339,992,194 $943,437,414,951
2008 $16,674,276,286 $1,161,553,459,985
2007 $13,120,108,008 $1,102,355,554,880
2006 $11,451,844,902 $1,020,265,057,882
2005 $9,549,122,905 $917,571,853,437
2004 $8,773,451,752 $819,459,227,375
2003 $8,082,399,640 $765,549,967,889
2002 $7,905,485,146 $810,666,116,402
2001 $8,141,516,928 $796,064,590,549
2000 $8,397,855,485 $742,061,329,749
1999 $8,285,064,435 $631,249,359,702
1998 $8,497,494,652 $557,461,102,631
1997 $7,925,736,821 $523,449,530,464
1996 $7,396,949,126 $432,157,945,024
1995 $6,715,161,732 $380,157,469,867
1994 $5,981,222,859 $553,618,247,901
1993 $5,734,699,489 $530,160,763,663
1992 $5,643,868,749 $363,157,832,924
1991 $5,343,262,457 $313,139,656,146
1990 $4,867,582,598 $261,253,675,693
1989 $4,715,973,437 $221,403,098,267
1988 $4,597,612,362 $181,611,150,497
1987 $4,347,956,338 $147,542,558,209
1986 $3,959,382,833 $134,556,034,673
1985 $5,377,276,555 $195,241,069,482
1984 $6,169,483,225 $184,230,754,105
1983 $5,422,656,823 $156,167,000,433
1982 $5,594,126,369 $184,602,611,610
1981 $5,891,598,695 $263,797,827,860
1980 $4,537,479,608 $205,577,055,466
1979 $4,421,336,383 $134,531,900,899
1978 $3,758,220,890 $102,648,570,299
1977 $3,227,436,282 $81,912,018,784
1976 $2,731,984,008 $88,875,923,765
1975 $2,404,697,651 $88,000,000,000
1974 $2,100,249,875 $72,000,000,000
1973 $1,262,968,516 $55,280,000,000
1972 $1,257,615,645 $45,200,000,000
1971 $1,095,622,896 $39,200,000,000
1970 $1,017,003,367 $35,520,000,000
1969 $929,629,630 $32,480,000,000
1968 $857,912,458 $29,360,000,000
1967 $755,808,081 $26,560,000,000
1966 $669,191,919 $24,320,000,000
1965 $604,377,104 $21,840,000,000
1964 $544,023,569 $20,080,000,000
1963 $482,828,283 $16,960,000,000
1962 $448,400,673 $15,200,000,000
1961 $410,101,010 $14,160,000,000
1960 $377,020,202 $13,040,000,000

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/mexico | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Mexico by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Mexico
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Mexico
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $13,889 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $13,988 $26,185
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $13,831 $25,243
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $11,406 $23,135
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $10,314 $20,783
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $8,841 $19,354
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $10,370 $20,964
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $10,085 $20,921
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $9,649 $20,489
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $9,098 $20,105
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $10,021 $19,071
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $11,391 $18,821
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $11,217 $18,170
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $10,744 $18,005
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $10,664 $17,267
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $9,729 $15,909
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $8,424 $15,191
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $10,524 $15,681
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $10,134 $15,032
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $9,513 $14,540
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $8,672 $13,260
2004 $953 $4,663 $7,850 $12,658
2003 $893 $4,433 $7,434 $12,066
2002 $888 $4,304 $7,983 $11,762
2001 $930 $4,205 $7,953 $11,739
2000 $976 $4,113 $7,524 $11,705
1999 $979 $3,991 $6,500 $11,031
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $5,833 $10,756
1997 $970 $3,822 $5,567 $10,182
1996 $922 $3,645 $4,674 $9,496
1995 $853 $3,494 $4,184 $8,933
1994 $774 $3,331 $6,202 $9,466
1993 $757 $3,177 $6,048 $9,041
1992 $760 $3,036 $4,221 $9,470
1991 $734 $2,981 $3,709 $9,079
1990 $683 $2,797 $3,154 $8,578
1989 $675 - $2,725 -
1988 $673 - $2,279 -
1987 $650 - $1,888 -
1986 $604 - $1,757 -
1985 $838 - $2,602 -
1984 $982 - $2,506 -
1983 $882 - $2,170 -
1982 $930 - $2,621 -
1981 $1,001 - $3,829 -
1980 $788 - $3,055 -
1979 $785 - $2,049 -
1978 $683 - $1,604 -
1977 $600 - $1,315 -
1976 $520 - $1,465 -
1975 $468 - $1,492 -
1974 $418 - $1,256 -
1973 $257.2 - $993 -
1972 $261.9 - $837 -
1971 $233.4 - $748 -
1970 $221.6 - $699 -
1969 $207.1 - $660 -
1968 $195.5 - $616 -
1967 $176.1 - $576 -
1966 $159.3 - $545 -
1965 $147.1 - $506 -
1964 $135.2 - $481 -
1963 $122.6 - $420 -
1962 $116.2 - $388 -
1961 $108.5 - $374 -
1960 $101.8 - $355 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/mexico | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $13,889 in Mexico, ranking 76/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Mexico ranks 80th at $26,185.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Mexico
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
14/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
0.56%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$13,889
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
76/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$26,185
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
80/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$1.13T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
61.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$8,577
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
66/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$10,482
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$560B
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
333,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
22
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
33.4%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
2.1%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
29.8%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
3.81%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
6.5%
2026
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
2.54%
2025
Population
12837312
133551566

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Mexico
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Mexico
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 29.8% 61.8%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 30.8% 59.1%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 28.6% 52.8%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 28.5% 53.8%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 26.7% 56.7%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 27.8% 58.5%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 25.3% 51.9%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 25% 52.2%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 25% 52.5%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 26.5% 55%
2015 37% 34% 26.6% 51%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 26.9% 47.1%
2013 30.4% 31% 26.7% 44.1%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 27% 40.8%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 26.6% 41.2%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 26.5% 40.2%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 26.5% 41.7%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 26.5% 40.6%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 22.5% 35.5%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 21.6% 35.8%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 21.2% 36.8%
2004 29% 80.6% 20.5% 38.9%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 21.5% 42.1%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 19.8% 39.9%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 19.5% 37.3%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 19.4% 38.5%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 20.1% 41.7%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 19.5% 39.7%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 20.7% 39.1%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 20.8% 42.5%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 18.9% 30.7%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 18.9% 26.8%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 18.2% 19.2%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 19% 21.5%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 20.1% 29.2%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 22.9% 35.7%
1989 24.4% 98% 19.2% 36%
1988 24% 115.9% 23.6% 36.5%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 26.7% 52.7%
1986 22.2% 149% 25.1% 47.8%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 21.4% 30.4%
1984 29% 166.5% 19.8% 25.2%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 21.6% 25.3%
1982 25% 155.4% 24.7% 29.8%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 20.1% 41.7%
1980 19.8% 100% 17.5% 31.4%
1979 18% 92% 16.5% 35.8%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 15.7% 39%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 15.5% 41.5%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 15.5% 31.3%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 14.7% 24.4%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 13.8% 21.7%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 12.7% 20%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 11.9% 17.9%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 10.6% 17%
1970 10% 63.9% 10.9% 17.1%
1969 12.3% - 11.8% 10.7%
1968 14.1% - 10.9% 7.85%
1967 13.1% - 10.4% 8.22%
1966 12.9% - 11.6% 5.14%
1965 12.9% - 10.7% 9.99%
1964 10.8% - 9.21% 6.22%
1963 10.8% - 8.51% 4.13%
1962 10.2% - 8.26% 4.2%
1961 10.7% - 8.01% 4.38%
1960 10.1% - 9.5% 4.58%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/mexico | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Mexico spent $547B, or 29.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 61.8% in Mexico, ranking 36/185 and 73/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Mexico
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Mexico
2025 -11.6% -4.86%
2024 -8.7% -5.78%
2023 -9.46% -4.3%
2022 -6.15% -4.32%
2021 -7.87% -3.75%
2020 -11% -4.29%
2019 -6.04% -2.27%
2018 -6.8% -2.14%
2017 -6.42% -1.03%
2016 -5.95% -2.68%
2015 -5.76% -3.86%
2014 -2.88% -4.37%
2013 0.51% -3.56%
2012 1.49% -3.57%
2011 0.72% -3.2%
2010 1.42% -3.8%
2009 2.29% -3.94%
2008 3.1% -0.68%
2007 -1.37% -1.46%
2006 3.99% -1.23%
2005 -2% -1.43%
2004 -4.97% -1.35%
2003 -7.04% -2.24%
2002 -7.82% -2.18%
2001 -6.11% -2.57%
2000 -3.34% -2.69%
1999 -3.43% -4.49%
1998 -4.56% -4.49%
1997 -2.94% -3.48%
1996 -1.7% -3.66%
1995 -1.63% -2.28%
1994 -2.68% -2.25%
1993 -5.46% -1.51%
1992 -3.94% 2.26%
1991 -3.76% 1.49%
1990 -3.94% -3.11%
1989 -5.5% -4.75%
1988 -6.5% -8.76%
1987 -7.7% -11.6%
1986 -2.7% -11.2%
1985 -9.8% -7.2%
1984 -25.4% -5.79%
1983 -19.8% -6.03%
1982 -15.9% -11.4%
1981 -12.3% -4.9%
1980 -15.3% -1.75%
1979 -11.2% -2.15%
1978 -9.97% -1.88%
1977 -11.2% -2.43%
1976 -1.15% -3.14%
1975 -2.33% -2.64%
1974 -1.87% -3.33%
1973 -3.72% -2.75%
1972 -3.69% -2.3%
1971 -3.67% -1.43%
1970 -1.92% -1.71%
1969 -4.16% -2.74%
1968 -5.67% -2.06%
1967 -4.29% -2.12%
1966 -3.55% -3.2%
1965 -4.12% -2.51%
1964 -2.68% -1.44%
1963 -3.02% -0.92%
1962 -2.8% -0.79%
1961 -2.81% -0.88%
1960 -3.35% -1.36%
1959 -4.32% -0.73%
1958 -2.95% 0.24%
1957 -1.11% -0.03%
1956 -0.11% 0.52%
1955 0.33% 0.6%
1954 0.006% -0.94%
1953 -0.48% -0.58%
1952 -0.94% 0.42%
1951 -0.42% -0.26%
1950 -1.17% -0.2%
1949 - 0.44%
1948 - -1.55%
1947 - -0.93%
1946 - 0.66%
1945 - -1.11%
1944 - -1.12%
1943 - 0.05%
1942 - -0.93%
1941 - -0.26%
1940 - -0.4%
1939 - -0.06%
1938 - -0.91%
1937 - -0.41%
1936 - -0.39%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.72%
1933 - -0.58%
1932 - 0%
1931 - 0.71%
1930 - 0.21%
1929 - 0.95%
1928 - 0.24%
1927 - -0.3%
1926 - -0.29%
1925 - 0.46%
1924 - 1.34%
1923 - 1.02%
1922 - 1.13%
1921 - 0.64%
1920 - 0.91%
1919 - 0.41%
1918 - -0.19%
1917 - 0.63%
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.28%
1912 - -0.79%
1911 - -0.31%
1910 - 0.1%
1909 - 0.15%
1908 - -0.08%
1907 - 0.43%
1906 - 0.72%
1905 - 0.35%
1904 - 1.09%
1903 - 3.82%
1902 - 0.42%
1901 - 0.62%
1900 - 0.76%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/mexico | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Mexico's deficit of $89B, or 4.86% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Mexico ran a deficit in 64 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.25% of GDP for Mexico.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Mexico
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Mexico
2025 19.5% 3.81%
2024 5.1% 4.72%
2023 2.58% 5.53%
2022 1.75% 7.9%
2021 0.74% 5.69%
2020 0.94% 3.4%
2019 1.84% 3.64%
2018 2.27% 4.9%
2017 2.82% 6.04%
2016 3.62% 2.82%
2015 4.06% 2.72%
2014 5.77% 4.02%
2013 5.74% 3.81%
2012 4.52% 4.11%
2011 9.88% 3.41%
2010 2.5% 4.16%
2009 3.35% 5.3%
2008 14% 5.12%
2007 8.71% 3.97%
2006 4.28% 3.63%
2005 5.39% 3.99%
2004 4.44% 4.69%
2003 3.34% 4.55%
2002 0.93% 5.03%
2001 1.59% 6.37%
2000 4.61% 9.49%
1999 2.16% 16.6%
1998 7.67% 15.9%
1997 4.71% 20.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/mexico | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 6.07% in Mexico. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 3.81% in Mexico.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $66.9M
Raw agricultural goods $13M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.8M
Metals $5.59M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.9M
Animal & marine products $1.59M
Wood & paper products $1.39M
Machinery & equipment $365K
Weapons & explosives $181K
Chemicals & pharma $89K
Mexico
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $44.7M
Chemicals & pharma $36.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10M
Raw materials & minerals $8.52M
Textiles & consumer goods $5.65M
Metals $1.91M
Miscellaneous $355K
Wood & paper products $318K
Raw agricultural goods $156K
Precious metals & jewellery $67K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Mexico
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
-$8.2B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
171/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
-0.45%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$665B
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$666B
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$75.4B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$64B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
40.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
39.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Mexico
Economic freedom 42.4 59.8
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 102/197
Property rights 20.2 37.6
Government integrity 27.1 28.8
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 40.4
Tax burden 86.4 75.4
Government spending 56.3 74.6
Fiscal health 0.8 56.7
Business freedom 53.6 67
Labor freedom 52.2 57.3
Monetary freedom 67.1 70.6
Trade freedom 60.6 74.2
Investment freedom 15 75
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Mexico
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Mexico
2026 42.4 59.8
2025 44.1 61.3
2024 43.5 62
2023 43.4 63.2
2022 43 63.7
2021 42.7 65.5
2020 42.8 66
2019 42.3 64.7
2018 44.1 64.8
2017 47.7 63.6
2016 47.4 65.2
2015 46.8 66.4
2014 48.4 66.8
2013 47.9 67
2012 50.2 65.3
2011 50 67.8
2010 49.4 68.3
2009 53.6 65.8
2008 53.1 66.2
2007 54.2 66
2006 57.8 64.7
2005 58.4 65.2
2004 64.5 66
2003 64.3 65.3
2002 65.1 63
2001 68 60.6
2000 65 59.3
1999 65.6 58.5
1998 68.8 57.9
1997 65.1 57.1
1996 65.2 61.2
1995 56.8 63.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/mexico | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 59.8 for Mexico, ranking 102/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Mexico
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
58.9%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
30.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
3.88%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$1.81T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$25,070
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$256B
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
17/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
-$31.8B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$45.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$13B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
3.77%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
29.6%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
22.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1900–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.