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Economy of Bolivia vs Italy compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $2.55T for Italy, ranking 88/197 and 9/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $3.5T (137.1% of GDP) in Italy.

Bolivia vs Italy GDP by year

Bolivia
Italy
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Italy
2025 $64,768,947,525 $2,551,556,954,100
2024 $54,881,327,453 $2,383,435,562,458
2023 $52,340,206,946 $2,316,882,296,366
2022 $50,959,081,954 $2,104,067,630,319
2021 $47,877,892,402 $2,179,207,773,596
2020 $42,313,784,081 $1,907,481,094,079
2019 $49,056,643,589 $2,019,606,796,584
2018 $48,414,038,842 $2,099,435,266,459
2017 $45,927,439,595 $1,970,720,904,585
2016 $33,941,126,194 $1,887,111,188,177
2015 $33,000,198,249 $1,845,428,048,839
2014 $32,996,188,017 $2,173,255,507,986
2013 $30,659,338,886 $2,153,225,581,941
2012 $27,084,497,482 $2,097,929,495,122
2011 $23,963,164,697 $2,306,974,020,278
2010 $19,649,723,722 $2,144,936,254,535
2009 $17,339,992,194 $2,209,484,319,013
2008 $16,674,276,286 $2,417,508,414,187
2007 $13,120,108,008 $2,222,524,108,128
2006 $11,451,844,902 $1,958,563,654,386
2005 $9,549,122,905 $1,864,982,261,287
2004 $8,773,451,752 $1,812,808,753,295
2003 $8,082,399,640 $1,582,930,016,539
2002 $7,905,485,146 $1,281,746,271,196
2001 $8,141,516,928 $1,172,041,488,806
2000 $8,397,855,485 $1,149,661,363,439
1999 $8,285,064,435 $1,255,004,736,464
1998 $8,497,494,652 $1,272,729,786,997
1997 $7,925,736,821 $1,244,988,176,444
1996 $7,396,949,126 $1,314,776,508,972
1995 $6,715,161,732 $1,177,369,428,266
1994 $5,981,222,859 $1,101,750,159,702
1993 $5,734,699,489 $1,067,412,587,671
1992 $5,643,868,749 $1,323,204,350,354
1991 $5,343,262,457 $1,249,092,439,519
1990 $4,867,582,598 $1,183,945,130,899
1989 $4,715,973,437 $930,801,709,004
1988 $4,597,612,362 $893,663,934,841
1987 $4,347,956,338 $807,570,134,449
1986 $3,959,382,833 $641,862,313,287
1985 $5,377,276,555 $453,259,761,687
1984 $6,169,483,225 $438,896,930,791
1983 $5,422,656,823 $444,063,496,940
1982 $5,594,126,369 $428,257,421,618
1981 $5,891,598,695 $431,695,533,981
1980 $4,537,479,608 $478,356,755,596
1979 $4,421,336,383 $394,584,507,108
1978 $3,758,220,890 $315,784,469,541
1977 $3,227,436,282 $258,190,019,750
1976 $2,731,984,008 $225,235,205,862
1975 $2,404,697,651 $228,220,643,535
1974 $2,100,249,875 $200,024,444,775
1973 $1,262,968,516 $175,896,529,392
1972 $1,257,615,645 $145,594,833,997
1971 $1,095,622,896 $124,959,712,859
1970 $1,017,003,367 $113,656,669,765
1969 $929,629,630 $100,996,667,239
1968 $857,912,458 $91,485,448,148
1967 $755,808,081 $84,401,995,573
1966 $669,191,919 $76,622,444,787
1965 $604,377,104 $70,717,012,186
1964 $544,023,569 $65,720,771,779
1963 $482,828,283 $60,035,924,618
1962 $448,400,673 $52,413,872,628
1961 $410,101,010 $46,649,487,320
1960 $377,020,202 $42,012,422,612

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Italy by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Italy
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Italy
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $43,309 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $40,430 $62,014
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $39,280 $60,030
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $35,654 $57,261
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $36,853 $49,825
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $32,091 $44,436
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $33,813 $46,662
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $35,062 $43,387
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $32,844 $42,142
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $31,392 $40,483
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $30,640 $37,384
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $36,028 $36,666
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $35,702 $36,459
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $34,854 $36,281
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $38,432 $36,392
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $35,857 $34,974
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $37,100 $34,502
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $40,829 $35,422
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $37,826 $34,108
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $33,537 $32,454
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $32,063 $30,138
2004 $953 $4,663 $31,348 $29,581
2003 $893 $4,433 $27,578 $29,249
2002 $888 $4,304 $22,451 $28,833
2001 $930 $4,205 $20,570 $28,134
2000 $976 $4,113 $20,190 $27,152
1999 $979 $3,991 $22,050 $25,655
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $22,365 $25,075
1997 $970 $3,822 $21,884 $23,937
1996 $922 $3,645 $23,123 $23,101
1995 $853 $3,494 $20,712 $22,446
1994 $774 $3,331 $19,382 $21,369
1993 $757 $3,177 $18,782 $20,485
1992 $760 $3,036 $23,297 $20,196
1991 $734 $2,981 $22,007 $19,596
1990 $683 $2,797 $20,874 $18,680
1989 $675 - $16,424 -
1988 $673 - $15,781 -
1987 $650 - $14,268 -
1986 $604 - $11,341 -
1985 $838 - $8,009 -
1984 $982 - $7,758 -
1983 $882 - $7,851 -
1982 $930 - $7,574 -
1981 $1,001 - $7,640 -
1980 $788 - $8,476 -
1979 $785 - $7,006 -
1978 $683 - $5,623 -
1977 $600 - $4,614 -
1976 $520 - $4,042 -
1975 $468 - $4,116 -
1974 $418 - $3,629 -
1973 $257.2 - $3,213 -
1972 $261.9 - $2,677 -
1971 $233.4 - $2,311 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,112 -
1969 $207.1 - $1,886 -
1968 $195.5 - $1,718 -
1967 $176.1 - $1,595 -
1966 $159.3 - $1,459 -
1965 $147.1 - $1,357 -
1964 $135.2 - $1,272 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,171 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,030 -
1961 $108.5 - $923 -
1960 $101.8 - $837 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $43,309 in Italy, ranking 29/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Italy ranks 31st at $62,014.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Italy
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$2.55T
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
9/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
0.54%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$43,309
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
29/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$62,014
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
31/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$3.5T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
137.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$59,371
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
6/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$23,424
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$587B
2014
Number of millionaires n/a
1,235,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
89
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
25.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
2.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
51.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
1.53%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
6.1%
2025
Population
12837312
58708169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Italy
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Italy
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 51.1% 137.1%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 50.4% 134.7%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 53.6% 133.9%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 54.9% 138.4%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 56% 145.8%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 56.8% 154.4%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 48.4% 133.9%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 48.3% 134.2%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 48.8% 133.7%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 49% 134.2%
2015 37% 34% 50.2% 134.8%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 50.7% 134.8%
2013 30.4% 31% 50.9% 131.9%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 50.5% 125.9%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 49% 119.1%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 49.8% 118.8%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 51.1% 116.1%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 47.8% 105.8%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 46.6% 103.5%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 47.6% 106.3%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 47.1% 106.2%
2004 29% 80.6% 46.7% 104.7%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 47% 105.1%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 46.5% 105.9%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 47.1% 108.5%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 46.4% 108.7%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 47.1% 113.1%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 48% 113.9%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 49.3% 116.5%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 51.3% 118.9%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 51.4% 119.1%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 55.1% 130.8%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 57.8% 124.1%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 56.8% 113%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 55.3% 105.3%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 54.2% 101.7%
1989 24.4% 98% 51.6% 91.8%
1988 24% 115.9% 50.4% 89.2%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 49.8% 87.4%
1986 22.2% 149% 50.5% 83.4%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 49.8% 79.1%
1984 29% 166.5% 49.1% 73.1%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 48.9% 67.8%
1982 25% 155.4% 46.7% 61.8%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 44.6% 57.3%
1980 19.8% 100% 40.8% 55.1%
1979 18% 92% 40.1% 58.9%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 40.9% 59.9%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 38.5% 56%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 38.1% 57.3%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 39.1% 57.9%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 34.8% 50.8%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 35.3% 51.1%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 36.4% 48.2%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 34.4% 42.4%
1970 10% 63.9% 32.3% 37.8%
1969 12.3% - 32.1% 37%
1968 14.1% - 32.6% 36.4%
1967 13.1% - 17.9% 33.3%
1966 12.9% - 19.1% 33.4%
1965 12.9% - 18.6% 28.4%
1964 10.8% - 18.2% 27.2%
1963 10.8% - 16.7% 27.2%
1962 10.2% - 17.5% 29%
1961 10.7% - 17.3% 30%
1960 10.1% - 16.5% 31.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Italy spent $1.3T, or 51.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 137.1% in Italy, ranking 36/185 and 9/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Italy
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Italy
2025 -11.6% -3.11%
2024 -8.7% -3.35%
2023 -9.46% -7.13%
2022 -6.15% -8.1%
2021 -7.87% -8.88%
2020 -11% -9.38%
2019 -6.04% -1.45%
2018 -6.8% -2.19%
2017 -6.42% -2.51%
2016 -5.95% -2.4%
2015 -5.76% -2.46%
2014 -2.88% -2.82%
2013 0.51% -2.87%
2012 1.49% -2.99%
2011 0.72% -3.52%
2010 1.42% -4.16%
2009 2.29% -5.06%
2008 3.1% -2.58%
2007 -1.37% -1.33%
2006 3.99% -3.61%
2005 -2% -4.1%
2004 -4.97% -3.46%
2003 -7.04% -3.23%
2002 -7.82% -2.88%
2001 -6.11% -3.18%
2000 -3.34% -2.42%
1999 -3.43% -1.77%
1998 -4.56% -2.99%
1997 -2.94% -2.98%
1996 -1.7% -6.61%
1995 -1.63% -7.2%
1994 -2.68% -8.84%
1993 -5.46% -9.76%
1992 -3.94% -10.1%
1991 -3.76% -11.1%
1990 -3.94% -11.1%
1989 -5.5% -11.4%
1988 -6.5% -11%
1987 -7.7% -11.5%
1986 -2.7% -12%
1985 -9.8% -12.4%
1984 -25.4% -11.5%
1983 -19.8% -10.1%
1982 -15.9% -10%
1981 -12.3% -10.9%
1980 -15.3% -6.97%
1979 -11.2% -8.23%
1978 -9.97% -8.47%
1977 -11.2% -6.96%
1976 -1.15% -7.88%
1975 -2.33% -10.3%
1974 -1.87% -6.24%
1973 -3.72% -6.36%
1972 -3.69% -6.84%
1971 -3.67% -4.71%
1970 -1.92% -3.22%
1969 -4.16% -2.85%
1968 -5.67% -2.55%
1967 -4.29% -0.97%
1966 -3.55% -1.59%
1965 -4.12% -2.67%
1964 -2.68% -2.35%
1963 -3.02% -0.3%
1962 -2.8% -0.95%
1961 -2.81% -0.57%
1960 -3.35% -0.28%
1959 -4.32% -1%
1958 -2.95% -0.98%
1957 -1.11% -1.09%
1956 -0.11% -1.46%
1955 0.33% -2.03%
1954 0.006% -1.84%
1953 -0.48% -2.33%
1952 -0.94% -4.08%
1951 -0.42% -3.86%
1950 -1.17% -2.42%
1949 - -2.82%
1948 - -4.58%
1947 - -6.62%
1946 - -9.82%
1945 - -16.9%
1944 - -35.1%
1943 - -16.1%
1942 - -26.9%
1941 - -25.1%
1940 - -24.3%
1939 - -9.49%
1938 - -5.97%
1937 - -5.78%
1936 - -7.93%
1935 - -9.83%
1934 - -2.5%
1933 - -4.85%
1932 - -3.06%
1931 - -2.14%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -0.59%
1928 - -2.09%
1927 - -1.71%
1926 - -0.09%
1925 - 1.7%
1924 - 1.19%
1923 - -3.21%
1922 - -11%
1921 - -7.77%
1920 - -5.89%
1919 - -11.2%
1918 - -22.7%
1917 - -27.6%
1916 - -28.2%
1915 - -25.8%
1914 - -12.4%
1913 - -0.86%
1912 - -1.86%
1911 - -0.63%
1910 - -0.32%
1909 - -0.69%
1908 - -1.31%
1907 - -0.51%
1906 - -0.69%
1905 - -1.57%
1904 - 0.58%
1903 - 0.32%
1902 - 0.48%
1901 - 0.36%
1900 - 0.28%
1899 - -0.11%
1898 - -0.21%
1897 - 0.009%
1896 - -0.43%
1895 - -0.69%
1894 - -0.23%
1893 - -0.49%
1892 - -0.25%
1891 - -1.41%
1890 - -0.32%
1889 - -1.32%
1888 - -2.11%
1887 - -1.94%
1886 - -0.5%
1885 - 0.2%
1884 - -1.46%
1883 - -0.51%
1882 - -0.5%
1881 - -0.04%
1880 - 0.38%
1879 - 0.73%
1878 - 0.09%
1877 - -0.009%
1876 - -0.05%
1875 - 0.58%
1874 - -0.08%
1873 - 0.21%
1872 - 0%
1871 - -0.13%
1870 - -0.82%
1869 - 0.33%
1868 - -0.79%
1867 - -1.45%
1866 - -3.1%
1865 - -2.72%
1864 - -3.06%
1863 - -4.16%
1862 - -3.96%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Italy's deficit of $79.4B, or 3.11% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Italy ran a deficit in 66 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.51% of GDP for Italy.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Italy
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Italy
2025 19.5% 1.53%
2024 5.1% 0.98%
2023 2.58% 5.62%
2022 1.75% 8.2%
2021 0.74% 1.87%
2020 0.94% -0.14%
2019 1.84% 0.61%
2018 2.27% 1.14%
2017 2.82% 1.23%
2016 3.62% -0.09%
2015 4.06% 0.04%
2014 5.77% 0.24%
2013 5.74% 1.22%
2012 4.52% 3.04%
2011 9.88% 2.78%
2010 2.5% 1.53%
2009 3.35% 0.77%
2008 14% 3.35%
2007 8.71% 1.83%
2006 4.28% 2.09%
2005 5.39% 1.99%
2004 4.44% 2.21%
2003 3.34% 2.67%
2002 0.93% 2.47%
2001 1.59% 2.79%
2000 4.61% 2.54%
1999 2.16% 1.66%
1998 7.67% 1.96%
1997 4.71% 2.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 2.01% in Italy. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 1.53% in Italy.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $214M
Raw materials & minerals $10.7M
Raw agricultural goods $9.56M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.2M
Animal & marine products $2.37M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.78M
Metals $1.26M
Chemicals & pharma $905K
Wood & paper products $468K
Machinery & equipment $146K
Italy
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $48.2M
Chemicals & pharma $4.33M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.65M
Raw materials & minerals $2.01M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.41M
Metals $1.07M
Precious metals & jewellery $560K
Wood & paper products $552K
Weapons & explosives $405K
Raw agricultural goods $239K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Italy
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
$29.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
19/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
+1.15%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$597B
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$655B
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$177B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$168B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
30.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
32.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Italy
Economic freedom 42.4 63.3
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 80/197
Property rights 20.2 84.8
Government integrity 27.1 60.8
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 80.9
Tax burden 86.4 57.5
Government spending 56.3 15.3
Fiscal health 0.8 17.2
Business freedom 53.6 74.5
Labor freedom 52.2 70.6
Monetary freedom 67.1 79.1
Trade freedom 60.6 79.4
Investment freedom 15 80
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Italy
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Italy
2026 42.4 63.3
2025 44.1 60.9
2024 43.5 60.1
2023 43.4 62.3
2022 43 65.4
2021 42.7 64.9
2020 42.8 63.8
2019 42.3 62.2
2018 44.1 62.5
2017 47.7 62.5
2016 47.4 61.2
2015 46.8 61.7
2014 48.4 60.9
2013 47.9 60.6
2012 50.2 58.8
2011 50 60.3
2010 49.4 62.7
2009 53.6 61.4
2008 53.1 62.6
2007 54.2 62.8
2006 57.8 62
2005 58.4 64.9
2004 64.5 64.2
2003 64.3 64.3
2002 65.1 63.6
2001 68 63
2000 65 61.9
1999 65.6 61.6
1998 68.8 59.1
1997 65.1 58.1
1996 65.2 60.8
1995 56.8 61.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 63.3 for Italy, ranking 80/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Italy
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
22.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
2.07%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$2.48T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$62,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$434B
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
10/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
$22B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$28.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$45.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
20.1%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
22.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/italy | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1862–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.