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Economy of Bolivia vs Denmark compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $425B for Denmark, ranking 88/197 and 37/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $134B (31.5% of GDP) in Denmark.

Bolivia vs Denmark GDP by year

Bolivia
Denmark
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Denmark
2024 $54,881,327,453 $424,524,722,037
2023 $52,340,206,946 $404,651,706,118
2022 $50,959,081,954 $400,114,306,337
2021 $47,877,892,402 $406,110,162,088
2020 $42,313,784,081 $355,631,021,932
2019 $49,056,643,589 $345,401,473,013
2018 $48,414,038,842 $355,293,374,912
2017 $45,927,439,595 $331,610,593,962
2016 $33,941,126,194 $312,181,849,372
2015 $33,000,198,249 $301,758,922,338
2014 $32,996,188,017 $352,832,602,064
2013 $30,659,338,886 $344,631,016,965
2012 $27,084,497,482 $326,792,574,245
2011 $23,963,164,697 $344,315,595,263
2010 $19,649,723,722 $322,345,594,075
2009 $17,339,992,194 $322,619,152,195
2008 $16,674,276,286 $354,979,471,960
2007 $13,120,108,008 $320,213,157,595
2006 $11,451,844,902 $283,386,151,544
2005 $9,549,122,905 $265,150,087,712
2004 $8,773,451,752 $251,986,155,631
2003 $8,082,399,640 $218,421,193,436
2002 $7,905,485,146 $178,788,209,558
2001 $8,141,516,928 $164,881,594,415
2000 $8,397,855,485 $164,043,817,224
1999 $8,285,064,435 $177,887,720,536
1998 $8,497,494,652 $176,877,077,513
1997 $7,925,736,821 $173,241,365,735
1996 $7,396,949,126 $187,481,157,846
1995 $6,715,161,732 $184,848,481,008
1994 $5,981,222,859 $156,017,919,221
1993 $5,734,699,489 $143,111,306,004
1992 $5,643,868,749 $152,966,494,260
1991 $5,343,262,457 $139,180,507,778
1990 $4,867,582,598 $138,217,740,684
1989 $4,715,973,437 $112,312,200,761
1988 $4,597,612,362 $115,540,189,705
1987 $4,347,956,338 $109,183,446,340
1986 $3,959,382,833 $87,748,695,217
1985 $5,377,276,555 $62,452,421,011
1984 $6,169,483,225 $58,868,891,335
1983 $5,422,656,823 $60,331,158,447
1982 $5,594,126,369 $60,084,214,872
1981 $5,891,598,695 $61,459,941,461
1980 $4,537,479,608 $70,811,287,816
1979 $4,421,336,383 $70,393,030,603
1978 $3,758,220,890 $60,320,089,218
1977 $3,227,436,282 $49,711,709,588
1976 $2,731,984,008 $44,503,607,444
1975 $2,404,697,651 $40,418,967,666
1974 $2,100,249,875 $34,125,712,481
1973 $1,262,968,516 $30,718,181,337
1972 $1,257,615,645 $23,230,667,549
1971 $1,095,622,896 $19,086,192,720
1970 $1,017,003,367 $17,075,457,733
1969 $929,629,630 $15,414,902,667
1968 $857,912,458 $13,505,574,133
1967 $755,808,081 $13,059,064,806
1966 $669,191,919 $11,931,740,293
1965 $604,377,104 $10,870,670,865
1964 $544,023,569 $9,677,401,337
1963 $482,828,283 $8,466,044,980
1962 $448,400,673 $7,953,274,741
1961 $410,101,010 $7,058,361,229
1960 $377,020,202 $6,361,166,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/denmark | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Denmark by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Denmark
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $71,026 $81,878
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $68,044 $77,892
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $67,781 $78,914
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $69,341 $69,715
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $60,985 $62,682
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $59,404 $60,595
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $61,325 $57,234
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $57,522 $55,272
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $54,501 $51,821
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $53,094 $48,897
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $62,520 $47,880
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $61,378 $46,869
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $58,444 $44,755
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $61,810 $44,444
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $58,105 $43,038
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $58,413 $40,524
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $64,617 $41,467
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $58,632 $39,110
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $52,119 $37,392
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $48,926 $34,238
2004 $953 $4,663 $46,625 $33,016
2003 $893 $4,433 $40,519 $30,864
2002 $888 $4,304 $33,257 $30,667
2001 $930 $4,205 $30,768 $29,459
2000 $976 $4,113 $30,722 $28,648
1999 $979 $3,991 $33,426 $26,642
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $33,346 $25,799
1997 $970 $3,822 $32,780 $24,887
1996 $922 $3,645 $35,622 $23,723
1995 $853 $3,494 $35,321 $22,677
1994 $774 $3,331 $29,968 $21,669
1993 $757 $3,177 $27,582 $20,217
1992 $760 $3,036 $29,579 $19,830
1991 $734 $2,981 $27,003 $19,067
1990 $683 $2,797 $26,886 $18,225
1989 $675 - $21,882 -
1988 $673 - $22,525 -
1987 $650 - $21,296 -
1986 $604 - $17,137 -
1985 $838 - $12,213 -
1984 $982 - $11,517 -
1983 $882 - $11,797 -
1982 $930 - $11,740 -
1981 $1,001 - $12,000 -
1980 $788 - $13,822 -
1979 $785 - $13,757 -
1978 $683 - $11,818 -
1977 $600 - $9,770 -
1976 $520 - $8,773 -
1975 $468 - $7,988 -
1974 $418 - $6,764 -
1973 $257.2 - $6,117 -
1972 $261.9 - $4,654 -
1971 $233.4 - $3,846 -
1970 $221.6 - $3,464 -
1969 $207.1 - $3,151 -
1968 $195.5 - $2,776 -
1967 $176.1 - $2,701 -
1966 $159.3 - $2,487 -
1965 $147.1 - $2,284 -
1964 $135.2 - $2,049 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,807 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,711 -
1961 $108.5 - $1,531 -
1960 $101.8 - $1,389 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/denmark | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $71,026 in Denmark, ranking 12/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Denmark
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$425B
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
37/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
3.48%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$71,026
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$81,878
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
14/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$134B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
31.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$22,340
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
30/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$53,468
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$151B
2004
Number of millionaires n/a
376,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
9
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
25.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
3.6%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
47.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
1.37%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
1.6%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
6.15%
2024
Population
12798112
6032403

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Denmark
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Denmark
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 47.3% 31.5%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 47.4% 33.8%
2022 36% 80.1% 45.1% 34.2%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 49.7% 40.7%
2020 36.8% 78% 53.3% 46.3%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 49.8% 38.3%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 50.8% 38.5%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 50.6% 40.2%
2016 40% 46.5% 52.4% 41.7%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 54.4% 44.6%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 55.1% 48.7%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 55.6% 47.8%
2012 36% 35.4% 57.9% 48.7%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 56.3% 50%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 56.5% 46.1%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 56.3% 43%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 50.3% 35.5%
2007 32.7% 40% 49.5% 29.5%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 49.7% 33.2%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 51.1% 39.4%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 52.8% 46.2%
2003 32% 95.6% 53.5% 48.2%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 53.1% 50.3%
2001 32% 83% 53% 50.1%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 52.9% 53.6%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 54.7% 56.8%
1998 30% 61.2% 55.6% 60.3%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 56.2% 64.4%
1996 26% 72.4% 58.2% 68.3%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 58.7% 71.5%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 59.5% 75.3%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 59.5% 78.7%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 56.4% 66.7%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 55.5% 63.2%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 55.1% 62.4%
1989 24.4% 98% 56.2% 62.2%
1988 24% 115.9% 56.1% 64.7%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 54% 62.5%
1986 22.2% 149% 52.3% 66.8%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 55.5% 74.7%
1984 29% 166.5% 56.6% 77.7%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 57.9% 74.2%
1982 25% 155.4% 57.7% 64.5%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 56.3% 51.7%
1980 19.8% 100% 52.7% 39.2%
1979 18% 92% 49.6% 31.8%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 47.2% 25.5%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 45.6% 15.2%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 45% 11.4%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 45.3% 7.01%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 43.6% 6.2%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 39.5% 8.94%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 42.1% 11.5%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 42.2% 12.9%
1970 10% 63.9% 24.4% 7.62%
1969 12.3% - 25.3% 8.36%
1968 14.1% - 24.3% 9.36%
1967 13.1% - 22.2% 10.1%
1966 12.9% - 21.1% 11.2%
1965 12.9% - 17.1% 12.9%
1964 10.8% - 17.6% 14.5%
1963 10.8% - 18.2% 13.7%
1962 10.2% - 17% 15.3%
1961 10.7% - 15.6% 16.4%
1960 10.1% - 16.4% 20.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while Denmark spent $201B, or 47.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 31.5% in Denmark, ranking 26/185 and 155/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Denmark
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Denmark
2024 -10.6% 4.46%
2023 -10.9% 3.43%
2022 -7.12% 3.39%
2021 -9.33% 4.12%
2020 -12.7% 0.36%
2019 -7.25% 4.28%
2018 -8.17% 0.81%
2017 -7.86% 1.69%
2016 -7.24% 0.3%
2015 -6.93% -0.9%
2014 -3.41% 1.43%
2013 0.6% -0.94%
2012 1.72% -3.2%
2011 0.83% -1.77%
2010 1.62% -2.52%
2009 2.63% -2.75%
2008 3.53% 3.46%
2007 -1.54% 5.31%
2006 4.47% 5.29%
2005 -2.24% 5.2%
2004 -5.54% 2.23%
2003 -7.88% 0.14%
2002 -8.79% 0.25%
2001 -6.82% 1.13%
2000 -3.73% 1.79%
1999 -3.84% 1.06%
1998 -5.1% -0.28%
1997 -3.28% -1.22%
1996 -1.9% -2.4%
1995 -1.82% -3.5%
1994 -3% -3.85%
1993 -6.1% -3.73%
1992 -4.4% -2.6%
1991 -4.2% -3.15%
1990 -4.4% -1.78%
1989 -5.5% 0.3%
1988 -6.5% 1.46%
1987 -7.7% 2.46%
1986 -2.7% 3.23%
1985 -9.8% -1.38%
1984 -25.4% -3.58%
1983 -19.8% -6.29%
1982 -15.9% -8.22%
1981 -12.3% -5.84%
1980 -15.3% -2.32%
1979 -11.2% -0.69%
1978 -9.97% 0.41%
1977 -11.2% 0.37%
1976 -1.15% 0.19%
1975 -2.33% -1.23%
1974 -1.87% 3.7%
1973 -3.72% 4.97%
1972 -3.69% 5.01%
1971 -3.67% 4.96%
1970 -1.92% 0.7%
1969 -4.16% 0.3%
1968 -5.67% -0.06%
1967 -4.29% 1.49%
1966 -3.55% 0.99%
1965 -4.12% 2.13%
1964 -2.68% 1.79%
1963 -3.02% 1.2%
1962 -2.8% -0.09%
1961 -2.81% 1.73%
1960 -3.35% 1.25%
1959 -4.32% 0.79%
1958 -2.95% 0.25%
1957 -1.11% 0.26%
1956 -0.11% -0.01%
1955 0.33% -1.17%
1954 0.006% -0.84%
1953 -0.48% 1.75%
1952 -0.94% 1.18%
1951 -0.42% 0.79%
1950 -1.17% 1.08%
1949 - 0.63%
1948 - 1.07%
1947 - 0.84%
1946 - 2.69%
1945 - -1.03%
1944 - 0%
1943 - 0%
1942 - 0%
1941 - 0%
1940 - 0%
1939 - 0%
1938 - 0.03%
1937 - 0.22%
1936 - -1.36%
1935 - -0.97%
1934 - 0.03%
1933 - 1.69%
1932 - -3.22%
1931 - -1.67%
1930 - 0.03%
1929 - 0.13%
1928 - -4.99%
1927 - -2.33%
1926 - -0.48%
1925 - -3.1%
1924 - -0.8%
1923 - -0.56%
1922 - -1.33%
1921 - -2.41%
1920 - -0.46%
1919 - -0.38%
1918 - 1.95%
1917 - 3.1%
1916 - 1.51%
1915 - -0.48%
1914 - 0.43%
1913 - 0.07%
1912 - 0.13%
1911 - -1.02%
1910 - -1.72%
1909 - -2.49%
1908 - -0.82%
1907 - 0.26%
1906 - -0.42%
1905 - 0.22%
1904 - -0.1%
1903 - 0.03%
1902 - -0.06%
1901 - -0.71%
1900 - -0.84%
1899 - -0.59%
1898 - -0.43%
1897 - -0.61%
1896 - -0.07%
1895 - -0.17%
1894 - -0.26%
1893 - -0.42%
1892 - -0.73%
1891 - -0.76%
1890 - -0.97%
1889 - -0.55%
1888 - -0.49%
1887 - -0.68%
1886 - -0.39%
1885 - 0.48%
1884 - 1.2%
1883 - 0.73%
1882 - 0.35%
1881 - 0.42%
1880 - -2.65%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/denmark | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to Denmark's surplus of $18.9B, or 4.46% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Denmark ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.38% of GDP for Denmark.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Denmark
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Denmark
2024 5.1% 1.37%
2023 2.58% 3.31%
2022 1.75% 7.7%
2021 0.74% 1.85%
2020 0.94% 0.42%
2019 1.84% 0.76%
2018 2.27% 0.81%
2017 2.82% 1.15%
2016 3.62% 0.25%
2015 4.06% 0.45%
2014 5.77% 0.56%
2013 5.74% 0.79%
2012 4.52% 2.4%
2011 9.88% 2.76%
2010 2.5% 2.31%
2009 3.35% 1.3%
2008 14% 3.42%
2007 8.71% 1.69%
2006 4.28% 1.92%
2005 5.39% 1.82%
2004 4.44% 1.15%
2003 3.34% 2.08%
2002 0.93% 2.42%
2001 1.59% 2.34%
2000 4.61% 2.9%
1999 2.16% 2.5%
1998 7.67% 1.85%
1997 4.71% 2.18%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/denmark | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 1.95% in Denmark. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 1.37% in Denmark.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $1.04M
Textiles & consumer goods $538K
Wood & paper products $389K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $259K
Machinery & equipment $149K
Metals $54K
Miscellaneous $4K
Precious metals & jewellery $3K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Denmark
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $4.47M
Chemicals & pharma $3.37M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $380K
Textiles & consumer goods $99K
Metals $89K
Wood & paper products $59K
Raw materials & minerals $36K
Raw agricultural goods $16K
Miscellaneous $15K
Precious metals & jewellery $11K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Denmark
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
$52.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
14/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
+12.3%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$132B
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$172B
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$125B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$129B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
60.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
71%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Denmark
Economic freedom 42.4 79
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 8/197
Property rights 20.2 99.9
Government integrity 27.1 98
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 89.3
Tax burden 86.4 43.4
Government spending 56.3 34.8
Fiscal health 0.8 98
Business freedom 53.6 90.4
Labor freedom 52.2 65
Monetary freedom 67.1 80.1
Trade freedom 60.6 79.4
Investment freedom 15 90
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Denmark
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Denmark
2026 42.4 79
2025 44.1 79.1
2024 43.5 77.8
2023 43.4 77.6
2022 43 78
2021 42.7 77.8
2020 42.8 78.3
2019 42.3 76.7
2018 44.1 76.6
2017 47.7 75.1
2016 47.4 75.3
2015 46.8 76.3
2014 48.4 76.1
2013 47.9 76.1
2012 50.2 76.2
2011 50 78.6
2010 49.4 77.9
2009 53.6 79.6
2008 53.1 79.2
2007 54.2 77
2006 57.8 75.4
2005 58.4 75.3
2004 64.5 72.4
2003 64.3 73.2
2002 65.1 71.1
2001 68 68.3
2000 65 68.3
1999 65.6 68.1
1998 68.8 67.5
1997 65.1 67.5
1996 65.2 67.3
1995 56.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/denmark | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 79 for Denmark, ranking 8/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Denmark
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
63.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
24.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
0.93%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$434B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$84,680
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$108B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
25/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
$11.9B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
$18.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$30.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
12.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
23.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.