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Economy of Bolivia vs United States compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $28.8T for the United States, ranking 88/197 and 1/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $35.2T (122.3% of GDP) in the United States.

Bolivia vs United States GDP by year

Bolivia
United States
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia United States
2024 $54,881,327,453 $28,750,956,130,731
2023 $52,340,206,946 $27,292,170,793,214
2022 $50,959,081,954 $25,604,848,907,611
2021 $47,877,892,402 $23,315,080,560,000
2020 $42,313,784,081 $21,060,473,613,000
2019 $49,056,643,589 $21,380,976,119,000
2018 $48,414,038,842 $20,533,057,312,000
2017 $45,927,439,595 $19,477,336,549,000
2016 $33,941,126,194 $18,695,110,842,000
2015 $33,000,198,249 $18,206,020,741,000
2014 $32,996,188,017 $17,550,680,174,000
2013 $30,659,338,886 $16,843,190,993,000
2012 $27,084,497,482 $16,253,972,230,000
2011 $23,963,164,697 $15,599,728,123,000
2010 $19,649,723,722 $15,048,964,444,000
2009 $17,339,992,194 $14,478,064,934,000
2008 $16,674,276,286 $14,769,857,911,000
2007 $13,120,108,008 $14,474,226,905,000
2006 $11,451,844,902 $13,815,586,948,000
2005 $9,549,122,905 $13,039,199,193,000
2004 $8,773,451,752 $12,217,193,198,000
2003 $8,082,399,640 $11,456,442,041,000
2002 $7,905,485,146 $10,929,112,955,000
2001 $8,141,516,928 $10,581,929,774,000
2000 $8,397,855,485 $10,250,947,997,000
1999 $8,285,064,435 $9,631,174,489,000
1998 $8,497,494,652 $9,062,818,202,000
1997 $7,925,736,821 $8,577,554,457,000
1996 $7,396,949,126 $8,073,122,000,000
1995 $6,715,161,732 $7,639,749,000,000
1994 $5,981,222,859 $7,287,236,000,000
1993 $5,734,699,489 $6,858,559,000,000
1992 $5,643,868,749 $6,520,327,000,000
1991 $5,343,262,457 $6,158,129,000,000
1990 $4,867,582,598 $5,963,144,000,000
1989 $4,715,973,437 $5,641,580,000,000
1988 $4,597,612,362 $5,236,438,000,000
1987 $4,347,956,338 $4,855,215,000,000
1986 $3,959,382,833 $4,579,631,000,000
1985 $5,377,276,555 $4,338,979,000,000
1984 $6,169,483,225 $4,037,613,000,000
1983 $5,422,656,823 $3,634,038,000,000
1982 $5,594,126,369 $3,343,789,000,000
1981 $5,891,598,695 $3,207,041,000,000
1980 $4,537,479,608 $2,857,307,000,000
1979 $4,421,336,383 $2,627,333,000,000
1978 $3,758,220,890 $2,351,599,000,000
1977 $3,227,436,282 $2,081,826,000,000
1976 $2,731,984,008 $1,873,412,000,000
1975 $2,404,697,651 $1,684,904,000,000
1974 $2,100,249,875 $1,545,243,000,000
1973 $1,262,968,516 $1,425,376,000,000
1972 $1,257,615,645 $1,279,110,000,000
1971 $1,095,622,896 $1,164,850,000,000
1970 $1,017,003,367 $1,073,303,000,000
1969 $929,629,630 $1,017,438,172,414
1968 $857,912,458 $940,225,000,000
1967 $755,808,081 $859,620,034,483
1966 $669,191,919 $813,032,758,621
1965 $604,377,104 $741,904,862,069
1964 $544,023,569 $684,144,620,690
1963 $482,828,283 $637,058,551,724
1962 $448,400,673 $603,639,413,793
1961 $410,101,010 $561,940,310,345
1960 $377,020,202 $541,988,586,207

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs United States by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United States
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia United States
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $84,534 $85,810
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $81,490 $82,305
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $76,829 $77,861
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $70,249 $71,307
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $63,526 $64,402
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $65,120 $65,228
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $62,823 $62,876
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $59,908 $60,048
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $57,867 $57,977
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $56,763 $56,849
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $55,124 $55,153
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $53,291 $53,297
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $51,784 $51,708
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $50,066 $50,025
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $48,651 $48,643
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $47,195 $47,195
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $48,570 $48,570
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $48,050 $48,050
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $46,302 $46,302
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $44,123 $44,123
2004 $953 $4,663 $41,725 $41,725
2003 $893 $4,433 $39,490 $39,490
2002 $888 $4,304 $37,998 $37,998
2001 $930 $4,205 $37,134 $37,134
2000 $976 $4,113 $36,330 $36,330
1999 $979 $3,991 $34,484 $34,515
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $32,823 $32,854
1997 $970 $3,822 $31,430 $31,459
1996 $922 $3,645 $29,937 $29,968
1995 $853 $3,494 $28,661 $28,691
1994 $774 $3,331 $27,662 $27,695
1993 $757 $3,177 $26,353 $26,387
1992 $760 $3,036 $25,381 $25,419
1991 $734 $2,981 $24,293 $24,342
1990 $683 $2,797 $23,840 $23,889
1989 $675 - $22,857 -
1988 $673 - $21,417 -
1987 $650 - $20,039 -
1986 $604 - $19,071 -
1985 $838 - $18,237 -
1984 $982 - $17,121 -
1983 $882 - $15,544 -
1982 $930 - $14,434 -
1981 $1,001 - $13,976 -
1980 $788 - $12,613 -
1979 $785 - $11,674 -
1978 $683 - $10,565 -
1977 $600 - $9,453 -
1976 $520 - $8,592 -
1975 $468 - $7,801 -
1974 $418 - $7,226 -
1973 $257.2 - $6,726 -
1972 $261.9 - $6,094 -
1971 $233.4 - $5,609 -
1970 $221.6 - $5,234 -
1969 $207.1 - $5,020 -
1968 $195.5 - $4,685 -
1967 $176.1 - $4,326 -
1966 $159.3 - $4,136 -
1965 $147.1 - $3,818 -
1964 $135.2 - $3,565 -
1963 $122.6 - $3,366 -
1962 $116.2 - $3,236 -
1961 $108.5 - $3,059 -
1960 $101.8 - $3,000 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $84,534 in the United States, ranking 10/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while the United States ranks 12th at $85,810.

Economic indicators

Bolivia United States
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$28.8T
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
1/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
2.79%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$84,534
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
10/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$85,810
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
12/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$35.2T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
122.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$103,404
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
2/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$53,202
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$62.2T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
23,831,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
902
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
30.4%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
1.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
37.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
2.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
3.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
4.02%
2024
Population
12798112
344023146

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
United States
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia United States
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 37.9% 122.3%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 37.7% 119.8%
2022 36% 80.1% 36.8% 119.1%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 43.2% 125%
2020 36.8% 78% 44.7% 132.5%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 35.8% 108.8%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 35.3% 107.6%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 35.2% 106.4%
2016 40% 46.5% 35.3% 107.4%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 35% 105.4%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 35.3% 104.9%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 35.8% 105%
2012 36% 35.4% 37.2% 103.7%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 38.8% 100%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 39.8% 95.6%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 41.4% 87.1%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 37.1% 73.8%
2007 32.7% 40% 34.6% 64.9%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 33.7% 64.5%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 33.9% 65.8%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 33.7% 66.4%
2003 32% 95.6% 34% 59%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 33.7% 55.9%
2001 32% 83% 32.8% 53.5%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 31.7% 54.5%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 32.2% 60.5%
1998 30% 61.2% 32.8% 64.2%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 33.7% 67.4%
1996 26% 72.4% 34.7% 69.9%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 35.5% 70.7%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 35.5% 71.1%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 36.4% 71.9%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 36.7% 70.3%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 35.7% 67.9%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 34.5% 63.1%
1989 24.4% 98% 33.7% 61.6%
1988 24% 115.9% 33.7% 61.3%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 34.3% 60.6%
1986 22.2% 149% 34.8% 58.9%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 34.5% 55.4%
1984 29% 166.5% 34.3% 50.6%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 35.7% 48.9%
1982 25% 155.4% 35.8% 45.9%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 33.9% 41.1%
1980 19.8% 100% 33.7% 41.9%
1979 18% 92% 32% 41.2%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 32.6% 42.5%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 33.4% 43.6%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 34.2% 44.8%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 35.2% 44.6%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 32.9% 41.4%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 31.9% 42.6%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 32.8% 45.4%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 32.3% 47%
1970 10% 63.9% 31.5% 46.4%
1969 12.3% - 29.3% 45.9%
1968 14.1% - 29.1% 48.5%
1967 13.1% - 28.3% 50.4%
1966 12.9% - 26.3% 50.6%
1965 12.9% - 25.4% 53.7%
1964 10.8% - 25.6% 56.7%
1963 10.8% - 26% 58.8%
1962 10.2% - 26% 60.2%
1961 10.7% - 25.9% 62.3%
1960 10.1% - 24.9% 61.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while the United States spent $10.9T, or 37.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 122.3% in the United States, ranking 26/185 and 12/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

United States
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia United States
2024 -10.6% -8.03%
2023 -10.9% -7.8%
2022 -7.12% -3.72%
2021 -9.33% -11.4%
2020 -12.7% -14.1%
2019 -7.25% -5.81%
2018 -8.17% -5.33%
2017 -7.86% -4.79%
2016 -7.24% -4.36%
2015 -6.93% -3.53%
2014 -3.41% -4.03%
2013 0.6% -4.56%
2012 1.72% -8.11%
2011 0.83% -9.72%
2010 1.62% -11%
2009 2.63% -13.2%
2008 3.53% -6.61%
2007 -1.54% -2.91%
2006 4.47% -2.04%
2005 -2.24% -3.07%
2004 -5.54% -4.24%
2003 -7.88% -4.77%
2002 -8.79% -3.82%
2001 -6.82% -0.54%
2000 -3.73% 3.62%
1999 -3.84% 2.71%
1998 -5.1% 2.18%
1997 -3.28% 0.88%
1996 -1.9% -0.46%
1995 -1.82% -1.7%
1994 -3% -2.05%
1993 -6.1% -3.35%
1992 -4.4% -3.98%
1991 -4.2% -2.72%
1990 -4.4% -1.64%
1989 -5.5% -0.8%
1988 -6.5% -1.06%
1987 -7.7% -1.53%
1986 -2.7% -2.81%
1985 -9.8% -2.63%
1984 -25.4% -2.97%
1983 -19.8% -4.26%
1982 -15.9% -3.78%
1981 -12.3% -1.58%
1980 -15.3% -2.17%
1979 -11.2% -0.79%
1978 -9.97% -1.7%
1977 -11.2% -2.57%
1976 -1.15% -3.63%
1975 -2.33% -5.4%
1974 -1.87% -1.27%
1973 -3.72% -0.86%
1972 -3.69% -1.86%
1971 -3.67% -2.63%
1970 -1.92% -1.21%
1969 -4.16% 2.11%
1968 -5.67% 1.23%
1967 -4.29% 0.47%
1966 -3.55% 2.07%
1965 -4.12% 2.38%
1964 -2.68% 2.18%
1963 -3.02% 2.87%
1962 -2.8% 2.32%
1961 -2.81% 2.28%
1960 -3.35% 3.2%
1959 -4.32% -9.06%
1958 -2.95% -8.68%
1957 -1.11% -6.72%
1956 -0.11% -6.02%
1955 0.33% -7.4%
1954 0.006% -5.55%
1953 -0.48% -5.76%
1952 -0.94% -5.41%
1951 -0.42% -6.93%
1950 -1.17% -8.22%
1949 - -7.94%
1948 - -4.16%
1947 - -3.99%
1946 - -6.45%
1945 - -14.1%
1944 - -13.4%
1943 - -19.3%
1942 - -16.3%
1941 - -10.2%
1940 - -9.73%
1939 - -11.9%
1938 - -10.4%
1937 - -9.22%
1936 - -12.1%
1935 - -13.3%
1934 - -14.9%
1933 - -14.3%
1932 - -12.7%
1931 - -9.76%
1930 - -5.46%
1929 - -4.58%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1929–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to the United States' deficit of $2.31T, or 8.03% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while the United States ran a deficit in 51 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.75% of GDP for the United States.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

United States
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia United States
2024 5.1% 2.95%
2023 2.58% 4.12%
2022 1.75% 8%
2021 0.74% 4.7%
2020 0.94% 1.23%
2019 1.84% 1.81%
2018 2.27% 2.44%
2017 2.82% 2.13%
2016 3.62% 1.26%
2015 4.06% 0.12%
2014 5.77% 1.62%
2013 5.74% 1.46%
2012 4.52% 2.07%
2011 9.88% 3.16%
2010 2.5% 1.64%
2009 3.35% -0.36%
2008 14% 3.84%
2007 8.71% 2.85%
2006 4.28% 3.23%
2005 5.39% 3.39%
2004 4.44% 2.68%
2003 3.34% 2.27%
2002 0.93% 1.59%
2001 1.59% 2.83%
2000 4.61% 3.38%
1999 2.16% 2.19%
1998 7.67% 1.55%
1997 4.71% 2.34%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 2.52% in the United States. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 2.95% in the United States.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Metals $82.2M
Raw agricultural goods $80.2M
Raw materials & minerals $52.4M
Machinery & equipment $32.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $17.1M
Precious metals & jewellery $15.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $14.3M
Wood & paper products $13.8M
Chemicals & pharma $472K
Animal & marine products $163K
United States
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $224M
Raw materials & minerals $65.9M
Chemicals & pharma $57.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $18.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.4M
Miscellaneous $8.56M
Wood & paper products $4.45M
Metals $4.22M
Raw agricultural goods $4.18M
Precious metals & jewellery $2.15M

Balance of trade

Bolivia United States
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
-$1.19T
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
190/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
-4.12%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$3.3T
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$2.08T
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$841B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$1.15T
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
14.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
11.1%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia United States
Economic freedom 42.4 72.8
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 27/197
Property rights 20.2 91.6
Government integrity 27.1 77.1
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 76.4
Tax burden 86.4 75.3
Government spending 56.3 57.9
Fiscal health 0.8 18.5
Business freedom 53.6 88.6
Labor freedom 52.2 76.3
Monetary freedom 67.1 84.2
Trade freedom 60.6 67.6
Investment freedom 15 80
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
United States
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia United States
2026 42.4 72.8
2025 44.1 70.2
2024 43.5 70.1
2023 43.4 70.6
2022 43 72.1
2021 42.7 74.8
2020 42.8 76.6
2019 42.3 76.8
2018 44.1 75.7
2017 47.7 75.1
2016 47.4 75.4
2015 46.8 76.2
2014 48.4 75.5
2013 47.9 76
2012 50.2 76.3
2011 50 77.8
2010 49.4 78
2009 53.6 80.7
2008 53.1 81
2007 54.2 81.2
2006 57.8 81.2
2005 58.4 79.9
2004 64.5 78.7
2003 64.3 78.2
2002 65.1 78.4
2001 68 79.1
2000 65 76.4
1999 65.6 75.5
1998 68.8 75.4
1997 65.1 75.6
1996 65.2 76.7
1995 56.8 76.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 72.8 for the United States, ranking 27/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia United States
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
79.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
17.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
0.85%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$28.4T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$85,980
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$910B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
3/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
$25.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
$297B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$322B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
15.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
21.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/united-states | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1929–2000, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.