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Economy of Bolivia vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $4.03T for Japan, ranking 88/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $9.51T (236.1% of GDP) in Japan.

Bolivia vs Japan GDP by year

Bolivia
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Japan
2024 $54,881,327,453 $4,027,597,523,551
2023 $52,340,206,946 $4,213,167,237,906
2022 $50,959,081,954 $4,262,463,317,797
2021 $47,877,892,402 $5,039,148,168,861
2020 $42,313,784,081 $5,054,068,005,376
2019 $49,056,643,589 $5,117,993,853,017
2018 $48,414,038,842 $5,040,880,939,325
2017 $45,927,439,595 $4,930,837,369,151
2016 $33,941,126,194 $5,003,677,627,544
2015 $33,000,198,249 $4,444,930,651,964
2014 $32,996,188,017 $4,896,994,405,353
2013 $30,659,338,886 $5,212,328,181,166
2012 $27,084,497,482 $6,272,362,996,105
2011 $23,963,164,697 $6,233,147,172,341
2010 $19,649,723,722 $5,759,071,769,013
2009 $17,339,992,194 $5,289,493,117,994
2008 $16,674,276,286 $5,106,679,115,127
2007 $13,120,108,008 $4,579,750,920,355
2006 $11,451,844,902 $4,601,663,122,650
2005 $9,549,122,905 $4,831,467,035,390
2004 $8,773,451,752 $4,893,116,005,657
2003 $8,082,399,640 $4,519,561,645,254
2002 $7,905,485,146 $4,182,846,045,874
2001 $8,141,516,928 $4,374,711,694,091
2000 $8,397,855,485 $4,968,359,075,957
1999 $8,285,064,435 $4,635,982,224,064
1998 $8,497,494,652 $4,098,362,709,531
1997 $7,925,736,821 $4,492,448,605,639
1996 $7,396,949,126 $4,923,391,533,852
1995 $6,715,161,732 $5,545,563,663,890
1994 $5,981,222,859 $4,998,797,547,741
1993 $5,734,699,489 $4,536,940,479,038
1992 $5,643,868,749 $3,980,702,922,118
1991 $5,343,262,457 $3,648,065,760,649
1990 $4,867,582,598 $3,185,904,656,664
1989 $4,715,973,437 $3,109,455,047,824
1988 $4,597,612,362 $3,125,724,434,401
1987 $4,347,956,338 $2,580,748,422,781
1986 $3,959,382,833 $2,120,083,812,110
1985 $5,377,276,555 $1,427,019,759,717
1984 $6,169,483,225 $1,345,824,500,837
1983 $5,422,656,823 $1,270,859,919,743
1982 $5,594,126,369 $1,158,731,426,906
1981 $5,891,598,695 $1,245,221,410,764
1980 $4,537,479,608 $1,129,377,244,854
1979 $4,421,336,383 $1,077,910,077,676
1978 $3,758,220,890 $1,035,611,588,217
1977 $3,227,436,282 $737,069,290,928
1976 $2,731,984,008 $598,883,902,156
1975 $2,404,697,651 $532,861,438,885
1974 $2,100,249,875 $490,035,789,970
1973 $1,262,968,516 $441,460,582,536
1972 $1,257,615,645 $324,933,841,269
1971 $1,095,622,896 $245,364,056,622
1970 $1,017,003,367 $217,223,652,719
1969 $929,629,630 $184,298,841,305
1968 $857,912,458 $156,897,496,759
1967 $755,808,081 $132,475,614,227
1966 $669,191,919 $113,046,784,179
1965 $604,377,104 $97,338,107,606
1964 $544,023,569 $87,490,590,818
1963 $482,828,283 $74,379,284,603
1962 $448,400,673 $64,987,857,542
1961 $410,101,010 $57,266,758,180
1960 $377,020,202 $47,419,238,274

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Japan by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $32,487 $52,039
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $33,836 $50,662
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $34,066 $47,192
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $40,095 $44,355
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $40,029 $42,426
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $40,416 $42,678
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $39,751 $42,142
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $38,834 $41,444
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $39,375 $40,597
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $34,961 $40,899
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $38,475 $39,555
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $40,899 $39,402
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $49,145 $37,606
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $48,760 $36,214
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $44,968 $35,336
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $41,309 $33,543
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $39,876 $35,274
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $35,779 $35,015
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $35,992 $33,632
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $37,813 $32,170
2004 $953 $4,663 $38,299 $30,832
2003 $893 $4,433 $35,387 $29,392
2002 $888 $4,304 $32,821 $28,624
2001 $930 $4,205 $34,406 $27,943
2000 $976 $4,113 $39,169 $27,288
1999 $979 $3,991 $36,610 $25,736
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $32,424 $25,508
1997 $970 $3,822 $35,638 $25,619
1996 $922 $3,645 $39,150 $24,999
1995 $853 $3,494 $44,198 $23,858
1994 $774 $3,331 $39,934 $22,823
1993 $757 $3,177 $36,345 $22,168
1992 $760 $3,036 $31,993 $21,825
1991 $734 $2,981 $29,428 $21,227
1990 $683 $2,797 $25,801 $19,912
1989 $675 - $25,266 -
1988 $673 - $25,500 -
1987 $650 - $21,142 -
1986 $604 - $17,452 -
1985 $838 - $11,809 -
1984 $982 - $11,207 -
1983 $882 - $10,652 -
1982 $930 - $9,780 -
1981 $1,001 - $10,583 -
1980 $788 - $9,669 -
1979 $785 - $9,301 -
1978 $683 - $9,012 -
1977 $600 - $6,473 -
1976 $520 - $5,310 -
1975 $468 - $4,776 -
1974 $418 - $4,448 -
1973 $257.2 - $4,061 -
1972 $261.9 - $3,031 -
1971 $233.4 - $2,321 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,101 -
1969 $207.1 - $1,803 -
1968 $195.5 - $1,553 -
1967 $176.1 - $1,326 -
1966 $159.3 - $1,144 -
1965 $147.1 - $994 -
1964 $135.2 - $903 -
1963 $122.6 - $776 -
1962 $116.2 - $685 -
1961 $108.5 - $609 -
1960 $101.8 - $509 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $32,487 in Japan, ranking 38/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Japan
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$4.03T
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
0.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$32,487
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
38/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$9.51T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
236.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$76,704
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
3/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$23,653
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$6.31T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,732,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
42
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
23.9%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
2.4%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
39.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
2.74%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
2.54%
2024
Population
12798112
122677250

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 39.1% 236.1%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 39.2% 240.5%
2022 36% 80.1% 41.8% 248.2%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 42.5% 253.7%
2020 36.8% 78% 44.5% 258.4%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 37.3% 236.4%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 36.7% 232.4%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 36.7% 231.3%
2016 40% 46.5% 37.2% 232.4%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 37.3% 228.3%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 38.4% 233.3%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 38.8% 229.5%
2012 36% 35.4% 38.6% 226.1%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 38.6% 219.2%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 37.7% 205.9%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 38.7% 198.8%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 34.1% 180.9%
2007 32.7% 40% 33.1% 173%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 33.1% 174.1%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 33.5% 174.6%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 33.7% 169.5%
2003 32% 95.6% 35% 160%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 35.4% 154.1%
2001 32% 83% 35.2% 145.1%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 36% 135.6%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 35.6% 129.5%
1998 30% 61.2% 38.6% 116%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 33.1% 105%
1996 26% 72.4% 33.8% 98.1%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 33.4% 92.5%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 32.8% 84.4%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 32.1% 72.8%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 30.3% 66.8%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 29.3% 62.4%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 29.5% 63.2%
1989 24.4% 98% 29.2% 65.7%
1988 24% 115.9% 29.9% 71.9%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 30.6% 75.8%
1986 22.2% 149% 30.4% 74.1%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 30.4% 68.3%
1984 29% 166.5% 31.2% 65.6%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 31.8% 63.5%
1982 25% 155.4% 31.7% 57.7%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 31.5% 52.8%
1980 19.8% 100% 33.5% 47.8%
1979 18% 92% 33.2% 43.8%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 32.1% 39%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 30.4% 31.1%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 29.1% 26.1%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 28.5% 20.9%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 25.5% 16.7%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 23.3% 15.9%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 23.1% 16.3%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 21.8% 12.6%
1970 10% 63.9% 20.2% 11.2%
1969 12.3% - 19.8% 11.4%
1968 14.1% - 20.1% 11.8%
1967 13.1% - 19.9% 11.4%
1966 12.9% - 20.8% 11.2%
1965 12.9% - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 10.8% - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 10.8% - 20% 8.66%
1962 10.2% - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 10.7% - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 10.1% - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.57T, or 39.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 236.1% in Japan, ranking 26/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Japan
2024 -10.6% -1.53%
2023 -10.9% -2.26%
2022 -7.12% -4.21%
2021 -9.33% -6.13%
2020 -12.7% -9.08%
2019 -7.25% -3.04%
2018 -8.17% -2.47%
2017 -7.86% -3.1%
2016 -7.24% -3.6%
2015 -6.93% -3.68%
2014 -3.41% -5.62%
2013 0.6% -7.61%
2012 1.72% -8.2%
2011 0.83% -8.99%
2010 1.62% -9.08%
2009 2.63% -9.69%
2008 3.53% -4.11%
2007 -1.54% -2.9%
2006 4.47% -3.03%
2005 -2.24% -4.44%
2004 -5.54% -5.31%
2003 -7.88% -7.43%
2002 -8.79% -7.34%
2001 -6.82% -6.2%
2000 -3.73% -7.28%
1999 -3.84% -6.75%
1998 -5.1% -10%
1997 -3.28% -3.53%
1996 -1.9% -4.87%
1995 -1.82% -4.3%
1994 -3% -3.76%
1993 -6.1% -2.39%
1992 -4.4% 0.57%
1991 -4.2% 1.67%
1990 -4.4% 1.96%
1989 -5.5% 1.23%
1988 -6.5% 0.49%
1987 -7.7% -0.36%
1986 -2.7% -1.36%
1985 -9.8% -1.37%
1984 -25.4% -2.62%
1983 -19.8% -3.95%
1982 -15.9% -3.81%
1981 -12.3% -3.85%
1980 -15.3% -4.66%
1979 -11.2% -5%
1978 -9.97% -5.79%
1977 -11.2% -4.02%
1976 -1.15% -3.89%
1975 -2.33% -2.92%
1974 -1.87% 0.38%
1973 -3.72% 0.56%
1972 -3.69% -0.13%
1971 -3.67% 1.21%
1970 -1.92% 1.74%
1969 -4.16% 1.26%
1968 -5.67% 0.88%
1967 -4.29% 0.8%
1966 -3.55% -0.34%
1965 -4.12% 0.48%
1964 -2.68% 0.85%
1963 -3.02% 1.08%
1962 -2.8% 1.49%
1961 -2.81% 2.58%
1960 -3.35% 1.85%
1959 -4.32% 0.97%
1958 -2.95% -0.1%
1957 -1.11% 1.27%
1956 -0.11% 1.39%
1955 0.33% -0.67%
1954 0.006% 0.7%
1953 -0.48% 1.65%
1952 -0.94% 2.22%
1951 -0.42% 5.06%
1950 -1.17% 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $61.6B, or 1.53% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 47 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Japan
2024 5.1% 2.74%
2023 2.58% 3.27%
2022 1.75% 2.5%
2021 0.74% -0.23%
2020 0.94% -0.02%
2019 1.84% 0.47%
2018 2.27% 0.99%
2017 2.82% 0.48%
2016 3.62% -0.13%
2015 4.06% 0.8%
2014 5.77% 2.76%
2013 5.74% 0.34%
2012 4.52% -0.04%
2011 9.88% -0.27%
2010 2.5% -0.73%
2009 3.35% -1.35%
2008 14% 1.38%
2007 8.71% 0.06%
2006 4.28% 0.25%
2005 5.39% -0.28%
2004 4.44% -0.009%
2003 3.34% -0.26%
2002 0.93% -0.92%
2001 1.59% -0.74%
2000 4.61% -0.68%
1999 2.16% -0.34%
1998 7.67% 0.66%
1997 4.71% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 0.44% in Japan. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 2.74% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $676M
Metals $32.9M
Raw agricultural goods $7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.01M
Wood & paper products $367K
Textiles & consumer goods $64K
Chemicals & pharma $57K
Animal & marine products $38K
Machinery & equipment $29K
Precious metals & jewellery $6K
Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $73.7M
Raw materials & minerals $6.97M
Miscellaneous $2.33M
Chemicals & pharma $1.88M
Textiles & consumer goods $616K
Metals $193K
Wood & paper products $74K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $26K
Precious metals & jewellery $5K
Raw agricultural goods $5K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Japan
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
$194B
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
3/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
+4.82%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$719B
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$694B
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$246B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$228B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
23.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Japan
Economic freedom 42.4 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 36/197
Property rights 20.2 94.2
Government integrity 27.1 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 97.9
Tax burden 86.4 63
Government spending 56.3 52
Fiscal health 0.8 41.7
Business freedom 53.6 77.8
Labor freedom 52.2 65.9
Monetary freedom 67.1 74.3
Trade freedom 60.6 76.2
Investment freedom 15 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Japan
2026 42.4 70.3
2025 44.1 70.2
2024 43.5 67.5
2023 43.4 69.3
2022 43 69.9
2021 42.7 74.1
2020 42.8 73.3
2019 42.3 72.1
2018 44.1 72.3
2017 47.7 69.6
2016 47.4 73.1
2015 46.8 73.3
2014 48.4 72.4
2013 47.9 71.8
2012 50.2 71.6
2011 50 72.8
2010 49.4 72.9
2009 53.6 72.8
2008 53.1 73
2007 54.2 72.7
2006 57.8 73.3
2005 58.4 67.3
2004 64.5 64.3
2003 64.3 67.6
2002 65.1 66.7
2001 68 70.9
2000 65 70.7
1999 65.6 69.1
1998 68.8 70.2
1997 65.1 70.3
1996 65.2 72.6
1995 56.8 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Japan
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
69.8%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
28.6%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
0.94%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$4.46T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$55,490
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$1.23T
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
2/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
$191B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
$16.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$203B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
26.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.