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Economy of Bolivia vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $4.44T for Japan, ranking 88/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $9.16T (206.5% of GDP) in Japan.

Bolivia vs Japan GDP by year

Bolivia
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Japan
2025 $64,768,947,525 $4,435,162,999,977
2024 $54,881,327,453 $4,190,008,188,359
2023 $52,340,206,946 $4,384,854,269,962
2022 $50,959,081,954 $4,447,976,207,315
2021 $47,877,892,402 $5,225,933,520,753
2020 $42,313,784,081 $5,189,197,543,645
2019 $49,056,643,589 $5,245,755,000,479
2018 $48,414,038,842 $5,154,293,721,630
2017 $45,927,439,595 $5,038,231,631,661
2016 $33,941,126,194 $5,110,357,383,254
2015 $33,000,198,249 $4,534,438,580,495
2014 $32,996,188,017 $4,985,763,289,561
2013 $30,659,338,886 $5,272,297,037,397
2012 $27,084,497,482 $6,333,803,928,788
2011 $23,963,164,697 $6,279,422,550,219
2010 $19,649,723,722 $5,811,578,109,447
2009 $17,339,992,194 $5,336,765,697,589
2008 $16,674,276,286 $5,160,197,175,876
2007 $13,120,108,008 $4,624,670,179,655
2006 $11,451,844,902 $4,648,058,930,707
2005 $9,549,122,905 $4,875,648,486,366
2004 $8,773,451,752 $4,941,485,123,807
2003 $8,082,399,640 $4,573,413,206,709
2002 $7,905,485,146 $4,245,946,980,572
2001 $8,141,516,928 $4,438,792,748,062
2000 $8,397,855,485 $5,042,381,838,343
1999 $8,285,064,435 $4,688,983,449,627
1998 $8,497,494,652 $4,150,359,076,370
1997 $7,925,736,821 $4,579,780,793,432
1996 $7,396,949,126 $5,021,441,618,840
1995 $6,715,161,732 $5,639,649,753,986
1994 $5,981,222,859 $5,104,063,486,348
1993 $5,734,699,489 $4,632,480,515,091
1992 $5,643,868,749 $4,064,529,567,505
1991 $5,343,262,457 $3,724,887,648,862
1990 $4,867,582,598 $3,252,994,239,867
1989 $4,715,973,437 $3,174,934,735,896
1988 $4,597,612,362 $3,191,546,727,316
1987 $4,347,956,338 $2,635,094,473,494
1986 $3,959,382,833 $2,164,729,071,349
1985 $5,377,276,555 $1,457,070,301,468
1984 $6,169,483,225 $1,374,165,212,365
1983 $5,422,656,823 $1,297,622,008,229
1982 $5,594,126,369 $1,183,132,285,328
1981 $5,891,598,695 $1,271,443,597,067
1980 $4,537,479,608 $1,153,159,955,513
1979 $4,421,336,383 $1,100,608,979,757
1978 $3,758,220,890 $1,057,419,758,047
1977 $3,227,436,282 $752,590,681,822
1976 $2,731,984,008 $611,495,350,304
1975 $2,404,697,651 $544,082,569,364
1974 $2,100,249,875 $500,355,087,138
1973 $1,262,968,516 $450,756,970,744
1972 $1,257,615,645 $331,776,379,992
1971 $1,095,622,896 $250,530,994,765
1970 $1,017,003,367 $221,798,003,144
1969 $929,629,630 $188,179,852,753
1968 $857,912,458 $160,201,483,788
1967 $755,808,081 $135,265,319,098
1966 $669,191,919 $115,427,351,851
1965 $604,377,104 $99,387,878,008
1964 $544,023,569 $89,332,989,729
1963 $482,828,283 $75,945,582,324
1962 $448,400,673 $66,356,388,224
1961 $410,101,010 $58,472,696,006
1960 $377,020,202 $48,417,804,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Japan by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $35,951 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $33,797 $52,039
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $35,215 $50,662
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $35,548 $47,192
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $41,581 $44,355
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $41,099 $42,426
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $41,425 $42,678
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $40,645 $42,142
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $39,680 $41,444
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $40,215 $40,597
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $35,665 $40,899
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $39,173 $39,555
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $41,369 $39,402
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $49,627 $37,606
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $49,122 $36,214
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $45,378 $35,336
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $41,678 $33,543
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $40,294 $35,274
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $36,130 $35,015
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $36,354 $33,632
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $38,159 $32,170
2004 $953 $4,663 $38,678 $30,832
2003 $893 $4,433 $35,809 $29,392
2002 $888 $4,304 $33,316 $28,624
2001 $930 $4,205 $34,910 $27,943
2000 $976 $4,113 $39,753 $27,288
1999 $979 $3,991 $37,029 $25,736
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $32,835 $25,508
1997 $970 $3,822 $36,331 $25,619
1996 $922 $3,645 $39,930 $24,999
1995 $853 $3,494 $44,947 $23,858
1994 $774 $3,331 $40,774 $22,823
1993 $757 $3,177 $37,111 $22,168
1992 $760 $3,036 $32,667 $21,825
1991 $734 $2,981 $30,048 $21,227
1990 $683 $2,797 $26,345 $19,912
1989 $675 - $25,798 -
1988 $673 - $26,037 -
1987 $650 - $21,587 -
1986 $604 - $17,819 -
1985 $838 - $12,058 -
1984 $982 - $11,443 -
1983 $882 - $10,876 -
1982 $930 - $9,986 -
1981 $1,001 - $10,806 -
1980 $788 - $9,872 -
1979 $785 - $9,497 -
1978 $683 - $9,202 -
1977 $600 - $6,609 -
1976 $520 - $5,422 -
1975 $468 - $4,876 -
1974 $418 - $4,542 -
1973 $257.2 - $4,147 -
1972 $261.9 - $3,095 -
1971 $233.4 - $2,370 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,145 -
1969 $207.1 - $1,841 -
1968 $195.5 - $1,586 -
1967 $176.1 - $1,354 -
1966 $159.3 - $1,168 -
1965 $147.1 - $1,015 -
1964 $135.2 - $922 -
1963 $122.6 - $792 -
1962 $116.2 - $699 -
1961 $108.5 - $622 -
1960 $101.8 - $519 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $35,951 in Japan, ranking 34/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Japan
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$4.44T
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
4/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
1.19%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$35,951
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$9.16T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
206.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$74,248
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
3/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$22,962
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$7.61T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,902,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
41
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
24.3%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
2.3%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
36.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
3.17%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
2.5%
2025
Population
12837312
122704252

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 36.9% 206.5%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 37.3% 214.5%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 37.8% 220.3%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 40.2% 227.8%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 41.3% 222.7%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 43.6% 228.8%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 36.4% 206.3%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 36% 203.7%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 35.9% 203.1%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 36.5% 202.1%
2015 37% 34% 36.6% 200.1%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 37.8% 203.6%
2013 30.4% 31% 38.4% 201.2%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 38.4% 197.1%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 38.4% 190.6%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 37.4% 178.6%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 38.3% 172.9%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 33.7% 153.6%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 32.8% 150.4%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 32.7% 152.1%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 33.2% 153.4%
2004 29% 80.6% 33.3% 148.8%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 34.6% 140.2%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 34.9% 134.6%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 34.7% 126.8%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 35.4% 118.5%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 35.2% 113.5%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 38.1% 101.6%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 32.4% 91.3%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 33.1% 85.3%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 32.8% 80.7%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 32.1% 73.3%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 31.4% 63.2%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 29.6% 57.9%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 28.6% 54.1%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 28.8% 54.8%
1989 24.4% 98% 29.2% 65.7%
1988 24% 115.9% 29.9% 71.9%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 30.6% 75.8%
1986 22.2% 149% 30.4% 74.1%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 30.4% 68.3%
1984 29% 166.5% 31.2% 65.6%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 31.8% 63.5%
1982 25% 155.4% 31.7% 57.7%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 31.5% 52.8%
1980 19.8% 100% 33.5% 47.8%
1979 18% 92% 33.2% 43.8%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 32.1% 39%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 30.4% 31.1%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 29.1% 26.1%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 28.5% 20.9%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 25.5% 16.7%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 23.3% 15.9%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 23.1% 16.3%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 21.8% 12.6%
1970 10% 63.9% 20.2% 11.2%
1969 12.3% - 19.8% 11.4%
1968 14.1% - 20.1% 11.8%
1967 13.1% - 19.9% 11.4%
1966 12.9% - 20.8% 11.2%
1965 12.9% - 20.4% 9.78%
1964 10.8% - 19.8% 8.53%
1963 10.8% - 20% 8.66%
1962 10.2% - 19.4% 9.01%
1961 10.7% - 18.2% 8.44%
1960 10.1% - 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.63T, or 36.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 206.5% in Japan, ranking 36/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Japan
2025 -11.6% -1.05%
2024 -8.7% -1.67%
2023 -9.46% -2.39%
2022 -6.15% -4.23%
2021 -7.87% -6.32%
2020 -11% -9.04%
2019 -6.04% -3.05%
2018 -6.8% -2.44%
2017 -6.42% -3.05%
2016 -5.95% -3.58%
2015 -5.76% -3.64%
2014 -2.88% -5.58%
2013 0.51% -7.62%
2012 1.49% -8.22%
2011 0.72% -9.02%
2010 1.42% -9.05%
2009 2.29% -9.62%
2008 3.1% -4.07%
2007 -1.37% -2.86%
2006 3.99% -3%
2005 -2% -4.39%
2004 -4.97% -5.26%
2003 -7.04% -7.35%
2002 -7.82% -7.22%
2001 -6.11% -6.11%
2000 -3.34% -7.17%
1999 -3.43% -6.68%
1998 -4.56% -9.91%
1997 -2.94% -3.44%
1996 -1.7% -4.75%
1995 -1.63% -4.22%
1994 -2.68% -3.7%
1993 -5.46% -2.34%
1992 -3.94% 0.56%
1991 -3.76% 1.64%
1990 -3.94% 1.91%
1989 -5.5% 1.23%
1988 -6.5% 0.49%
1987 -7.7% -0.36%
1986 -2.7% -1.36%
1985 -9.8% -1.37%
1984 -25.4% -2.62%
1983 -19.8% -3.95%
1982 -15.9% -3.81%
1981 -12.3% -3.85%
1980 -15.3% -4.66%
1979 -11.2% -5%
1978 -9.97% -5.79%
1977 -11.2% -4.02%
1976 -1.15% -3.89%
1975 -2.33% -2.92%
1974 -1.87% 0.38%
1973 -3.72% 0.56%
1972 -3.69% -0.13%
1971 -3.67% 1.21%
1970 -1.92% 1.74%
1969 -4.16% 1.26%
1968 -5.67% 0.88%
1967 -4.29% 0.8%
1966 -3.55% -0.34%
1965 -4.12% 0.48%
1964 -2.68% 0.85%
1963 -3.02% 1.08%
1962 -2.8% 1.49%
1961 -2.81% 2.58%
1960 -3.35% 1.85%
1959 -4.32% 0.97%
1958 -2.95% -0.1%
1957 -1.11% 1.27%
1956 -0.11% 1.39%
1955 0.33% -0.67%
1954 0.006% 0.7%
1953 -0.48% 1.65%
1952 -0.94% 2.22%
1951 -0.42% 5.06%
1950 -1.17% 6.99%
1949 - 12.5%
1948 - 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 - 0.71%
1936 - 0.34%
1935 - 0.26%
1934 - 0.34%
1933 - 0.28%
1932 - 0.31%
1931 - 0.23%
1930 - 0.19%
1929 - 0.5%
1928 - 0.42%
1927 - 0.58%
1926 - 0.65%
1925 - 0.75%
1924 - 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 - 1.27%
1911 - 1.21%
1910 - 1.57%
1909 - 1.51%
1908 - 1.63%
1907 - 1.77%
1906 - 0.46%
1905 - -0.68%
1904 - -0.81%
1903 - 0.19%
1902 - 0.44%
1901 - 0.21%
1900 - 0.53%
1899 - 0.2%
1898 - 0.6%
1897 - 0.33%
1896 - 0.88%
1895 - 0.28%
1894 - -0.24%
1893 - 0.6%
1892 - 0.63%
1891 - 0.61%
1890 - 0.74%
1889 - 0.18%
1888 - 0.13%
1887 - 0.11%
1886 - 0.03%
1885 - 0.01%
1884 - 0.001%
1883 - 0.03%
1882 - 0.001%
1881 - 0.001%
1880 - 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $46.7B, or 1.05% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 48 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.96% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Japan
2025 19.5% 3.17%
2024 5.1% 2.74%
2023 2.58% 3.27%
2022 1.75% 2.5%
2021 0.74% -0.23%
2020 0.94% -0.02%
2019 1.84% 0.47%
2018 2.27% 0.99%
2017 2.82% 0.48%
2016 3.62% -0.13%
2015 4.06% 0.8%
2014 5.77% 2.76%
2013 5.74% 0.34%
2012 4.52% -0.04%
2011 9.88% -0.27%
2010 2.5% -0.73%
2009 3.35% -1.35%
2008 14% 1.38%
2007 8.71% 0.06%
2006 4.28% 0.25%
2005 5.39% -0.28%
2004 4.44% -0.009%
2003 3.34% -0.26%
2002 0.93% -0.92%
2001 1.59% -0.74%
2000 4.61% -0.68%
1999 2.16% -0.34%
1998 7.67% 0.66%
1997 4.71% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 0.54% in Japan. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 3.17% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $699M
Metals $32.3M
Raw agricultural goods $8.49M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $885K
Chemicals & pharma $58K
Machinery & equipment $41K
Animal & marine products $36K
Textiles & consumer goods $35K
Wood & paper products $14K
Precious metals & jewellery $6K
Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $88.8M
Raw materials & minerals $9.4M
Chemicals & pharma $2.04M
Miscellaneous $1.58M
Metals $1.46M
Textiles & consumer goods $740K
Wood & paper products $56K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $24K
Precious metals & jewellery $9K
Raw agricultural goods $5K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Japan
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
$216B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
3/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
+4.86%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$729B
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$725B
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$269B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$246B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
22.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
22%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Japan
Economic freedom 42.4 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 36/197
Property rights 20.2 94.2
Government integrity 27.1 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 97.9
Tax burden 86.4 63
Government spending 56.3 52
Fiscal health 0.8 41.7
Business freedom 53.6 77.8
Labor freedom 52.2 65.9
Monetary freedom 67.1 74.3
Trade freedom 60.6 76.2
Investment freedom 15 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Japan
2026 42.4 70.3
2025 44.1 70.2
2024 43.5 67.5
2023 43.4 69.3
2022 43 69.9
2021 42.7 74.1
2020 42.8 73.3
2019 42.3 72.1
2018 44.1 72.3
2017 47.7 69.6
2016 47.4 73.1
2015 46.8 73.3
2014 48.4 72.4
2013 47.9 71.8
2012 50.2 71.6
2011 50 72.8
2010 49.4 72.9
2009 53.6 72.8
2008 53.1 73
2007 54.2 72.7
2006 57.8 73.3
2005 58.4 67.3
2004 64.5 64.3
2003 64.3 67.6
2002 65.1 66.7
2001 68 70.9
2000 65 70.7
1999 65.6 69.1
1998 68.8 70.2
1997 65.1 70.3
1996 65.2 72.6
1995 56.8 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Japan
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
71.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
26.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
0.96%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$4.73T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$58,920
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$1.37T
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
3/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
$172B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$18.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$207B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
27.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/japan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.