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Economy of Bolivia vs New Zealand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $260B for New Zealand, ranking 88/197 and 52/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $131B (50.2% of GDP) in New Zealand.

Bolivia vs New Zealand GDP by year

Bolivia
New Zealand
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia New Zealand
2024 $54,881,327,453 $260,172,385,098
2023 $52,340,206,946 $255,194,972,673
2022 $50,959,081,954 $249,509,991,440
2021 $47,877,892,402 $253,977,931,815
2020 $42,313,784,081 $213,029,554,654
2019 $49,056,643,589 $213,006,341,102
2018 $48,414,038,842 $211,985,631,173
2017 $45,927,439,595 $206,745,969,246
2016 $33,941,126,194 $189,100,085,275
2015 $33,000,198,249 $178,224,167,088
2014 $32,996,188,017 $201,518,402,787
2013 $30,659,338,886 $191,012,364,177
2012 $27,084,497,482 $176,560,711,239
2011 $23,963,164,697 $168,484,908,960
2010 $19,649,723,722 $146,887,902,524
2009 $17,339,992,194 $121,663,439,315
2008 $16,674,276,286 $133,437,126,590
2007 $13,120,108,008 $137,188,946,866
2006 $11,451,844,902 $111,538,810,713
2005 $9,549,122,905 $114,720,129,550
2004 $8,773,451,752 $103,905,210,084
2003 $8,082,399,640 $88,250,885,550
2002 $7,905,485,146 $66,627,729,311
2001 $8,141,516,928 $53,872,425,917
2000 $8,397,855,485 $52,623,281,957
1999 $8,285,064,435 $58,762,260,626
1998 $8,497,494,652 $56,227,169,851
1997 $7,925,736,821 $66,075,143,415
1996 $7,396,949,126 $70,140,835,299
1995 $6,715,161,732 $63,918,703,507
1994 $5,981,222,859 $55,314,732,279
1993 $5,734,699,489 $46,775,620,817
1992 $5,643,868,749 $41,649,829,860
1991 $5,343,262,457 $42,745,329,732
1990 $4,867,582,598 $45,495,129,385
1989 $4,715,973,437 $43,920,222,525
1988 $4,597,612,362 $45,176,811,594
1987 $4,347,956,338 $40,376,354,070
1986 $3,959,382,833 $30,604,668,357
1985 $5,377,276,555 $24,679,795,396
1984 $6,169,483,225 $21,665,975,319
1983 $5,422,656,823 $24,309,279,706
1982 $5,594,126,369 $24,164,603,059
1981 $5,891,598,695 $24,417,617,184
1980 $4,537,479,608 $23,244,547,385
1979 $4,421,336,383 $20,731,243,113
1978 $3,758,220,890 $18,530,518,395
1977 $3,227,436,282 $15,446,825,318
1976 $2,731,984,008 $13,604,832,424
1975 $2,404,697,651 $12,861,983,284
1974 $2,100,249,875 $13,940,981,798
1973 $1,262,968,516 $12,802,281,898
1972 $1,257,615,645 $9,567,331,065
1971 $1,095,622,896 $7,911,136,757
1970 $1,017,003,367 $6,495,605,331
1969 $929,629,630 $5,814,357,709
1968 $857,912,458 $5,228,045,415
1967 $755,808,081 $6,016,017,227
1966 $669,191,919 $5,917,437,693
1965 $604,377,104 $5,706,251,400
1964 $544,023,569 $7,340,766,415
1963 $482,828,283 $6,699,741,645
1962 $448,400,673 $6,133,158,532
1961 $410,101,010 $5,721,994,864
1960 $377,020,202 $5,536,098,360

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/new-zealand | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs New Zealand by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
New Zealand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia New Zealand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $49,205 $55,551
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $49,076 $54,697
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $49,100 $54,034
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $49,950 $48,249
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $41,998 $45,513
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $42,856 $45,278
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $43,257 $42,527
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $42,950 $42,244
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $40,114 $39,989
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $38,665 $37,513
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $44,618 $37,331
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $43,000 $36,263
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $40,054 $33,055
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $38,432 $32,739
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $33,762 $31,305
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $28,277 $30,746
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $31,325 $29,896
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $32,480 $29,331
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $26,655 $27,732
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $27,751 $25,677
2004 $953 $4,663 $25,420 $25,124
2003 $893 $4,433 $21,914 $23,996
2002 $888 $4,304 $16,874 $23,306
2001 $930 $4,205 $13,883 $22,511
2000 $976 $4,113 $13,641 $21,500
1999 $979 $3,991 $15,322 $20,579
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $14,738 $19,323
1997 $970 $3,822 $17,474 $19,100
1996 $922 $3,645 $18,794 $18,392
1995 $853 $3,494 $17,400 $17,864
1994 $774 $3,331 $15,280 $17,108
1993 $757 $3,177 $13,094 $15,900
1992 $760 $3,036 $11,793 $14,877
1991 $734 $2,981 $12,230 $14,501
1990 $683 $2,797 $13,663 $14,812
1989 $675 - $13,312 -
1988 $673 - $13,759 -
1987 $650 - $12,331 -
1986 $604 - $9,428 -
1985 $838 - $7,601 -
1984 $982 - $6,714 -
1983 $882 - $7,598 -
1982 $930 - $7,656 -
1981 $1,001 - $7,814 -
1980 $788 - $7,467 -
1979 $785 - $6,668 -
1978 $683 - $5,937 -
1977 $600 - $4,951 -
1976 $520 - $4,374 -
1975 $468 - $4,172 -
1974 $418 - $4,611 -
1973 $257.2 - $4,323 -
1972 $261.9 - $3,295 -
1971 $233.4 - $2,773 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,311 -
1969 $207.1 - $2,097 -
1968 $195.5 - $1,902 -
1967 $176.1 - $2,208 -
1966 $159.3 - $2,211 -
1965 $147.1 - $2,171 -
1964 $135.2 - $2,839 -
1963 $122.6 - $2,646 -
1962 $116.2 - $2,471 -
1961 $108.5 - $2,365 -
1960 $101.8 - $2,334 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/new-zealand | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $49,205 in New Zealand, ranking 26/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while New Zealand ranks 38th at $55,551.

Economic indicators

Bolivia New Zealand
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$260B
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
52/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
1.29%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$49,205
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
26/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$55,551
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
38/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$131B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
50.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$24,722
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
28/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$37,758
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$92.9B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
5
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
41.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
2.92%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
4.76%
2024
Population
12798112
5374272

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
New Zealand
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia New Zealand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 41.9% 50.2%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 41.2% 46.9%
2022 36% 80.1% 41.8% 46.9%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 41.9% 47.5%
2020 36.8% 78% 42% 43.2%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 38.8% 31.8%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 36.1% 28.1%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 35.6% 31.1%
2016 40% 46.5% 36.4% 33.3%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 37.2% 34.2%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 37.7% 34.2%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 38.6% 34.5%
2012 36% 35.4% 39.7% 35.7%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 42.4% 34.7%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 42.9% 29.6%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 40.3% 24.3%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 38.5% 19%
2007 32.7% 40% 37.1% 16.3%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 37.9% 18.4%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 37.1% 20.8%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 36.2% 22.5%
2003 32% 95.6% 36.7% 24.7%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 36.8% 26.4%
2001 32% 83% 37.2% 28.2%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 38.3% 30%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 39.3% 32%
1998 30% 61.2% 40.1% 34.5%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 39.3% 34.6%
1996 26% 72.4% 39.9% 37.3%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 41.6% 43.5%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 42.8% 48.9%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 46.8% 54.6%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 52.5% 58.7%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 53% 58%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 49.6% 55.5%
1989 24.4% 98% 47.8% 54.9%
1988 24% 115.9% 46.1% 54.7%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 46.1% 62.9%
1986 22.2% 149% 46.9% 68.5%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 46.2% 64.1%
1984 29% 166.5% 40.7% 62.8%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 41.4% 59.6%
1982 25% 155.4% 39.9% 51.5%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 39.1% 50.5%
1980 19.8% 100% 38% 52.2%
1979 18% 92% 38.4% 52%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 36.6% 50%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 30% 44.6%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 31.6% 47.6%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 30.1% 41.4%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 27.3% 39.6%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 27.1% 44%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 26.4% 46%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 26.8% 71.3%
1970 10% 63.9% 24.8% 76.5%
1969 12.3% - 25.9% 85.8%
1968 14.1% - 26.2% 86.5%
1967 13.1% - 26% 59.7%
1966 12.9% - 25% 58.2%
1965 12.9% - 24.9% 59.6%
1964 10.8% - 19.4% 61.8%
1963 10.8% - 19.4% 64.5%
1962 10.2% - 21.6% 65%
1961 10.7% - 21.1% 64.6%
1960 10.1% - 25.3% 68.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while New Zealand spent $109B, or 41.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 50.2% in New Zealand, ranking 26/185 and 107/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

New Zealand
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia New Zealand
2024 -10.6% -3.61%
2023 -10.9% -3.54%
2022 -7.12% -4.16%
2021 -9.33% -3.5%
2020 -12.7% -4.35%
2019 -7.25% -2.5%
2018 -8.17% 1.27%
2017 -7.86% 1.36%
2016 -7.24% 0.98%
2015 -6.93% 0.36%
2014 -3.41% -0.34%
2013 0.6% -1.29%
2012 1.72% -2.19%
2011 0.83% -4.96%
2010 1.62% -5.51%
2009 2.63% -1.81%
2008 3.53% 1.47%
2007 -1.54% 3.6%
2006 4.47% 4.62%
2005 -2.24% 5.13%
2004 -5.54% 4.49%
2003 -7.88% 3.68%
2002 -8.79% 2.55%
2001 -6.82% 1.29%
2000 -3.73% 0.17%
1999 -3.84% -1.11%
1998 -5.1% -0.48%
1997 -3.28% 1.23%
1996 -1.9% 2.58%
1995 -1.82% 3.7%
1994 -3% 1.99%
1993 -6.1% -1.53%
1992 -4.4% -6.27%
1991 -4.2% -6.14%
1990 -4.4% -2.74%
1989 -5.5% -2.16%
1988 -6.5% -1.88%
1987 -7.7% -3.43%
1986 -2.7% -5.33%
1985 -9.8% -6.97%
1984 -25.4% -8.68%
1983 -19.8% -6.64%
1982 -15.9% -6.26%
1981 -12.3% -6.02%
1980 -15.3% -4.9%
1979 -11.2% -6.55%
1978 -9.97% -3.41%
1977 -11.2% -1.09%
1976 -1.15% -2.07%
1975 -2.33% 0.11%
1974 -1.87% 0.03%
1973 -3.72% -0.07%
1972 -3.69% 0.12%
1971 -3.67% 0.09%
1970 -1.92% -0.05%
1969 -4.16% 0.17%
1968 -5.67% 0.03%
1967 -4.29% 0.02%
1966 -3.55% 0.09%
1965 -4.12% 0.26%
1964 -2.68% -0.08%
1963 -3.02% -0.26%
1962 -2.8% 0.02%
1961 -2.81% 0.03%
1960 -3.35% 0.05%
1959 -4.32% 0.03%
1958 -2.95% -0.02%
1957 -1.11% 0.32%
1956 -0.11% 1.33%
1955 0.33% 0.73%
1954 0.006% 0.22%
1953 -0.48% 0.43%
1952 -0.94% 1.73%
1951 -0.42% 1.17%
1950 -1.17% 0.78%
1949 - 0.53%
1948 - 0.36%
1947 - 1.07%
1946 - 0.31%
1945 - 0.32%
1944 - 0.59%
1943 - 1.24%
1942 - 0.56%
1941 - 0.64%
1940 - 0.13%
1939 - 0.34%
1938 - 0.38%
1937 - 0.23%
1936 - 0.17%
1935 - 1.19%
1934 - -0.55%
1933 - 0.02%
1932 - -1.77%
1931 - -1.12%
1930 - 0.09%
1929 - -0.37%
1928 - 0.12%
1927 - 0.4%
1926 - 0.72%
1925 - 0.78%
1924 - 1.2%
1923 - 0.95%
1922 - -0.2%
1921 - 3.55%
1920 - 1.51%
1919 - 2.9%
1918 - 4.35%
1917 - 3.89%
1916 - 1.46%
1915 - 0.06%
1914 - 0.45%
1913 - 0.79%
1912 - 0.89%
1911 - 1.24%
1910 - 0.36%
1909 - 0.31%
1908 - 1.26%
1907 - 1.13%
1906 - 0.97%
1905 - 1.41%
1904 - 1.42%
1903 - 0.55%
1902 - 0.63%
1901 - 1.11%
1900 - 1.59%
1899 - 1.15%
1898 - 1.38%
1897 - 0.86%
1896 - 0.65%
1895 - 0.32%
1894 - 0.76%
1893 - 1.14%
1892 - 0.09%
1891 - 0.46%
1890 - 0.05%
1889 - 0.59%
1888 - -1.64%
1887 - -1.63%
1886 - -0.53%
1885 - -0.47%
1884 - -0.1%
1883 - 0.38%
1882 - 0.18%
1881 - -2.33%
1880 - -2.39%
1879 - -0.55%
1878 - -0.85%
1877 - -2.53%
1876 - -5.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/new-zealand | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to New Zealand's deficit of $9.38B, or 3.61% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while New Zealand ran a deficit in 36 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.24% of GDP for New Zealand.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

New Zealand
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia New Zealand
2024 5.1% 2.92%
2023 2.58% 5.73%
2022 1.75% 7.17%
2021 0.74% 3.94%
2020 0.94% 1.71%
2019 1.84% 1.62%
2018 2.27% 1.6%
2017 2.82% 1.85%
2016 3.62% 0.65%
2015 4.06% 0.29%
2014 5.77% 1.23%
2013 5.74% 1.13%
2012 4.52% 1.06%
2011 9.88% 4.03%
2010 2.5% 2.3%
2009 3.35% 2.12%
2008 14% 3.96%
2007 8.71% 2.38%
2006 4.28% 3.37%
2005 5.39% 3.04%
2004 4.44% 2.29%
2003 3.34% 1.75%
2002 0.93% 2.68%
2001 1.59% 2.63%
2000 4.61% 2.62%
1999 2.16% -0.11%
1998 7.67% 1.27%
1997 4.71% 1.19%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/new-zealand | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 2.37% in New Zealand. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 2.92% in New Zealand.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $1.14M
Machinery & equipment $834K
Wood & paper products $615K
Raw materials & minerals $534K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $472K
Textiles & consumer goods $39K
Miscellaneous $1K
New Zealand
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $159K
Transport & tourism services $100K
Chemicals & pharma $33K
Raw materials & minerals $3K
Textiles & consumer goods $2K

Balance of trade

Bolivia New Zealand
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
-$12.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
178/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
-4.65%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$47.3B
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$43.3B
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$19.5B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$18.9B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
26.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
24.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia New Zealand
Economic freedom 42.4 77.8
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 13/197
Property rights 20.2 85.4
Government integrity 27.1 90
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 95.9
Tax burden 86.4 66.1
Government spending 56.3 48
Fiscal health 0.8 72.2
Business freedom 53.6 89.1
Labor freedom 52.2 68.6
Monetary freedom 67.1 77.4
Trade freedom 60.6 90.6
Investment freedom 15 70
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
New Zealand
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia New Zealand
2026 42.4 77.8
2025 44.1 78.1
2024 43.5 77.8
2023 43.4 78.9
2022 43 80.6
2021 42.7 83.9
2020 42.8 84.1
2019 42.3 84.4
2018 44.1 84.2
2017 47.7 83.7
2016 47.4 81.6
2015 46.8 82.1
2014 48.4 81.2
2013 47.9 81.4
2012 50.2 82.1
2011 50 82.3
2010 49.4 82.1
2009 53.6 82
2008 53.1 80.7
2007 54.2 81.4
2006 57.8 82
2005 58.4 82.3
2004 64.5 81.5
2003 64.3 81.1
2002 65.1 80.7
2001 68 81.1
2000 65 80.9
1999 65.6 81.7
1998 68.8 79.2
1997 65.1 79
1996 65.2 78.1
1995 56.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/new-zealand | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 77.8 for New Zealand, ranking 13/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia New Zealand
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
67.4%
2022
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
19.6%
2022
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
4.57%
2022
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$252B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$53,600
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$22.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
59/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
-$878M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
$1.76B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$882M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
22.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1876–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.