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Economy of Bolivia vs Spain compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $1.91T for Spain, ranking 88/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $1.91T (100.4% of GDP) in Spain.

Bolivia vs Spain GDP by year

Bolivia
Spain
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Spain
2025 $64,768,947,525 $1,906,453,309,986
2024 $54,881,327,453 $1,725,671,652,742
2023 $52,340,206,946 $1,619,481,980,720
2022 $50,959,081,954 $1,448,850,658,407
2021 $47,877,892,402 $1,461,244,901,853
2020 $42,313,784,081 $1,289,783,836,971
2019 $49,056,643,589 $1,403,496,387,686
2018 $48,414,038,842 $1,431,642,809,327
2017 $45,927,439,595 $1,321,754,088,819
2016 $33,941,126,194 $1,243,015,667,917
2015 $33,000,198,249 $1,206,164,777,553
2014 $32,996,188,017 $1,380,244,561,362
2013 $30,659,338,886 $1,362,186,923,158
2012 $27,084,497,482 $1,330,994,811,670
2011 $23,963,164,697 $1,487,568,659,241
2010 $19,649,723,722 $1,427,989,078,917
2009 $17,339,992,194 $1,496,587,590,848
2008 $16,674,276,286 $1,636,115,447,613
2007 $13,120,108,008 $1,476,746,276,855
2006 $11,451,844,902 $1,261,846,683,275
2005 $9,549,122,905 $1,154,667,551,776
2004 $8,773,451,752 $1,069,829,382,515
2003 $8,082,399,640 $907,963,217,058
2002 $7,905,485,146 $708,938,227,244
2001 $8,141,516,928 $627,798,682,379
2000 $8,397,855,485 $598,102,854,756
1999 $8,285,064,435 $634,394,904,387
1998 $8,497,494,652 $618,731,484,575
1997 $7,925,736,821 $589,739,772,727
1996 $7,396,949,126 $642,251,412,058
1995 $6,715,161,732 $614,170,002,669
1994 $5,981,222,859 $530,183,651,720
1993 $5,734,699,489 $524,700,572,624
1992 $5,643,868,749 $630,465,353,486
1991 $5,343,262,457 $576,753,902,322
1990 $4,867,582,598 $536,175,326,477
1989 $4,715,973,437 $414,460,794,097
1988 $4,597,612,362 $375,891,716,898
1987 $4,347,956,338 $318,520,253,335
1986 $3,959,382,833 $251,141,555,186
1985 $5,377,276,555 $180,664,322,896
1984 $6,169,483,225 $171,979,977,230
1983 $5,422,656,823 $170,829,074,246
1982 $5,594,126,369 $195,856,752,991
1981 $5,891,598,695 $202,663,023,968
1980 $4,537,479,608 $232,600,556,974
1979 $4,421,336,383 $214,448,666,336
1978 $3,758,220,890 $160,484,969,618
1977 $3,227,436,282 $132,354,665,936
1976 $2,731,984,008 $118,422,534,195
1975 $2,404,697,651 $114,695,060,870
1974 $2,100,249,875 $97,204,522,642
1973 $1,262,968,516 $78,583,355,226
1972 $1,257,615,645 $59,090,176,029
1971 $1,095,622,896 $46,586,119,760
1970 $1,017,003,367 $40,963,715,237
1969 $929,629,630 $37,090,689,288
1968 $857,912,458 $32,394,326,464
1967 $755,808,081 $32,570,905,397
1966 $669,191,919 $29,559,436,183
1965 $604,377,104 $25,479,619,607
1964 $544,023,569 $21,966,876,027
1963 $482,828,283 $19,631,714,760
1962 $448,400,673 $16,609,632,791
1961 $410,101,010 $14,238,126,760
1960 $377,020,202 $12,424,514,014

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Spain by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Spain
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Spain
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $38,627 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $35,327 $57,965
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $33,493 $55,682
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $30,319 $51,399
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $30,799 $44,252
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $27,234 $39,328
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $29,787 $44,043
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $30,602 $41,015
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $28,381 $39,825
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $26,756 $37,613
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $25,982 $35,229
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $29,708 $33,761
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $29,229 $32,614
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $28,456 $31,870
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $31,825 $32,016
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $30,659 $31,805
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $32,280 $32,218
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $35,603 $33,350
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $32,652 $32,536
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $28,422 $30,749
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $26,451 $27,630
2004 $953 $4,663 $24,925 $26,160
2003 $893 $4,433 $21,522 $25,057
2002 $888 $4,304 $17,111 $24,378
2001 $930 $4,205 $15,368 $22,952
2000 $976 $4,113 $14,743 $21,582
1999 $979 $3,991 $15,708 $19,938
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $15,382 $19,083
1997 $970 $3,822 $14,722 $17,903
1996 $922 $3,645 $16,101 $16,971
1995 $853 $3,494 $15,461 $16,276
1994 $774 $3,331 $13,406 $15,582
1993 $757 $3,177 $13,330 $14,973
1992 $760 $3,036 $16,101 $14,855
1991 $734 $2,981 $14,801 $14,461
1990 $683 $2,797 $13,795 $13,676
1989 $675 - $10,674 -
1988 $673 - $9,696 -
1987 $650 - $8,234 -
1986 $604 - $6,509 -
1985 $838 - $4,696 -
1984 $982 - $4,487 -
1983 $882 - $4,475 -
1982 $930 - $5,156 -
1981 $1,001 - $5,367 -
1980 $788 - $6,204 -
1979 $785 - $5,766 -
1978 $683 - $4,353 -
1977 $600 - $3,625 -
1976 $520 - $3,277 -
1975 $468 - $3,208 -
1974 $418 - $2,748 -
1973 $257.2 - $2,246 -
1972 $261.9 - $1,708 -
1971 $233.4 - $1,361 -
1970 $221.6 - $1,211 -
1969 $207.1 - $1,109 -
1968 $195.5 - $978 -
1967 $176.1 - $997 -
1966 $159.3 - $916 -
1965 $147.1 - $797 -
1964 $135.2 - $695 -
1963 $122.6 - $627 -
1962 $116.2 - $535 -
1961 $108.5 - $463 -
1960 $101.8 - $408 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $38,627 in Spain, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Spain ranks 34th at $57,965.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Spain
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$1.91T
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
12/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
2.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$38,627
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
31/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$57,965
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
34/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$1.91T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
100.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$38,794
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
20/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$24,910
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.3T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
1,077,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
34
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
24.5%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
2.2%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
44.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
2.7%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
10.5%
2025
Population
12837312
49323658

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Spain
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Spain
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 44.7% 100.4%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 45.5% 101.6%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 45.4% 105.1%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 46.3% 109.2%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 49.5% 115.6%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 51.4% 119.2%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 42% 97.6%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 41.5% 99.7%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 41% 101.1%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 42.1% 102%
2015 37% 34% 43.7% 102.4%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 45.1% 104.4%
2013 30.4% 31% 46.2% 100%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 49.2% 89.6%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 45.9% 69.5%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 45.8% 60.3%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 46.1% 53.1%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 41.3% 39.6%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 39.2% 35.7%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 38.4% 39%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 38.4% 42.4%
2004 29% 80.6% 38.8% 45.3%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 38.4% 47.7%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 38.6% 51.2%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 38.4% 54.1%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 39.1% 57.8%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 40% 60.9%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 41% 62.4%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 41.5% 64.3%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 42.9% 65.4%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 44.1% 61.6%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 44.8% 57%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 46.3% 54.6%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 43.9% 44.1%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 42.6% 41.9%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 41.1% 41.3%
1989 24.4% 98% 32.1% 39.2%
1988 24% 115.9% 28.6% 38.2%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 31.1% 42.1%
1986 22.2% 149% 28.4% 36.5%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 27.6% 31.5%
1984 29% 166.5% 27% 18.3%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 26% 13.4%
1982 25% 155.4% 21.5% 12%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 18.1% 10.9%
1980 19.8% 100% 16.3% 10.2%
1979 18% 92% 14.3% 9.88%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 14.3% 9.93%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 12.8% 8.75%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 11.5% 8.21%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 11.4% 11.9%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 11.4% 13.6%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 9.88% 16.3%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 12.5% 17.6%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 14% 17.9%
1970 10% 63.9% 12.3% 19.2%
1969 12.3% - 12.3% 18.8%
1968 14.1% - 12.8% 18.3%
1967 13.1% - 12.5% 17.6%
1966 12.9% - 11.8% 17.7%
1965 12.9% - 14% 18.1%
1964 10.8% - 12.7% 19.5%
1963 10.8% - 12.4% 21%
1962 10.2% - 10.6% 24.4%
1961 10.7% - 9.97% 26.7%
1960 10.1% - 11% 29.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Spain spent $852B, or 44.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 100.4% in Spain, ranking 36/185 and 25/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Spain
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Spain
2025 -11.6% -2.5%
2024 -8.7% -3.22%
2023 -9.46% -3.34%
2022 -6.15% -4.59%
2021 -7.87% -6.66%
2020 -11% -10%
2019 -6.04% -3.04%
2018 -6.8% -2.58%
2017 -6.42% -3.1%
2016 -5.95% -4.26%
2015 -5.76% -5.26%
2014 -2.88% -6.07%
2013 0.51% -7.49%
2012 1.49% -11.5%
2011 0.72% -9.69%
2010 1.42% -9.49%
2009 2.29% -11.2%
2008 3.1% -4.56%
2007 -1.37% 1.88%
2006 3.99% 2.12%
2005 -2% 1.23%
2004 -4.97% -0.1%
2003 -7.04% -0.37%
2002 -7.82% -0.32%
2001 -6.11% -0.45%
2000 -3.34% -1.16%
1999 -3.43% -1.24%
1998 -4.56% -2.63%
1997 -2.94% -3.86%
1996 -1.7% -5.87%
1995 -1.63% -6.79%
1994 -2.68% -6.31%
1993 -5.46% -6.89%
1992 -3.94% -4.26%
1991 -3.76% -4.58%
1990 -3.94% -3.9%
1989 -5.5% -3.24%
1988 -6.5% -2.95%
1987 -7.7% -3.52%
1986 -2.7% -5.18%
1985 -9.8% -6.04%
1984 -25.4% -5.25%
1983 -19.8% -4.77%
1982 -15.9% -5.76%
1981 -12.3% -2.88%
1980 -15.3% -2.55%
1979 -11.2% -1.51%
1978 -9.97% -1.63%
1977 -11.2% -0.24%
1976 -1.15% 0.43%
1975 -2.33% 0.26%
1974 -1.87% 0.11%
1973 -3.72% 1.09%
1972 -3.69% 0.24%
1971 -3.67% -0.96%
1970 -1.92% 0.09%
1969 -4.16% -0.06%
1968 -5.67% -0.55%
1967 -4.29% -0.32%
1966 -3.55% 0.07%
1965 -4.12% -0.04%
1964 -2.68% 0.18%
1963 -3.02% -0.54%
1962 -2.8% 1.27%
1961 -2.81% 1.9%
1960 -3.35% 0.69%
1959 -4.32% 0.54%
1958 -2.95% 0.23%
1957 -1.11% 1.13%
1956 -0.11% -0.05%
1955 0.33% 0.6%
1954 0.006% 0.7%
1953 -0.48% 1.02%
1952 -0.94% 0.81%
1951 -0.42% -0.24%
1950 -1.17% -0.44%
1949 - -0.35%
1948 - -1.21%
1947 - -1.09%
1946 - -2.24%
1945 - -4.56%
1944 - -5.44%
1943 - -7.73%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -4.34%
1940 - -3.54%
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -0.49%
1934 - -1.17%
1933 - -0.72%
1932 - -0.3%
1931 - 0.1%
1930 - 0.3%
1929 - -0.07%
1928 - -0.31%
1927 - -0.54%
1926 - -0.65%
1925 - -1.19%
1924 - -1.76%
1923 - -1.89%
1922 - -2.26%
1921 - -3.33%
1920 - -2.4%
1919 - -1.82%
1918 - -1.8%
1917 - -1.49%
1916 - -1.15%
1915 - -2.97%
1914 - -1.04%
1913 - -0.09%
1912 - -0.33%
1911 - 0.19%
1910 - 0.09%
1909 - -0.29%
1908 - 0.59%
1907 - 0.66%
1906 - 0.91%
1905 - 0.71%
1904 - 0.52%
1903 - 0.28%
1902 - 0.74%
1901 - 0.69%
1900 - 1.04%
1899 - 2.75%
1898 - 0.13%
1897 - -0.64%
1896 - 0.46%
1895 - 0.83%
1894 - -0.08%
1893 - 0.87%
1892 - -0.67%
1891 - -0.41%
1890 - -0.4%
1889 - -0.38%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -0.73%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.78%
1884 - -0.23%
1883 - -0.38%
1882 - 0.38%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - -0.02%
1879 - -0.52%
1878 - -0.08%
1877 - 0.11%
1876 - 0.1%
1875 - -1.42%
1874 - -0.1%
1873 - 2.22%
1872 - -2.27%
1871 - -2.64%
1870 - -3.42%
1869 - -2.64%
1868 - -1.46%
1867 - -0.79%
1866 - -0.83%
1865 - -1.84%
1864 - -2.48%
1863 - -1.55%
1862 - -1.76%
1861 - -1.77%
1860 - -0.94%
1859 - 0.39%
1858 - -0.44%
1857 - -0.41%
1856 - -0.46%
1855 - -0.76%
1854 - -0.32%
1853 - -0.02%
1852 - -0.11%
1851 - -0.25%
1850 - 0.31%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Spain's deficit of $47.6B, or 2.5% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Spain ran a deficit in 52 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.94% of GDP for Spain.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Spain
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Spain
2025 19.5% 2.7%
2024 5.1% 2.75%
2023 2.58% 3.53%
2022 1.75% 8.39%
2021 0.74% 3.09%
2020 0.94% -0.32%
2019 1.84% 0.7%
2018 2.27% 1.67%
2017 2.82% 1.96%
2016 3.62% -0.2%
2015 4.06% -0.5%
2014 5.77% -0.15%
2013 5.74% 1.41%
2012 4.52% 2.45%
2011 9.88% 3.2%
2010 2.5% 1.8%
2009 3.35% -0.29%
2008 14% 4.08%
2007 8.71% 2.79%
2006 4.28% 3.52%
2005 5.39% 3.37%
2004 4.44% 3.04%
2003 3.34% 3.04%
2002 0.93% 3.07%
2001 1.59% 3.59%
2000 4.61% 3.43%
1999 2.16% 2.31%
1998 7.67% 1.83%
1997 4.71% 1.97%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 2.35% in Spain. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 2.7% in Spain.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $30.9M
Raw agricultural goods $16.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.09M
Metals $3.13M
Wood & paper products $233K
Machinery & equipment $153K
Textiles & consumer goods $145K
Weapons & explosives $100K
Chemicals & pharma $74K
Miscellaneous $59K
Spain
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $27.5M
Chemicals & pharma $20.3M
Weapons & explosives $10.5M
Textiles & consumer goods $8.07M
Raw materials & minerals $6.93M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.42M
Metals $3.5M
Wood & paper products $1.84M
Miscellaneous $453K
Raw agricultural goods $164K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Spain
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
$56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
12/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
+2.94%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$499B
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$443B
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$127B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$256B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
32.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
36.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Spain
Economic freedom 42.4 66.8
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 59/197
Property rights 20.2 88
Government integrity 27.1 64.2
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 74.3
Tax burden 86.4 58.2
Government spending 56.3 37.3
Fiscal health 0.8 57.3
Business freedom 53.6 82.6
Labor freedom 52.2 61.7
Monetary freedom 67.1 78.2
Trade freedom 60.6 79.4
Investment freedom 15 60
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Spain
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Spain
2026 42.4 66.8
2025 44.1 66.3
2024 43.5 63.3
2023 43.4 65
2022 43 68.2
2021 42.7 69.9
2020 42.8 66.9
2019 42.3 65.7
2018 44.1 65.1
2017 47.7 63.6
2016 47.4 68.5
2015 46.8 67.6
2014 48.4 67.2
2013 47.9 68
2012 50.2 69.1
2011 50 70.2
2010 49.4 69.6
2009 53.6 70.1
2008 53.1 69.1
2007 54.2 69.2
2006 57.8 68.2
2005 58.4 67
2004 64.5 68.9
2003 64.3 68.8
2002 65.1 68.8
2001 68 68.1
2000 65 65.9
1999 65.6 65.1
1998 68.8 62.6
1997 65.1 59.6
1996 65.2 59.6
1995 56.8 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 66.8 for Spain, ranking 59/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Spain
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
68.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
19.6%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
2.68%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$1.83T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$59,830
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$129B
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
23/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
$18.3B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$42.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$71.5B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
20.2%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
21.4%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/spain | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1850–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.