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Economy of Bolivia vs Ireland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $49.7B compared to $577B for Ireland, ranking 94/197 and 26/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $47.2B in government debt (92.4% of GDP), compared to $237B (36.7% of GDP) in Ireland.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Bolivia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Ireland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Bolivia Ireland
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $373,250,000 $4,727,739,746 $1,998,550,222 $24,135,304,212
1961 $406,000,000 $4,826,516,221 $2,151,772,980 $25,345,971,888
1962 $443,916,667 $5,095,783,597 $2,329,372,972 $26,161,210,989
1963 $478,000,000 $5,442,175,895 $2,505,073,358 $27,402,464,757
1964 $538,583,333 $5,657,500,838 $2,851,091,646 $28,439,911,537
1965 $598,333,333 $5,935,478,858 $3,035,655,794 $28,989,783,007
1966 $662,500,000 $6,361,087,691 $3,198,820,904 $29,248,688,585
1967 $748,250,000 $6,762,931,565 $3,445,739,915 $30,940,931,207
1968 $849,333,333 $7,339,771,963 $3,378,701,147 $33,491,679,547
1969 $920,333,333 $7,668,160,505 $3,902,721,632 $35,455,583,097
1970 $1,006,833,333 $8,069,284,228 $4,395,995,086 $36,398,889,273
1971 $1,084,666,667 $8,477,859,237 $5,098,250,287 $37,661,889,497
1972 $1,286,153,846 $9,153,331,417 $6,318,060,582 $40,106,073,853
1973 $1,263,600,000 $9,678,655,892 $7,481,173,066 $41,999,654,025
1974 $2,101,300,000 $9,963,166,545 $7,896,860,615 $43,788,935,191
1975 $2,405,900,000 $10,691,575,418 $9,483,808,362 $46,265,920,023
1976 $2,733,350,000 $11,184,945,381 $9,453,756,015 $46,911,240,716
1977 $3,229,050,000 $11,740,973,137 $11,248,340,431 $50,763,263,747
1978 $3,760,100,000 $11,981,979,455 $14,647,996,074 $54,411,482,150
1979 $4,510,500,000 $11,997,956,711 $18,319,334,300 $56,083,566,026
1980 $4,450,360,000 $11,833,371,991 $21,747,855,640 $57,810,564,161
1981 $5,778,480,000 $11,865,986,702 $20,670,190,138 $59,732,889,691
1982 $5,600,390,625 $11,398,616,583 $21,474,754,080 $61,096,872,066
1983 $5,414,008,621 $10,937,870,663 $20,766,047,764 $60,947,611,497
1984 $6,169,304,528 $10,915,922,108 $20,106,648,455 $63,601,496,993
1985 $5,377,276,657 $10,732,928,705 $21,270,013,326 $65,563,994,971
1986 $3,959,383,520 $10,456,675,549 $28,714,571,852 $65,283,164,433
1987 $4,347,956,338 $10,714,274,143 $33,920,518,493 $68,327,377,194
1988 $4,597,611,710 $11,026,005,731 $37,772,897,421 $71,892,299,777
1989 $4,715,973,437 $11,443,905,788 $39,238,392,678 $76,072,060,855
1990 $4,867,582,598 $11,974,420,934 $49,305,632,408 $82,512,722,627
1991 $5,343,262,457 $12,605,057,006 $49,787,502,852 $84,104,920,354
1992 $5,643,868,749 $12,812,599,040 $55,918,538,121 $86,916,779,429
1993 $5,734,699,489 $13,359,606,833 $52,417,477,614 $89,257,108,591
1994 $5,981,222,859 $13,983,135,101 $57,097,656,066 $94,394,592,358
1995 $6,715,161,732 $14,637,304,838 $69,139,823,232 $103,488,966,796
1996 $7,396,949,126 $15,275,687,755 $75,790,785,030 $111,126,062,335
1997 $7,925,736,821 $16,032,477,213 $82,856,648,758 $123,374,112,120
1998 $8,497,494,652 $16,838,807,368 $90,199,410,116 $134,189,242,521
1999 $8,285,064,435 $16,910,689,782 $98,893,958,263 $148,319,214,947
2000 $8,397,855,485 $17,334,777,888 $100,207,610,430 $162,266,448,874
2001 $8,141,516,928 $17,626,660,727 $109,346,669,230 $170,876,017,448
2002 $7,905,485,146 $18,064,782,967 $128,596,035,288 $180,956,619,890
2003 $8,082,399,640 $18,554,580,624 $164,670,771,260 $186,410,359,135
2004 $8,773,451,752 $19,328,918,118 $194,372,115,041 $199,064,153,315
2005 $9,549,122,905 $20,183,533,307 $211,876,989,656 $210,490,003,080
2006 $11,451,844,902 $21,151,739,181 $232,180,617,162 $220,988,938,813
2007 $13,120,108,008 $22,117,185,837 $270,079,279,420 $232,723,709,425
2008 $16,674,276,286 $23,477,060,538 $275,447,471,451 $222,288,216,395
2009 $17,339,992,194 $24,265,185,360 $236,443,117,248 $210,960,893,946
2010 $19,649,723,722 $25,266,542,246 $221,985,621,538 $214,511,307,293
2011 $23,963,164,697 $26,581,436,462 $241,337,364,610 $218,048,113,964
2012 $27,084,497,482 $27,943,010,891 $227,270,922,957 $217,178,188,158
2013 $30,659,338,886 $29,842,021,104 $243,301,556,085 $221,939,116,699
2014 $32,996,188,017 $31,471,565,409 $266,787,238,499 $242,659,427,540
2015 $33,000,198,249 $33,000,198,249 $302,391,428,540 $302,391,428,540
2016 $33,941,126,194 $34,407,300,587 $305,733,136,181 $306,088,582,543
2017 $37,508,642,171 $35,850,757,841 $348,532,394,024 $336,849,347,915
2018 $40,287,647,931 $37,364,958,928 $395,461,216,460 $362,262,415,223
2019 $40,895,322,851 $38,193,230,080 $407,124,824,065 $380,522,433,254
2020 $36,629,843,806 $34,855,949,803 $436,555,518,400 $407,759,843,938
2021 $40,406,111,693 $36,986,126,803 $531,306,516,908 $474,043,708,272
2022 $44,008,282,880 $38,319,728,338 $548,570,250,342 $514,903,922,090
2023 $45,135,398,003 $39,500,729,034 $551,394,889,340 $486,429,697,154
2024 $49,668,296,744 $40,047,688,830 $577,389,475,010 $492,370,629,886

Economic indicators

Bolivia Ireland
Gross domestic product
$49.7B
2024
$577B
2024
GDP rank
94/197
2024
26/197
2024
GDP growth
10%
2023-2024
4.71%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,001
2024
$107,316
2024
GDP per capita rank
129/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,190
2024
$131,175
2024
Government debt
$47.2B
2024
$237B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
92.4%
2025
36.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$3,803
2024
$44,121
2024
Government debt per person rank
92/185
2024
11/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,374
2025
$44,579
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$110B
2018
Number of billionaires n/a
11
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
24.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
35.6%
2025
23.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
2.11%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.15%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
4.27%
2024
Population
12716350
5474763

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Ireland

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,001, ranking 129/197, compared to $107,316 in Ireland, ranking 4/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 129th at $11,190, while Ireland ranks 4th at $131,175.

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Bolivia Ireland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $100.8 - $707 -
1961 $107.4 - $762 -
1962 $115.1 - $821 -
1963 $121.4 - $878 -
1964 $133.9 - $995 -
1965 $145.6 - $1,055 -
1966 $157.8 - $1,107 -
1967 $174.3 - $1,187 -
1968 $193.5 - $1,159 -
1969 $205.1 - $1,331 -
1970 $219.4 - $1,487 -
1971 $231.1 - $1,704 -
1972 $267.9 - $2,080 -
1973 $257.3 - $2,424 -
1974 $418 - $2,517 -
1975 $468 - $2,973 -
1976 $520 - $2,920 -
1977 $600 - $3,427 -
1978 $683 - $4,400 -
1979 $801 - $5,430 -
1980 $773 - $6,372 -
1981 $981 - $5,986 -
1982 $931 - $6,161 -
1983 $880 - $5,915 -
1984 $982 - $5,692 -
1985 $838 - $6,012 -
1986 $604 - $8,112 -
1987 $650 - $9,582 -
1988 $673 - $10,716 -
1989 $675 - $11,176 -
1990 $683 $2,284 $14,031 $13,734
1991 $734 $2,434 $14,087 $14,389
1992 $760 $2,480 $15,714 $15,106
1993 $757 $2,595 $14,657 $15,801
1994 $774 $2,721 $15,903 $17,000
1995 $853 $2,853 $19,158 $18,932
1996 $922 $2,977 $20,836 $20,474
1997 $970 $3,121 $22,551 $22,632
1998 $1,022 $3,257 $24,295 $25,092
1999 $979 $3,260 $26,338 $27,041
2000 $976 $3,359 $26,335 $30,209
2001 $930 $3,434 $28,282 $32,577
2002 $888 $3,515 $32,705 $35,222
2003 $893 $3,620 $41,204 $36,285
2004 $953 $3,808 $47,754 $38,734
2005 $1,020 $4,033 $50,933 $40,466
2006 $1,203 $4,283 $54,329 $44,232
2007 $1,355 $4,522 $61,396 $46,784
2008 $1,693 $4,810 $61,353 $44,169
2009 $1,731 $4,920 $52,133 $41,470
2010 $1,930 $5,101 $48,679 $43,217
2011 $2,316 $5,389 $52,693 $45,526
2012 $2,576 $5,867 $49,412 $46,726
2013 $2,870 $6,590 $52,619 $48,839
2014 $3,041 $7,047 $57,278 $52,641
2015 $2,996 $7,152 $64,312 $71,607
2016 $3,036 $7,548 $64,193 $73,013
2017 $3,306 $8,510 $72,198 $80,450
2018 $3,501 $8,953 $80,739 $86,299
2019 $3,504 $9,174 $81,810 $92,023
2020 $3,100 $8,294 $86,623 $97,800
2021 $3,385 $9,454 $103,962 $116,904
2022 $3,644 $10,372 $105,235 $136,104
2023 $3,686 $10,925 $103,888 $124,901
2024 $4,001 $11,190 $107,316 $131,175

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $19.2B, accounting for 35.6% of its GDP, while Ireland's spent $135B, or 23.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 92.4% in Bolivia and 36.7% in Ireland, ranking 30/185 and 143/185, respectively.

Bolivia
Government spending

Government debt
Ireland
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Ireland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 10.1% - 29.1% 44.9%
1961 10.7% - 31.4% 44.3%
1962 10.2% - 31.7% 44.5%
1963 10.8% - 33.6% 45.2%
1964 10.8% - 34.8% 43.1%
1965 12.9% - 35.8% 44.6%
1966 12.9% - 36.9% 47.7%
1967 13.1% - 39.3% 47.1%
1968 14.1% - 40% 44.7%
1969 12.3% - 42.5% 42.6%
1970 10% 63.9% 44.1% 41.7%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 45.3% 39.8%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 41.5% 37.3%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 40.3% 35.1%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 44.3% 43.5%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 48.2% 48.3%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 47.8% 51.7%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 44.6% 49.2%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 46.2% 50.6%
1979 18% 92% 48.7% 63.5%
1980 19.8% 100% 53.7% 64.6%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 54.1% 68.8%
1982 25% 155.4% 56.7% 73.5%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 55.6% 86.1%
1984 29% 166.5% 52.7% 90.2%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 53.2% 93%
1986 22.2% 149% 52.9% 107.2%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 51.4% 108.3%
1988 24% 115.9% 48.2% 106.5%
1989 24.4% 98% 42.5% 97.9%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 44.6% 92.7%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 46.1% 93.8%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 46.8% 90.6%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 44.6% 93.4%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 44.2% 88%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 40.3% 78.5%
1996 26% 72.4% 38.5% 69.8%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 36.1% 61.6%
1998 30% 61.2% 34.2% 51.4%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 32.5% 46.6%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 30.6% 36.4%
2001 32% 83% 32.2% 33.6%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 32.9% 30.9%
2003 32% 95.6% 32.7% 29.8%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 32.8% 28.1%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 33% 26.1%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 33.6% 23.7%
2007 32.7% 40% 35.6% 23.9%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 41.6% 42.5%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 46.9% 61.8%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 64.9% 86.1%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 46.8% 109.4%
2012 36% 35.4% 42.2% 118.7%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 39.8% 117.5%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 36.5% 101.3%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 28% 74%
2016 40% 46.5% 27.5% 72.6%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 25.3% 65.2%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 24.8% 61.5%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 23.9% 55.9%
2020 36.8% 78% 26.7% 57%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 23.6% 52.6%
2022 36% 80.1% 20.6% 43.1%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 22.7% 43.3%
2024 38.7% 95% 23.4% 41.1%
2025 35.6% 92.4% 23.9% 36.7%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$5.12B, equivalent to -10.3% of GDP. This compares to Ireland's surplus of $25.3B, or 4.38% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Ireland ran a deficit in 50 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to -5.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.14% of GDP for Ireland.

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Ireland
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Ireland
1926 - -1.95%
1927 - -1.95%
1928 - -1.95%
1929 - -3.41%
1930 - -3.41%
1931 - -1.63%
1932 - -1.63%
1933 - 2.97%
1934 - 2.97%
1935 - 2.97%
1936 - -0.19%
1937 - -0.77%
1938 - -0.92%
1939 - -7.31%
1940 - -0.15%
1941 - -1.42%
1942 - -2.48%
1943 - -1.18%
1944 - 0.39%
1945 - -0.43%
1946 - -0.43%
1947 - -1.8%
1948 - -1.29%
1949 - -2.17%
1950 -1.17% -5.21%
1951 -0.42% -4.62%
1952 -0.94% -7.84%
1953 -0.48% -5.77%
1954 0.006% -5.28%
1955 0.33% -5.06%
1956 -0.11% -3.23%
1957 -1.11% -5.19%
1958 -2.95% -4.3%
1959 -4.32% -2.16%
1960 -3.35% -1.97%
1961 -2.81% -2.6%
1962 -2.8% -2.91%
1963 -3.02% -2.92%
1964 -2.68% -3.35%
1965 -4.12% -3.5%
1966 -3.55% -2.26%
1967 -4.29% -2.69%
1968 -5.67% -2.72%
1969 -4.16% -3.4%
1970 -1.92% -3.64%
1971 -3.67% -3.5%
1972 -3.69% -3.23%
1973 -3.72% -3.84%
1974 -1.87% -6.96%
1975 -2.33% -11.1%
1976 -1.15% -7.34%
1977 -11.2% -6.44%
1978 -9.97% -8.27%
1979 -11.2% -10%
1980 -15.3% -11.1%
1981 -12.3% -12.1%
1982 -15.9% -13.1%
1983 -19.8% -11.5%
1984 -25.4% -9.43%
1985 -9.8% -10.7%
1986 -2.7% -10.5%
1987 -7.7% -8.47%
1988 -6.5% -4.62%
1989 -5.5% -2.64%
1990 -4.4% -2.69%
1991 -4.2% -2.8%
1992 -4.4% -2.84%
1993 -6.1% -2.62%
1994 -3% -1.82%
1995 -1.82% -2.07%
1996 -1.9% -0.2%
1997 -3.28% 1.37%
1998 -5.1% 2.07%
1999 -3.84% 3.54%
2000 -3.73% 4.86%
2001 -6.82% 0.96%
2002 -8.79% -0.52%
2003 -7.88% 0.35%
2004 -5.54% 1.3%
2005 -2.24% 1.57%
2006 4.47% 2.78%
2007 -1.54% 0.27%
2008 3.53% -7.03%
2009 2.63% -13.9%
2010 1.62% -32.1%
2011 0.83% -13.5%
2012 1.72% -8.4%
2013 0.6% -6.27%
2014 -3.41% -3.51%
2015 -6.93% -1.97%
2016 -7.24% -0.76%
2017 -7.86% -0.3%
2018 -8.17% 0.09%
2019 -7.25% 0.41%
2020 -12.7% -4.88%
2021 -9.33% -1.4%
2022 -7.12% 1.65%
2023 -10.9% 1.48%
2024 -10.3% 4.38%
2025 -10.7% 1.69%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.54%, compared with 2.16% in Ireland. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 2.11% in Ireland.

Inflation
Bolivia

Ireland
Year Inflation
Bolivia Ireland Bolivia Ireland
1996 12.4% 1.76%
1997 4.71% 1.54%
1998 7.67% 2.41%
1999 2.16% 1.63%
2000 4.61% 5.58%
2001 1.59% 4.85%
2002 0.93% 4.63%
2003 3.34% 3.49%
2004 4.44% 2.18%
2005 5.39% 2.46%
2006 4.28% 3.94%
2007 8.71% 4.89%
2008 14% 4.04%
2009 3.35% -4.45%
2010 2.5% -0.92%
2011 9.88% 2.55%
2012 4.52% 1.69%
2013 5.74% 0.52%
2014 5.77% 0.19%
2015 4.06% -0.33%
2016 3.62% 0.02%
2017 2.82% 0.36%
2018 2.27% 0.47%
2019 1.84% 0.94%
2020 0.94% -0.33%
2021 0.74% 2.34%
2022 1.75% 7.83%
2023 2.58% 6.3%
2024 5.1% 2.11%

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $735K
Raw materials & minerals $85K
Machinery & equipment $10K
Ireland
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.09M
Chemicals & pharma $489K
Raw agricultural goods $92K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $33K
Precious metals & jewellery $27K
Textiles & consumer goods $6K
Wood & paper products $4K
Raw materials & minerals $3K
Miscellaneous $1K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Ireland
Current account balance
-$1.44B
2024
$44.7B
2023
Current account balance ranking
131/189
2024
14/189
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.89%
2024
+8.11%
2023
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$162B
2023
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$330B
2023
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$419B
2023
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$431B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.9%
2023
105.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2023
147.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Ireland
Economic freedom 44.1 83.1
Economic freedom ranking 180/197 3/197
Property rights 19.9 94.1
Government integrity 27.3 84
Judicial effectiveness 29.4 95.5
Tax burden 88.8 77.6
Government spending 61.8 85.1
Fiscal health 4.4 95.8
Business freedom 54.8 88.1
Labor freedom 56.5 62.4
Monetary freedom 70.6 75
Trade freedom 60.6 79.6
Investment freedom 15 90
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 44.1, ranking 180/197, compared to 83.1 for Ireland, ranking 3/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Bolivia
Ireland
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Ireland
1995 56.8 68.5
1996 65.2 68.5
1997 65.1 72.6
1998 68.8 73.7
1999 65.6 74.6
2000 65 76.1
2001 68 81.2
2002 65.1 80.5
2003 64.3 80.9
2004 64.5 80.3
2005 58.4 80.8
2006 57.8 82.2
2007 54.2 82.6
2008 53.1 82.5
2009 53.6 82.2
2010 49.4 81.3
2011 50 78.7
2012 50.2 76.9
2013 47.9 75.7
2014 48.4 76.2
2015 46.8 76.6
2016 47.4 77.3
2017 47.7 76.7
2018 44.1 80.4
2019 42.3 80.5
2020 42.8 80.9
2021 42.7 81.4
2022 43 82
2023 43.4 82
2024 43.5 82.6
2025 44.1 83.1

More economic indicators

Bolivia Ireland
Services, % of GDP
51.1%
2023
61.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.2%
2023
30.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
13.5%
2023
1.05%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$45.8B
2024
$419B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$10,880
2024
$99,470
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$12.7B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
73/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$152M
2024
$12.9B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$385M
2024
-$38.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$233M
2024
$24.9B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.9%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
14%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.6%
2023
17.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Bolivia vs Ireland
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.