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Economy of Bolivia vs Germany compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $4.69T for Germany, ranking 88/197 and 3/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $2.97T (63.5% of GDP) in Germany.

Bolivia vs Germany GDP by year

Bolivia
Germany
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Germany
2024 $54,881,327,453 $4,685,592,577,805
2023 $52,340,206,946 $4,562,207,532,490
2022 $50,959,081,954 $4,201,021,706,479
2021 $47,877,892,402 $4,355,251,953,411
2020 $42,313,784,081 $3,941,398,957,074
2019 $49,056,643,589 $3,959,894,794,039
2018 $48,414,038,842 $4,055,433,215,302
2017 $45,927,439,595 $3,765,351,626,106
2016 $33,941,126,194 $3,536,787,895,179
2015 $33,000,198,249 $3,425,099,578,746
2014 $32,996,188,017 $3,964,870,735,761
2013 $30,659,338,886 $3,807,023,797,051
2012 $27,084,497,482 $3,596,483,233,406
2011 $23,963,164,697 $3,823,575,803,794
2010 $19,649,723,722 $3,467,093,769,667
2009 $17,339,992,194 $3,478,545,516,684
2008 $16,674,276,286 $3,808,197,720,125
2007 $13,120,108,008 $3,484,056,680,855
2006 $11,451,844,902 $3,046,308,753,671
2005 $9,549,122,905 $2,893,393,187,362
2004 $8,773,451,752 $2,852,317,768,062
2003 $8,082,399,640 $2,534,715,518,349
2002 $7,905,485,146 $2,102,350,798,306
2001 $8,141,516,928 $1,966,381,496,642
2000 $8,397,855,485 $1,966,980,701,145
1999 $8,285,064,435 $2,213,873,468,587
1998 $8,497,494,652 $2,247,760,364,566
1997 $7,925,736,821 $2,218,790,886,533
1996 $7,396,949,126 $2,506,576,553,158
1995 $6,715,161,732 $2,593,053,091,306
1994 $5,981,222,859 $2,215,282,632,277
1993 $5,734,699,489 $2,078,954,217,438
1992 $5,643,868,749 $2,141,377,582,968
1991 $5,343,262,457 $1,875,792,575,133
1990 $4,867,582,598 $1,778,162,195,860
1989 $4,715,973,437 $1,404,092,925,205
1988 $4,597,612,362 $1,406,367,016,372
1987 $4,347,956,338 $1,302,932,318,825
1986 $3,959,382,833 $1,050,092,624,516
1985 $5,377,276,555 $735,218,723,093
1984 $6,169,483,225 $727,767,760,979
1983 $5,422,656,823 $773,507,930,295
1982 $5,594,126,369 $779,421,633,755
1981 $5,891,598,695 $803,404,797,058
1980 $4,537,479,608 $953,772,499,462
1979 $4,421,336,383 $884,574,218,333
1978 $3,758,220,890 $743,182,891,918
1977 $3,227,436,282 $602,698,323,086
1976 $2,731,984,008 $521,658,712,133
1975 $2,404,697,651 $492,434,094,920
1974 $2,100,249,875 $446,934,971,657
1973 $1,262,968,516 $399,833,571,167
1972 $1,257,615,645 $300,899,944,795
1971 $1,095,622,896 $250,900,942,397
1970 $1,017,003,367 $216,629,229,947
1969 $929,629,630 $177,733,486,326
1968 $857,912,458 $156,527,292,653
1967 $755,808,081 $145,100,667,773
1966 $669,191,919 $143,304,275,684
1965 $604,377,104 $134,774,688,191
1964 $544,023,569 $123,330,404,665
1963 $482,828,283 $112,232,503,744
1962 $448,400,673 $105,895,435,234
1961 $410,101,010 $96,558,204,043
1960 $377,020,202 $84,619,845,881

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Germany by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Germany
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $56,104 $73,552
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $54,777 $71,684
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $50,507 $69,049
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $52,349 $62,531
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $47,395 $58,686
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $47,656 $59,271
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $48,916 $56,273
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $45,554 $54,110
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $42,949 $51,570
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $41,930 $48,545
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $48,960 $47,939
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $47,207 $45,889
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $44,718 $44,229
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $47,631 $43,398
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $42,397 $39,726
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $42,472 $37,574
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $46,379 $38,444
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $42,351 $36,914
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $36,980 $34,741
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $35,084 $32,314
2004 $953 $4,663 $34,567 $31,753
2003 $893 $4,433 $30,711 $30,301
2002 $888 $4,304 $25,487 $29,514
2001 $930 $4,205 $23,878 $28,674
2000 $976 $4,113 $23,926 $27,474
1999 $979 $3,991 $26,965 $26,518
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $27,396 $25,446
1997 $970 $3,822 $27,047 $24,649
1996 $922 $3,645 $30,600 $24,169
1995 $853 $3,494 $31,747 $23,631
1994 $774 $3,331 $27,202 $22,869
1993 $757 $3,177 $25,617 $21,900
1992 $760 $3,036 $26,560 $21,746
1991 $734 $2,981 $23,443 $21,001
1990 $683 $2,797 $22,386 $19,468
1989 $675 - $17,829 -
1988 $673 - $17,997 -
1987 $650 - $16,739 -
1986 $604 - $13,511 -
1985 $838 - $9,464 -
1984 $982 - $9,347 -
1983 $882 - $9,900 -
1982 $930 - $9,950 -
1981 $1,001 - $10,246 -
1980 $788 - $12,183 -
1979 $785 - $11,322 -
1978 $683 - $9,517 -
1977 $600 - $7,711 -
1976 $520 - $6,659 -
1975 $468 - $6,259 -
1974 $418 - $5,660 -
1973 $257.2 - $5,065 -
1972 $261.9 - $3,824 -
1971 $233.4 - $3,204 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,771 -
1969 $207.1 - $2,281 -
1968 $195.5 - $2,025 -
1967 $176.1 - $1,886 -
1966 $159.3 - $1,871 -
1965 $147.1 - $1,774 -
1964 $135.2 - $1,637 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,502 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,431 -
1961 $108.5 - $1,316 -
1960 $101.8 - $1,162 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $56,104 in Germany, ranking 19/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Germany ranks 20th at $73,552.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Germany
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$4.69T
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
3/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
-0.5%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$56,104
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$73,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
20/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$2.97T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
63.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$35,606
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
21/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$41,775
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.04T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,675,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
171
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
25%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
2.9%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
49.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
2.26%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
3.37%
2024
Population
12798112
82575542

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Germany
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Germany
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 49.4% 63.5%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 48.1% 62.4%
2022 36% 80.1% 48.6% 64.4%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 50.7% 68%
2020 36.8% 78% 51.1% 68%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 45.5% 58.7%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 44.7% 60.8%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 44.5% 64%
2016 40% 46.5% 44.7% 68.3%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 44.5% 71.2%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 44.5% 74.5%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 45.2% 77.5%
2012 36% 35.4% 45.1% 79.8%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 45.3% 78.5%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 48.1% 81%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 48.3% 72.4%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 44.4% 65.2%
2007 32.7% 40% 43.5% 63.7%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 45.3% 66.4%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 46.9% 67.1%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 47% 65%
2003 32% 95.6% 48.5% 63.3%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 48.2% 59.8%
2001 32% 83% 47.7% 58.1%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 48.1% 59.2%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 48.5% 60.3%
1998 30% 61.2% 48.3% 59.4%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 48.8% 58.8%
1996 26% 72.4% 49.6% 57.7%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 55.2% 54.9%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 48.3% 47.5%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 48.3% 45.1%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 47.4% 41.4%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 46.5% 39%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 44.7% 40.7%
1989 24.4% 98% 44.3% 39.2%
1988 24% 115.9% 45.6% 40.5%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 46% 40.1%
1986 22.2% 149% 45.7% 39.1%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 46.6% 39.2%
1984 29% 166.5% 47.2% 38.7%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 47.9% 38%
1982 25% 155.4% 49.1% 36.4%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 49% 33.6%
1980 19.8% 100% 48.2% 30.1%
1979 18% 92% 47.4% 28.2%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 47.7% 27.4%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 49% 26%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 49.4% 25.1%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 50.3% 23.7%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 46% 18.5%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 42.4% 17.3%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 41.8% 18%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 40.9% 17.7%
1970 10% 63.9% 39.5% 17.7%
1969 12.3% - 29.7% 20.3%
1968 14.1% - 28.5% 22.5%
1967 13.1% - 28.8% 22.5%
1966 12.9% - 28.3% 19.8%
1965 12.9% - 28.4% 18.7%
1964 10.8% - 29% 18.2%
1963 10.8% - 29.1% 18.1%
1962 10.2% - 29.2% 17.6%
1961 10.7% - 28.8% 18.7%
1960 10.1% - 22.9% 18.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while Germany spent $2.32T, or 49.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 63.5% in Germany, ranking 26/185 and 72/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Germany
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Germany
2024 -10.6% -2.66%
2023 -10.9% -2.49%
2022 -7.12% -1.91%
2021 -9.33% -3.17%
2020 -12.7% -4.38%
2019 -7.25% 1.33%
2018 -8.17% 1.88%
2017 -7.86% 1.34%
2016 -7.24% 1.13%
2015 -6.93% 0.91%
2014 -3.41% 0.73%
2013 0.6% 0.12%
2012 1.72% -0.05%
2011 0.83% -0.84%
2010 1.62% -4.42%
2009 2.63% -3.18%
2008 3.53% -0.26%
2007 -1.54% 0.15%
2006 4.47% -1.76%
2005 -2.24% -3.37%
2004 -5.54% -3.42%
2003 -7.88% -3.83%
2002 -8.79% -4.09%
2001 -6.82% -3.12%
2000 -3.73% -1.71%
1999 -3.84% -1.87%
1998 -5.1% -2.65%
1997 -3.28% -3.03%
1996 -1.9% -3.64%
1995 -1.82% -9.44%
1994 -3% -2.54%
1993 -6.1% -3.11%
1992 -4.4% -2.63%
1991 -4.2% -3.21%
1990 -4.4% -1.94%
1989 -5.5% 0.08%
1988 -6.5% -2.02%
1987 -7.7% -1.85%
1986 -2.7% -1.18%
1985 -9.8% -1.18%
1984 -25.4% -2.04%
1983 -19.8% -2.95%
1982 -15.9% -3.56%
1981 -12.3% -4.03%
1980 -15.3% -3.02%
1979 -11.2% -2.71%
1978 -9.97% -2.62%
1977 -11.2% -2.56%
1976 -1.15% -3.5%
1975 -2.33% -5.78%
1974 -1.87% -1.69%
1973 -3.72% 1.14%
1972 -3.69% -0.37%
1971 -3.67% 0.16%
1970 -1.92% 0.53%
1969 -4.16% -0.43%
1968 -5.67% 1.39%
1967 -4.29% 2.73%
1966 -3.55% 1.76%
1965 -4.12% 2.26%
1964 -2.68% 1.49%
1963 -3.02% 1.43%
1962 -2.8% 0.49%
1961 -2.81% -0.12%
1960 -3.35% -0.34%
1959 -4.32% 0.77%
1958 -2.95% 1.77%
1957 -1.11% 1.99%
1956 -0.11% 0.59%
1955 0.33% -1.41%
1954 0.006% -0.37%
1953 -0.48% -0.13%
1952 -0.94% 0%
1951 -0.42% 1.15%
1950 -1.17% 1.81%
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 - -0.64%
1933 - -0.43%
1932 - -1.11%
1931 - -1.03%
1930 - -1.52%
1929 - -0.9%
1928 - -1.47%
1927 - -0.44%
1926 - -1.3%
1925 - 0.34%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.007%
1912 - -0.26%
1911 - 0.06%
1910 - -0.21%
1909 - 0.11%
1908 - -0.11%
1907 - -0.14%
1906 - 0.76%
1905 - 1.21%
1904 - 0.41%
1903 - 0.88%
1902 - 0.08%
1901 - 0.91%
1900 - 0.27%
1899 - 0.6%
1898 - 0.47%
1897 - 0.39%
1896 - 0.63%
1895 - 0.47%
1894 - 0.44%
1893 - 0.42%
1892 - -0.24%
1891 - 1.18%
1890 - 0.12%
1889 - 1.16%
1888 - 0.62%
1887 - 0.88%
1886 - 0.23%
1885 - 0.21%
1884 - 0.23%
1883 - 0.55%
1882 - 0.41%
1881 - 0.12%
1880 - -0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to Germany's deficit of $125B, or 2.66% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Germany ran a deficit in 46 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.53% of GDP for Germany.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Germany
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Germany
2024 5.1% 2.26%
2023 2.58% 5.95%
2022 1.75% 6.87%
2021 0.74% 3.07%
2020 0.94% 0.14%
2019 1.84% 1.45%
2018 2.27% 1.73%
2017 2.82% 1.51%
2016 3.62% 0.49%
2015 4.06% 0.51%
2014 5.77% 0.91%
2013 5.74% 1.5%
2012 4.52% 2.01%
2011 9.88% 2.08%
2010 2.5% 1.1%
2009 3.35% 0.31%
2008 14% 2.63%
2007 8.71% 2.3%
2006 4.28% 1.58%
2005 5.39% 1.55%
2004 4.44% 1.67%
2003 3.34% 1.03%
2002 0.93% 1.42%
2001 1.59% 1.98%
2000 4.61% 1.44%
1999 2.16% 0.59%
1998 7.67% 0.91%
1997 4.71% 1.94%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 1.82% in Germany. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 2.26% in Germany.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $33M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.48M
Metals $1.86M
Wood & paper products $1.37M
Textiles & consumer goods $662K
Machinery & equipment $394K
Animal & marine products $370K
Raw materials & minerals $300K
Chemicals & pharma $73K
Miscellaneous $47K
Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $53M
Chemicals & pharma $23.8M
Raw materials & minerals $3.39M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.22M
Metals $2.99M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.6M
Miscellaneous $1.32M
Wood & paper products $1.28M
Raw agricultural goods $709K
Weapons & explosives $212K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Germany
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
$270B
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
2/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
+5.77%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$1.21T
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$1.47T
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$548B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$470B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
37.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
41.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Germany
Economic freedom 42.4 71.7
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 30/197
Property rights 20.2 95.5
Government integrity 27.1 84.5
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 94.6
Tax burden 86.4 60.5
Government spending 56.3 28.8
Fiscal health 0.8 83.1
Business freedom 53.6 79.8
Labor freedom 52.2 52.2
Monetary freedom 67.1 72.5
Trade freedom 60.6 79.4
Investment freedom 15 60
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Germany
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Germany
2026 42.4 71.7
2025 44.1 71.6
2024 43.5 72.1
2023 43.4 73.7
2022 43 76.1
2021 42.7 72.5
2020 42.8 73.5
2019 42.3 73.5
2018 44.1 74.2
2017 47.7 73.8
2016 47.4 74.4
2015 46.8 73.8
2014 48.4 73.4
2013 47.9 72.8
2012 50.2 71
2011 50 71.8
2010 49.4 71.1
2009 53.6 70.5
2008 53.1 70.6
2007 54.2 70.8
2006 57.8 70.8
2005 58.4 68.1
2004 64.5 69.5
2003 64.3 69.7
2002 65.1 70.4
2001 68 69.5
2000 65 65.7
1999 65.6 65.6
1998 68.8 64.3
1997 65.1 67.5
1996 65.2 69.1
1995 56.8 69.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 71.7 for Germany, ranking 30/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Germany
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
64%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
25.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
0.91%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$4.6T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$76,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$378B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
10/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
$32.6B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
$47.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$80.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
21.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.