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Economy of Bolivia vs Germany compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $5.05T for Germany, ranking 88/197 and 3/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $3.18T (62.9% of GDP) in Germany.

Bolivia vs Germany GDP by year

Bolivia
Germany
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Germany
2025 $64,768,947,525 $5,050,922,925,047
2024 $54,881,327,453 $4,685,592,577,805
2023 $52,340,206,946 $4,562,207,532,490
2022 $50,959,081,954 $4,201,021,706,479
2021 $47,877,892,402 $4,355,251,953,411
2020 $42,313,784,081 $3,941,398,957,074
2019 $49,056,643,589 $3,959,894,794,039
2018 $48,414,038,842 $4,055,433,215,302
2017 $45,927,439,595 $3,765,351,626,106
2016 $33,941,126,194 $3,536,787,895,179
2015 $33,000,198,249 $3,425,099,578,746
2014 $32,996,188,017 $3,964,870,735,761
2013 $30,659,338,886 $3,807,023,797,051
2012 $27,084,497,482 $3,596,483,233,406
2011 $23,963,164,697 $3,823,575,803,794
2010 $19,649,723,722 $3,467,093,769,667
2009 $17,339,992,194 $3,478,545,516,684
2008 $16,674,276,286 $3,808,197,720,125
2007 $13,120,108,008 $3,484,056,680,855
2006 $11,451,844,902 $3,046,308,753,671
2005 $9,549,122,905 $2,893,393,187,362
2004 $8,773,451,752 $2,852,317,768,062
2003 $8,082,399,640 $2,534,715,518,349
2002 $7,905,485,146 $2,102,350,798,306
2001 $8,141,516,928 $1,966,381,496,642
2000 $8,397,855,485 $1,966,980,701,145
1999 $8,285,064,435 $2,213,873,468,587
1998 $8,497,494,652 $2,247,760,364,566
1997 $7,925,736,821 $2,218,790,886,533
1996 $7,396,949,126 $2,506,576,553,158
1995 $6,715,161,732 $2,593,053,091,306
1994 $5,981,222,859 $2,215,282,632,277
1993 $5,734,699,489 $2,078,954,217,438
1992 $5,643,868,749 $2,141,377,582,968
1991 $5,343,262,457 $1,875,792,575,133
1990 $4,867,582,598 $1,778,162,195,860
1989 $4,715,973,437 $1,404,092,925,205
1988 $4,597,612,362 $1,406,367,016,372
1987 $4,347,956,338 $1,302,932,318,825
1986 $3,959,382,833 $1,050,092,624,516
1985 $5,377,276,555 $735,218,723,093
1984 $6,169,483,225 $727,767,760,979
1983 $5,422,656,823 $773,507,930,295
1982 $5,594,126,369 $779,421,633,755
1981 $5,891,598,695 $803,404,797,058
1980 $4,537,479,608 $953,772,499,462
1979 $4,421,336,383 $884,574,218,333
1978 $3,758,220,890 $743,182,891,918
1977 $3,227,436,282 $602,698,323,086
1976 $2,731,984,008 $521,658,712,133
1975 $2,404,697,651 $492,434,094,920
1974 $2,100,249,875 $446,934,971,657
1973 $1,262,968,516 $399,833,571,167
1972 $1,257,615,645 $300,899,944,795
1971 $1,095,622,896 $250,900,942,397
1970 $1,017,003,367 $216,629,229,947
1969 $929,629,630 $177,733,486,326
1968 $857,912,458 $156,527,292,653
1967 $755,808,081 $145,100,667,773
1966 $669,191,919 $143,304,275,684
1965 $604,377,104 $134,774,688,191
1964 $544,023,569 $123,330,404,665
1963 $482,828,283 $112,232,503,744
1962 $448,400,673 $105,895,435,234
1961 $410,101,010 $96,558,204,043
1960 $377,020,202 $84,619,845,881

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Germany by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Germany
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $60,496 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $56,104 $73,552
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $54,777 $71,684
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $50,507 $69,049
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $52,349 $62,531
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $47,395 $58,686
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $47,656 $59,271
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $48,916 $56,273
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $45,554 $54,110
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $42,949 $51,570
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $41,930 $48,545
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $48,960 $47,939
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $47,207 $45,889
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $44,718 $44,229
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $47,631 $43,398
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $42,397 $39,726
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $42,472 $37,574
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $46,379 $38,444
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $42,351 $36,914
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $36,980 $34,741
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $35,084 $32,314
2004 $953 $4,663 $34,567 $31,753
2003 $893 $4,433 $30,711 $30,301
2002 $888 $4,304 $25,487 $29,514
2001 $930 $4,205 $23,878 $28,674
2000 $976 $4,113 $23,926 $27,474
1999 $979 $3,991 $26,965 $26,518
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $27,396 $25,446
1997 $970 $3,822 $27,047 $24,649
1996 $922 $3,645 $30,600 $24,169
1995 $853 $3,494 $31,747 $23,631
1994 $774 $3,331 $27,202 $22,869
1993 $757 $3,177 $25,617 $21,900
1992 $760 $3,036 $26,560 $21,746
1991 $734 $2,981 $23,443 $21,001
1990 $683 $2,797 $22,386 $19,468
1989 $675 - $17,829 -
1988 $673 - $17,997 -
1987 $650 - $16,739 -
1986 $604 - $13,511 -
1985 $838 - $9,464 -
1984 $982 - $9,347 -
1983 $882 - $9,900 -
1982 $930 - $9,950 -
1981 $1,001 - $10,246 -
1980 $788 - $12,183 -
1979 $785 - $11,322 -
1978 $683 - $9,517 -
1977 $600 - $7,711 -
1976 $520 - $6,659 -
1975 $468 - $6,259 -
1974 $418 - $5,660 -
1973 $257.2 - $5,065 -
1972 $261.9 - $3,824 -
1971 $233.4 - $3,204 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,771 -
1969 $207.1 - $2,281 -
1968 $195.5 - $2,025 -
1967 $176.1 - $1,886 -
1966 $159.3 - $1,871 -
1965 $147.1 - $1,774 -
1964 $135.2 - $1,637 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,502 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,431 -
1961 $108.5 - $1,316 -
1960 $101.8 - $1,162 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $60,496 in Germany, ranking 18/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Germany ranks 20th at $73,552.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Germany
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$5.05T
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
3/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
0.24%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$60,496
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
18/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$73,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
20/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$3.18T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
62.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$38,071
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
21/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$40,352
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.9T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,648,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
212
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
26.2%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
2.3%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
50.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
2.17%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
3.8%
2025
Population
12837312
82830814

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Germany
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Germany
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 50.5% 62.9%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 49.4% 62.2%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 48.1% 62.3%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 48.6% 64.4%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 50.7% 67.9%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 51.1% 68%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 45.5% 58.7%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 44.7% 60.8%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 44.5% 64%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 44.7% 68.3%
2015 37% 34% 44.5% 71.2%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 44.5% 74.5%
2013 30.4% 31% 45.2% 77.5%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 45.1% 79.8%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 45.3% 78.5%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 48.1% 81%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 48.3% 72.4%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 44.4% 65.2%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 43.5% 63.7%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 45.3% 66.4%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 46.9% 67.1%
2004 29% 80.6% 47% 65%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 48.5% 63.3%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 48.2% 59.8%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 47.7% 58.1%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 48.1% 59.2%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 48.5% 60.3%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 48.3% 59.4%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 48.8% 58.8%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 49.6% 57.7%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 55.2% 54.9%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 48.3% 47.5%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 48.3% 45.1%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 47.4% 41.4%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 46.5% 39%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 44.7% 40.7%
1989 24.4% 98% 44.3% 39.2%
1988 24% 115.9% 45.6% 40.5%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 46% 40.1%
1986 22.2% 149% 45.7% 39.1%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 46.6% 39.2%
1984 29% 166.5% 47.2% 38.7%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 47.9% 38%
1982 25% 155.4% 49.1% 36.4%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 49% 33.6%
1980 19.8% 100% 48.2% 30.1%
1979 18% 92% 47.4% 28.2%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 47.7% 27.4%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 49% 26%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 49.4% 25.1%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 50.3% 23.7%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 46% 18.5%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 42.4% 17.3%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 41.8% 18%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 40.9% 17.7%
1970 10% 63.9% 39.5% 17.7%
1969 12.3% - 29.7% 20.3%
1968 14.1% - 28.5% 22.5%
1967 13.1% - 28.8% 22.5%
1966 12.9% - 28.3% 19.8%
1965 12.9% - 28.4% 18.7%
1964 10.8% - 29% 18.2%
1963 10.8% - 29.1% 18.1%
1962 10.2% - 29.2% 17.6%
1961 10.7% - 28.8% 18.7%
1960 10.1% - 22.9% 18.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Germany spent $2.55T, or 50.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 62.9% in Germany, ranking 36/185 and 70/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Germany
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Germany
2025 -11.6% -2.67%
2024 -8.7% -2.66%
2023 -9.46% -2.49%
2022 -6.15% -1.91%
2021 -7.87% -3.17%
2020 -11% -4.38%
2019 -6.04% 1.33%
2018 -6.8% 1.88%
2017 -6.42% 1.34%
2016 -5.95% 1.13%
2015 -5.76% 0.91%
2014 -2.88% 0.73%
2013 0.51% 0.12%
2012 1.49% -0.05%
2011 0.72% -0.84%
2010 1.42% -4.42%
2009 2.29% -3.18%
2008 3.1% -0.26%
2007 -1.37% 0.15%
2006 3.99% -1.76%
2005 -2% -3.37%
2004 -4.97% -3.42%
2003 -7.04% -3.83%
2002 -7.82% -4.09%
2001 -6.11% -3.12%
2000 -3.34% -1.71%
1999 -3.43% -1.87%
1998 -4.56% -2.65%
1997 -2.94% -3.03%
1996 -1.7% -3.64%
1995 -1.63% -9.44%
1994 -2.68% -2.54%
1993 -5.46% -3.11%
1992 -3.94% -2.63%
1991 -3.76% -3.21%
1990 -3.94% -1.94%
1989 -5.5% 0.08%
1988 -6.5% -2.02%
1987 -7.7% -1.85%
1986 -2.7% -1.18%
1985 -9.8% -1.18%
1984 -25.4% -2.04%
1983 -19.8% -2.95%
1982 -15.9% -3.56%
1981 -12.3% -4.03%
1980 -15.3% -3.02%
1979 -11.2% -2.71%
1978 -9.97% -2.62%
1977 -11.2% -2.56%
1976 -1.15% -3.5%
1975 -2.33% -5.78%
1974 -1.87% -1.69%
1973 -3.72% 1.14%
1972 -3.69% -0.37%
1971 -3.67% 0.16%
1970 -1.92% 0.53%
1969 -4.16% -0.43%
1968 -5.67% 1.39%
1967 -4.29% 2.73%
1966 -3.55% 1.76%
1965 -4.12% 2.26%
1964 -2.68% 1.49%
1963 -3.02% 1.43%
1962 -2.8% 0.49%
1961 -2.81% -0.12%
1960 -3.35% -0.34%
1959 -4.32% 0.77%
1958 -2.95% 1.77%
1957 -1.11% 1.99%
1956 -0.11% 0.59%
1955 0.33% -1.41%
1954 0.006% -0.37%
1953 -0.48% -0.13%
1952 -0.94% 0%
1951 -0.42% 1.15%
1950 -1.17% 1.81%
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 - -0.64%
1933 - -0.43%
1932 - -1.11%
1931 - -1.03%
1930 - -1.52%
1929 - -0.9%
1928 - -1.47%
1927 - -0.44%
1926 - -1.3%
1925 - 0.34%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.007%
1912 - -0.26%
1911 - 0.06%
1910 - -0.21%
1909 - 0.11%
1908 - -0.11%
1907 - -0.14%
1906 - 0.76%
1905 - 1.21%
1904 - 0.41%
1903 - 0.88%
1902 - 0.08%
1901 - 0.91%
1900 - 0.27%
1899 - 0.6%
1898 - 0.47%
1897 - 0.39%
1896 - 0.63%
1895 - 0.47%
1894 - 0.44%
1893 - 0.42%
1892 - -0.24%
1891 - 1.18%
1890 - 0.12%
1889 - 1.16%
1888 - 0.62%
1887 - 0.88%
1886 - 0.23%
1885 - 0.21%
1884 - 0.23%
1883 - 0.55%
1882 - 0.41%
1881 - 0.12%
1880 - -0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Germany's deficit of $135B, or 2.67% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Germany ran a deficit in 47 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.55% of GDP for Germany.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Germany
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Germany
2025 19.5% 2.17%
2024 5.1% 2.26%
2023 2.58% 5.95%
2022 1.75% 6.87%
2021 0.74% 3.07%
2020 0.94% 0.14%
2019 1.84% 1.45%
2018 2.27% 1.73%
2017 2.82% 1.51%
2016 3.62% 0.49%
2015 4.06% 0.51%
2014 5.77% 0.91%
2013 5.74% 1.5%
2012 4.52% 2.01%
2011 9.88% 2.08%
2010 2.5% 1.1%
2009 3.35% 0.31%
2008 14% 2.63%
2007 8.71% 2.3%
2006 4.28% 1.58%
2005 5.39% 1.55%
2004 4.44% 1.67%
2003 3.34% 1.03%
2002 0.93% 1.42%
2001 1.59% 1.98%
2000 4.61% 1.44%
1999 2.16% 0.59%
1998 7.67% 0.91%
1997 4.71% 1.94%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 1.83% in Germany. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 2.17% in Germany.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $26.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.8M
Wood & paper products $1.93M
Metals $1.86M
Textiles & consumer goods $312K
Machinery & equipment $222K
Raw materials & minerals $167K
Chemicals & pharma $73K
Miscellaneous $54K
Animal & marine products $49K
Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $57.3M
Chemicals & pharma $16.2M
Raw materials & minerals $4.56M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.64M
Metals $2.84M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.59M
Miscellaneous $1.32M
Wood & paper products $1.2M
Raw agricultural goods $1.08M
Weapons & explosives $212K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Germany
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
$228B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
2/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
+4.51%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$1.32T
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$1.53T
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$602B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$518B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
38.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
40.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Germany
Economic freedom 42.4 71.7
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 30/197
Property rights 20.2 95.5
Government integrity 27.1 84.5
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 94.6
Tax burden 86.4 60.5
Government spending 56.3 28.8
Fiscal health 0.8 83.1
Business freedom 53.6 79.8
Labor freedom 52.2 52.2
Monetary freedom 67.1 72.5
Trade freedom 60.6 79.4
Investment freedom 15 60
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Germany
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Germany
2026 42.4 71.7
2025 44.1 71.6
2024 43.5 72.1
2023 43.4 73.7
2022 43 76.1
2021 42.7 72.5
2020 42.8 73.5
2019 42.3 73.5
2018 44.1 74.2
2017 47.7 73.8
2016 47.4 74.4
2015 46.8 73.8
2014 48.4 73.4
2013 47.9 72.8
2012 50.2 71
2011 50 71.8
2010 49.4 71.1
2009 53.6 70.5
2008 53.1 70.6
2007 54.2 70.8
2006 57.8 70.8
2005 58.4 68.1
2004 64.5 69.5
2003 64.3 69.7
2002 65.1 70.4
2001 68 69.5
2000 65 65.7
1999 65.6 65.6
1998 68.8 64.3
1997 65.1 67.5
1996 65.2 69.1
1995 56.8 69.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/germany | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 71.7 for Germany, ranking 30/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Germany
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
0.87%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$5.03T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$78,140
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$572B
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
7/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
$12.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$62.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$87B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
21.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.