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Economy of Bolivia vs Netherlands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bolivia has a GDP of $54.9B compared to $1.21T for the Netherlands, ranking 88/197 and 19/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $53.8B in government debt (98% of GDP), compared to $532B (43.8% of GDP) in the Netherlands.

Bolivia vs Netherlands GDP by year

Bolivia
Netherlands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Netherlands
2024 $54,881,327,453 $1,214,927,698,573
2023 $52,340,206,946 $1,135,475,867,551
2022 $50,959,081,954 $1,046,540,797,549
2021 $47,877,892,402 $1,054,472,123,450
2020 $42,313,784,081 $932,560,861,701
2019 $49,056,643,589 $928,903,005,576
2018 $48,414,038,842 $929,733,599,797
2017 $45,927,439,595 $848,233,537,846
2016 $33,941,126,194 $797,163,949,290
2015 $33,000,198,249 $775,743,675,303
2014 $32,996,188,017 $901,556,501,756
2013 $30,659,338,886 $883,951,539,007
2012 $27,084,497,482 $845,689,017,066
2011 $23,963,164,697 $913,140,741,333
2010 $19,649,723,722 $852,464,982,433
2009 $17,339,992,194 $878,954,223,140
2008 $16,674,276,286 $957,901,566,041
2007 $13,120,108,008 $853,499,460,873
2006 $11,451,844,902 $737,593,995,289
2005 $9,549,122,905 $688,133,699,636
2004 $8,773,451,752 $661,224,886,143
2003 $8,082,399,640 $582,435,617,082
2002 $7,905,485,146 $475,529,972,123
2001 $8,141,516,928 $432,536,219,669
2000 $8,397,855,485 $417,649,282,154
1999 $8,285,064,435 $447,778,514,140
1998 $8,497,494,652 $438,612,530,549
1997 $7,925,736,821 $417,506,211,882
1996 $7,396,949,126 $451,372,549,020
1995 $6,715,161,732 $452,967,334,614
1994 $5,981,222,859 $379,688,232,232
1993 $5,734,699,489 $354,070,495,966
1992 $5,643,868,749 $363,497,050,125
1991 $5,343,262,457 $327,982,316,124
1990 $4,867,582,598 $318,799,003,994
1989 $4,715,973,437 $258,716,904,292
1988 $4,597,612,362 $262,295,966,105
1987 $4,347,956,338 $245,406,949,521
1986 $3,959,382,833 $201,157,708,221
1985 $5,377,276,555 $144,057,523,222
1984 $6,169,483,225 $144,124,462,912
1983 $5,422,656,823 $153,671,294,109
1982 $5,594,126,369 $158,712,765,536
1981 $5,891,598,695 $164,375,775,854
1980 $4,537,479,608 $195,439,301,707
1979 $4,421,336,383 $179,933,827,310
1978 $3,758,220,890 $156,089,077,205
1977 $3,227,436,282 $127,203,923,857
1976 $2,731,984,008 $109,329,386,564
1975 $2,404,697,651 $100,397,061,694
1974 $2,100,249,875 $87,371,810,804
1973 $1,262,968,516 $71,946,639,603
1972 $1,257,615,645 $54,787,070,173
1971 $1,095,622,896 $44,644,730,576
1970 $1,017,003,367 $38,220,884,519
1969 $929,629,630 $34,086,038,090
1968 $857,912,458 $30,097,635,751
1967 $755,808,081 $27,143,828,099
1966 $669,191,919 $24,741,480,717
1965 $604,377,104 $22,721,869,808
1964 $544,023,569 $20,232,048,553
1963 $482,828,283 $17,193,744,109
1962 $448,400,673 $15,847,582,341
1961 $410,101,010 $14,599,836,396
1960 $377,020,202 $13,282,979,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/netherlands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Netherlands by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Netherlands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $67,520 $86,174
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $63,516 $81,729
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $59,123 $78,630
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $60,142 $68,574
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $53,468 $62,597
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $53,555 $62,345
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $53,955 $58,819
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $49,514 $56,038
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $46,809 $53,162
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $45,794 $50,957
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $53,457 $49,751
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $52,602 $49,622
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $50,474 $47,653
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $54,702 $47,004
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $51,306 $45,301
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $53,172 $44,959
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $58,247 $46,714
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $52,101 $44,203
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $45,124 $41,208
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $42,165 $37,778
2004 $953 $4,663 $40,611 $35,961
2003 $893 $4,433 $35,897 $34,286
2002 $888 $4,304 $29,447 $34,568
2001 $930 $4,205 $26,956 $33,259
2000 $976 $4,113 $26,225 $31,895
1999 $979 $3,991 $28,319 $29,316
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $27,924 $27,749
1997 $970 $3,822 $26,745 $26,062
1996 $922 $3,645 $29,064 $24,564
1995 $853 $3,494 $29,301 $23,480
1994 $774 $3,331 $24,683 $22,414
1993 $757 $3,177 $23,156 $21,443
1992 $760 $3,036 $23,939 $20,831
1991 $734 $2,981 $21,764 $20,177
1990 $683 $2,797 $21,322 $19,203
1989 $675 - $17,423 -
1988 $673 - $17,771 -
1987 $650 - $16,734 -
1986 $604 - $13,804 -
1985 $838 - $9,941 -
1984 $982 - $9,992 -
1983 $882 - $10,696 -
1982 $930 - $11,089 -
1981 $1,001 - $11,537 -
1980 $788 - $13,812 -
1979 $785 - $12,817 -
1978 $683 - $11,196 -
1977 $600 - $9,180 -
1976 $520 - $7,937 -
1975 $468 - $7,346 -
1974 $418 - $6,450 -
1973 $257.2 - $5,353 -
1972 $261.9 - $4,110 -
1971 $233.4 - $3,384 -
1970 $221.6 - $2,931 -
1969 $207.1 - $2,647 -
1968 $195.5 - $2,364 -
1967 $176.1 - $2,155 -
1966 $159.3 - $1,986 -
1965 $147.1 - $1,848 -
1964 $135.2 - $1,668 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,437 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,342 -
1961 $108.5 - $1,254 -
1960 $101.8 - $1,156 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/netherlands | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $4,421, ranking 125/197, compared to $67,520 in the Netherlands, ranking 13/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Netherlands
Gross domestic product
$54.9B
2024
$1.21T
2024
GDP rank
88/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP growth
-1.12%
2023-2024
1.08%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,421
2024
$67,520
2024
GDP per capita rank
125/197
2024
13/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$86,174
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
11/197
2024
Government debt
$53.8B
2024
$532B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
98%
2024
43.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,331
2024
$29,571
2024
Government debt per person rank
88/185
2024
24/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,720
2026
$47,815
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.1T
2017
Number of millionaires n/a
1,267,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
13
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.3%
2023
21.4%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.8%
2023
3.6%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.8%
2024
44.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
5.1%
2023-2024
3.35%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
3.64%
2024
Population
12798112
18252623

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Netherlands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Netherlands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.8% 98% 44.4% 43.8%
2023 38.7% 90.8% 44% 45.9%
2022 36% 80.1% 43.3% 48.4%
2021 34.8% 81.4% 45.9% 50.5%
2020 36.8% 78% 47.8% 53.4%
2019 36.1% 58.6% 42.1% 47.7%
2018 37.7% 53.1% 42.4% 51.6%
2017 38.6% 51.3% 42.8% 56%
2016 40% 46.5% 43.9% 60.9%
2015 44.5% 40.9% 45.3% 63.8%
2014 41.2% 37.6% 46.7% 67.2%
2013 35.4% 36.1% 47.5% 67.2%
2012 36% 35.4% 47.6% 65.7%
2011 35.4% 35.3% 47.8% 61.2%
2010 31.5% 37.6% 48.9% 58.9%
2009 33.2% 39.2% 48.4% 56.3%
2008 35.3% 36.8% 44.3% 54.4%
2007 32.7% 40% 43.3% 42.7%
2006 29.8% 54.4% 44% 45%
2005 33.2% 82.2% 43.4% 49.6%
2004 32.3% 89.8% 44.7% 50.1%
2003 32% 95.6% 45.8% 49.8%
2002 33.3% 86.7% 44.8% 48.7%
2001 32% 83% 44.1% 49.4%
2000 29.3% 74.3% 43.2% 52.2%
1999 29.4% 61.7% 44.3% 58.6%
1998 30% 61.2% 44.6% 62.7%
1997 28.3% 64.6% 45.7% 65.7%
1996 26% 72.4% 47.3% 71.2%
1995 25.8% 81.7% 53.9% 73%
1994 26.8% 87.6% 49.4% 73.5%
1993 27.2% 83.8% 50.9% 76.7%
1992 25.3% 92.4% 50.2% 75.6%
1991 24.2% 92.8% 49.6% 74.8%
1990 22.8% 102.9% 48.8% 75%
1989 24.4% 98% 54.5% 73.7%
1988 24% 115.9% 56.4% 73.7%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 58.5% 71.3%
1986 22.2% 149% 57% 68.9%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 57.3% 67.1%
1984 29% 166.5% 58.1% 61.9%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 59.1% 58.4%
1982 25% 155.4% 59.1% 52.4%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 56.8% 46.9%
1980 19.8% 100% 55.2% 43.6%
1979 18% 92% 53.7% 39.5%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 52.3% 38.1%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 50.6% 34.9%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 50.8% 35.2%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 50.8% 36.1%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 46.4% 36.3%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 44.6% 38.1%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 44.9% 41.3%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 44.6% 43.7%
1970 10% 63.9% 43.2% 46.1%
1969 12.3% - 42.1% 48.2%
1968 14.1% - 25.4% 54.4%
1967 13.1% - 24.1% 55%
1966 12.9% - 24.4% 55.6%
1965 12.9% - 23.4% 55.8%
1964 10.8% - 22.3% 57.1%
1963 10.8% - 21.9% 61.7%
1962 10.2% - 22.1% 63.8%
1961 10.7% - 22.2% 65.9%
1960 10.1% - 20.4% 66.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government spending was $21.9B, accounting for 39.8% of its GDP, while the Netherlands spent $540B, or 44.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 98% in Bolivia and 43.8% in the Netherlands, ranking 26/185 and 123/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Netherlands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Netherlands
2024 -10.6% -0.94%
2023 -10.9% -0.37%
2022 -7.12% 0.002%
2021 -9.33% -2.26%
2020 -12.7% -3.72%
2019 -7.25% 1.91%
2018 -8.17% 1.49%
2017 -7.86% 1.35%
2016 -7.24% 0.23%
2015 -6.93% -1.84%
2014 -3.41% -2.17%
2013 0.6% -2.87%
2012 1.72% -3.83%
2011 0.83% -4.42%
2010 1.62% -5.3%
2009 2.63% -5.06%
2008 3.53% -0.06%
2007 -1.54% -0.16%
2006 4.47% 0.04%
2005 -2.24% -0.51%
2004 -5.54% -1.82%
2003 -7.88% -3.19%
2002 -8.79% -2.23%
2001 -6.82% -0.47%
2000 -3.73% 1.14%
1999 -3.84% 0.28%
1998 -5.1% -1.34%
1997 -3.28% -1.6%
1996 -1.9% -1.91%
1995 -1.82% -8.72%
1994 -3% -3.53%
1993 -6.1% -3.13%
1992 -4.4% -3.12%
1991 -4.2% -2.05%
1990 -4.4% -4.08%
1989 -5.5% -5%
1988 -6.5% -4.23%
1987 -7.7% -5.39%
1986 -2.7% -4.62%
1985 -9.8% -3.6%
1984 -25.4% -5.25%
1983 -19.8% -5.47%
1982 -15.9% -6.17%
1981 -12.3% -4.92%
1980 -15.3% -3.95%
1979 -11.2% -2.46%
1978 -9.97% -2.09%
1977 -11.2% -0.75%
1976 -1.15% -2.02%
1975 -2.33% -2.82%
1974 -1.87% -0.26%
1973 -3.72% 0.54%
1972 -3.69% -0.7%
1971 -3.67% -1.58%
1970 -1.92% -1.52%
1969 -4.16% -1.14%
1968 -5.67% -3.06%
1967 -4.29% -1.97%
1966 -3.55% -2.37%
1965 -4.12% -1.15%
1964 -2.68% -1.2%
1963 -3.02% -0.54%
1962 -2.8% -1.38%
1961 -2.81% -0.38%
1960 -3.35% 0.9%
1959 -4.32% -0.74%
1958 -2.95% -0.89%
1957 -1.11% 0.3%
1956 -0.11% -0.83%
1955 0.33% -0.25%
1954 0.006% 0.76%
1953 -0.48% -2.95%
1952 -0.94% 2.19%
1951 -0.42% 2.13%
1950 -1.17% 0.81%
1949 - 2.3%
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -3.19%
1938 - -0.37%
1937 - 0.02%
1936 - -0.41%
1935 - -0.69%
1934 - -0.92%
1933 - -2.55%
1932 - -1.97%
1931 - -1.66%
1930 - -0.55%
1929 - -1.16%
1928 - -0.62%
1927 - -0.33%
1926 - -0.78%
1925 - -2.04%
1924 - -3.37%
1923 - -2.62%
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.45%
1912 - -0.47%
1911 - -0.13%
1910 - -0.93%
1909 - -0.34%
1908 - -0.57%
1907 - 0.03%
1906 - 0.16%
1905 - 0.1%
1904 - -0.72%
1903 - 0.09%
1902 - -0.14%
1901 - 0.03%
1900 - 0.06%
1899 - -0.13%
1898 - -0.48%
1897 - -0.45%
1896 - 0.08%
1895 - -0.06%
1894 - 0.12%
1893 - -0.76%
1892 - -1.72%
1891 - -0.06%
1890 - -0.06%
1889 - 0.04%
1888 - -0.31%
1887 - -0.37%
1886 - -0.08%
1885 - -0.55%
1884 - 0%
1883 - -2.1%
1882 - -1.11%
1881 - -1.06%
1880 - 0.21%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/netherlands | CC BY

In 2024, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $5.83B, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP. This compares to the Netherlands' deficit of $11.5B, or 0.94% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while the Netherlands ran a deficit in 55 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.52% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.14% of GDP for the Netherlands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Netherlands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Netherlands
2024 5.1% 3.35%
2023 2.58% 3.84%
2022 1.75% 10%
2021 0.74% 2.68%
2020 0.94% 1.27%
2019 1.84% 2.63%
2018 2.27% 1.7%
2017 2.82% 1.38%
2016 3.62% 0.32%
2015 4.06% 0.6%
2014 5.77% 0.98%
2013 5.74% 2.51%
2012 4.52% 2.46%
2011 9.88% 2.34%
2010 2.5% 1.28%
2009 3.35% 1.19%
2008 14% 2.49%
2007 8.71% 1.61%
2006 4.28% 1.1%
2005 5.39% 1.69%
2004 4.44% 1.26%
2003 3.34% 2.09%
2002 0.93% 3.29%
2001 1.59% 4.16%
2000 4.61% 2.36%
1999 2.16% 2.16%
1998 7.67% 1.96%
1997 4.71% 2.11%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/netherlands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.26%, compared with 2.31% in the Netherlands. In 2024, inflation was 5.1% in Bolivia and 3.35% in the Netherlands.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Metals $222M
Raw agricultural goods $67.5M
Raw materials & minerals $15.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $14.2M
Wood & paper products $1.71M
Chemicals & pharma $700K
Machinery & equipment $343K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K
Miscellaneous $3K
Netherlands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $15.1M
Chemicals & pharma $4.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.04M
Raw agricultural goods $2M
Raw materials & minerals $1.73M
Textiles & consumer goods $443K
Animal & marine products $286K
Metals $232K
Wood & paper products $184K
Miscellaneous $29K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Netherlands
Current account balance
-$1.41B
2024
$111B
2024
Current account balance ranking
132/190
2024
5/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.56%
2024
+9.13%
2024
Goods imports
$9.15B
2024
$606B
2024
Goods exports
$8.93B
2024
$693B
2024
Service imports
$2.35B
2024
$262B
2024
Service exports
$1.14B
2024
$308B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
71.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
82.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Netherlands
Economic freedom 42.4 78.5
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 11/197
Property rights 20.2 96
Government integrity 27.1 86.8
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 96.1
Tax burden 86.4 54
Government spending 56.3 42.2
Fiscal health 0.8 95.9
Business freedom 53.6 85
Labor freedom 52.2 59.3
Monetary freedom 67.1 77
Trade freedom 60.6 79.4
Investment freedom 15 90
Financial freedom 40 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Netherlands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Netherlands
2026 42.4 78.5
2025 44.1 78.2
2024 43.5 77.3
2023 43.4 78
2022 43 79.5
2021 42.7 76.8
2020 42.8 77
2019 42.3 76.8
2018 44.1 76.2
2017 47.7 75.8
2016 47.4 74.6
2015 46.8 73.7
2014 48.4 74.2
2013 47.9 73.5
2012 50.2 73.3
2011 50 74.7
2010 49.4 75
2009 53.6 77
2008 53.1 77.4
2007 54.2 75.5
2006 57.8 75.4
2005 58.4 72.9
2004 64.5 74.5
2003 64.3 74.6
2002 65.1 75.1
2001 68 73
2000 65 70.4
1999 65.6 70.2
1998 68.8 69.2
1997 65.1 70.4
1996 65.2 69.7
1995 56.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/netherlands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 78.5 for the Netherlands, ranking 11/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Netherlands
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
70.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
17.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
1.73%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$51.7B
2024
$1.12T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,620
2024
$84,970
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.98B
2024
$79.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
127/177
2024
34/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$113M
2024
$11.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$387M
2024
-$17.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
-$5.93B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
36.5%
2023
14.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
19.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.