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Economy of Bolivia vs South Africa compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $427B for South Africa, ranking 88/197 and 40/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $336B (78.6% of GDP) in South Africa.

Bolivia vs South Africa GDP by year

Bolivia
South Africa
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia South Africa
2025 $64,768,947,525 $427,184,325,997
2024 $54,881,327,453 $401,144,998,374
2023 $52,340,206,946 $381,440,724,491
2022 $50,959,081,954 $407,596,043,068
2021 $47,877,892,402 $419,986,284,375
2020 $42,313,784,081 $337,974,655,408
2019 $49,056,643,589 $389,330,032,224
2018 $48,414,038,842 $405,260,723,893
2017 $45,927,439,595 $381,448,814,653
2016 $33,941,126,194 $323,585,509,674
2015 $33,000,198,249 $346,709,790,459
2014 $32,996,188,017 $381,198,869,776
2013 $30,659,338,886 $400,886,013,596
2012 $27,084,497,482 $434,400,545,086
2011 $23,963,164,697 $458,199,494,831
2010 $19,649,723,722 $417,363,822,802
2009 $17,339,992,194 $329,754,060,647
2008 $16,674,276,286 $316,131,258,616
2007 $13,120,108,008 $333,077,117,254
2006 $11,451,844,902 $303,858,675,364
2005 $9,549,122,905 $288,867,217,197
2004 $8,773,451,752 $255,806,908,595
2003 $8,082,399,640 $197,018,965,309
2002 $7,905,485,146 $129,087,556,612
2001 $8,141,516,928 $135,429,905,923
2000 $8,397,855,485 $151,752,757,215
1999 $8,285,064,435 $151,516,957,079
1998 $8,497,494,652 $152,982,984,557
1997 $7,925,736,821 $168,978,057,328
1996 $7,396,949,126 $163,234,925,381
1995 $6,715,161,732 $171,735,933,897
1994 $5,981,222,859 $153,512,712,382
1993 $5,734,699,489 $147,194,747,566
1992 $5,643,868,749 $146,956,150,987
1991 $5,343,262,457 $135,203,698,238
1990 $4,867,582,598 $126,048,140,142
1989 $4,715,973,437 $108,055,624,082
1988 $4,597,612,362 $103,976,831,871
1987 $4,347,956,338 $96,535,763,418
1986 $3,959,382,833 $73,354,771,399
1985 $5,377,276,555 $64,459,376,087
1984 $6,169,483,225 $84,870,163,366
1983 $5,422,656,823 $96,204,110,942
1982 $5,594,126,369 $85,904,057,409
1981 $5,891,598,695 $93,141,472,164
1980 $4,537,479,608 $89,411,864,402
1979 $4,421,336,383 $63,038,658,089
1978 $3,758,220,890 $51,607,412,902
1977 $3,227,436,282 $45,328,411,332
1976 $2,731,984,008 $41,150,460,288
1975 $2,404,697,651 $42,906,905,672
1974 $2,100,249,875 $41,389,186,095
1973 $1,262,968,516 $33,262,772,008
1972 $1,257,615,645 $24,515,919,217
1971 $1,095,622,896 $23,411,076,638
1970 $1,017,003,367 $21,218,391,513
1969 $929,629,630 $19,256,992,297
1968 $857,912,458 $17,124,793,150
1967 $755,808,081 $15,821,393,671
1966 $669,191,919 $14,211,394,315
1965 $604,377,104 $13,068,994,772
1964 $544,023,569 $11,955,995,218
1963 $482,828,283 $10,854,195,658
1962 $448,400,673 $9,813,996,074
1961 $410,101,010 $9,225,996,310
1960 $377,020,202 $8,748,596,501

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/south-africa | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs South Africa by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Africa
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia South Africa
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $6,598 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $6,267 $15,456
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $6,034 $15,200
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $6,534 $14,749
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $6,829 $13,682
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $5,581 $12,671
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $6,534 $13,361
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $6,914 $13,347
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $6,618 $13,738
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $5,651 $13,519
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $6,112 $13,398
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $6,857 $13,359
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $7,332 $13,369
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $8,077 $12,987
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $8,646 $13,143
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $7,973 $12,637
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $6,375 $12,261
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $6,185 $12,525
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $6,592 $12,047
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $6,077 $11,250
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $5,837 $10,441
2004 $953 $4,663 $5,221 $9,714
2003 $893 $4,433 $4,062 $9,139
2002 $888 $4,304 $2,688 $8,792
2001 $930 $4,205 $2,847 $8,428
2000 $976 $4,113 $3,218 $8,095
1999 $979 $3,991 $3,242 $7,667
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $3,310 $7,463
1997 $970 $3,822 $3,700 $7,433
1996 $922 $3,645 $3,618 $7,208
1995 $853 $3,494 $3,856 $6,875
1994 $774 $3,331 $3,489 $6,611
1993 $757 $3,177 $3,400 $6,375
1992 $760 $3,036 $3,462 $6,275
1991 $734 $2,981 $3,243 $6,383
1990 $683 $2,797 $3,093 $6,382
1989 $675 - $2,727 -
1988 $673 - $2,702 -
1987 $650 - $2,586 -
1986 $604 - $2,027 -
1985 $838 - $1,839 -
1984 $982 - $2,504 -
1983 $882 - $2,938 -
1982 $930 - $2,717 -
1981 $1,001 - $3,050 -
1980 $788 - $3,029 -
1979 $785 - $2,202 -
1978 $683 - $1,852 -
1977 $600 - $1,671 -
1976 $520 - $1,559 -
1975 $468 - $1,670 -
1974 $418 - $1,656 -
1973 $257.2 - $1,369 -
1972 $261.9 - $1,038 -
1971 $233.4 - $1,020 -
1970 $221.6 - $952 -
1969 $207.1 - $891 -
1968 $195.5 - $817 -
1967 $176.1 - $779 -
1966 $159.3 - $722 -
1965 $147.1 - $685 -
1964 $135.2 - $646 -
1963 $122.6 - $605 -
1962 $116.2 - $563 -
1961 $108.5 - $546 -
1960 $101.8 - $532 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/south-africa | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $6,598 in South Africa, ranking 109/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while South Africa ranks 112th at $15,456.

Economic indicators

Bolivia South Africa
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$427B
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
40/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
1.11%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$6,598
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
109/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$15,456
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
112/197
2024
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$336B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
78.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$5,189
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
84/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$4,738
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$1.4T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
97,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
7
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
42.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
1.4%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
34.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
3.21%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
7%
2026
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
32.3%
2024
Population
12837312
65829368

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
South Africa
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia South Africa
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 34.2% 78.6%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 33% 76%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 32.5% 73.2%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 31.9% 70.7%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 32.7% 68.8%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 34.6% 68.9%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 31.4% 56.1%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 30.2% 51.5%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 29.9% 48.6%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 29.9% 47.1%
2015 37% 34% 30.2% 45.2%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 29.3% 43.3%
2013 30.4% 31% 28.9% 40.4%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 28.6% 37.4%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 28.1% 34.7%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 28.3% 31.2%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 28.5% 27%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 26% 24%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 24.4% 24.3%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 24.7% 28%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 25.1% 29.6%
2004 29% 80.6% 22.7% 30.7%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 22.6% 31.5%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 22.2% 31.8%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 22.6% 38%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 22.6% 37.9%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 26.7% 45.9%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 27.1% 45.8%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 27.9% 45.8%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 28.5% 44.3%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 27.2% 47%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 31.3% 46.4%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 29.1% 39.8%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 29.8% 34.8%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 27.8% 34.7%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 28.7% 31.8%
1989 24.4% 98% 29.6% 33.3%
1988 24% 115.9% 23.9% 30.6%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 28% 33.5%
1986 22.2% 149% 27.8% 32.5%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 26.8% 26.3%
1984 29% 166.5% 25.2% 23.2%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 25.1% 28.7%
1982 25% 155.4% 23.8% 31.3%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 23.3% 27.4%
1980 19.8% 100% 21.8% 33.3%
1979 18% 92% 26.5% 41.9%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 26.8% 44.7%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 27.3% 45.3%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 23% 35%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 21.2% 32.8%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 19.1% 33.7%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 21% 38.2%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 22.9% 41.1%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 19.9% 41.1%
1970 10% 63.9% 20% 43.3%
1969 12.3% - 18.8% 44.4%
1968 14.1% - 19.4% 42.7%
1967 13.1% - 18.8% 41.1%
1966 12.9% - 18.3% 41.4%
1965 12.9% - 18.2% 42.7%
1964 10.8% - 11.3% 30%
1963 10.8% - 15.9% 43.4%
1962 10.2% - 15.9% 45.7%
1961 10.7% - 15.7% 52.8%
1960 10.1% - 16.7% 52.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/south-africa | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while South Africa spent $146B, or 34.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 78.6% in South Africa, ranking 36/185 and 46/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

South Africa
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia South Africa
2025 -11.6% -5.78%
2024 -8.7% -5.67%
2023 -9.46% -5.6%
2022 -6.15% -4.25%
2021 -7.87% -5.54%
2020 -11% -9.62%
2019 -6.04% -5.07%
2018 -6.8% -3.73%
2017 -6.42% -4.02%
2016 -5.95% -3.72%
2015 -5.76% -4.37%
2014 -2.88% -3.93%
2013 0.51% -3.9%
2012 1.49% -4.04%
2011 0.72% -3.7%
2010 1.42% -4.51%
2009 2.29% -4.67%
2008 3.1% -0.49%
2007 -1.37% 1.22%
2006 3.99% 0.81%
2005 -2% -0.1%
2004 -4.97% -1.04%
2003 -7.04% -1.59%
2002 -7.82% -0.96%
2001 -6.11% -1.02%
2000 -3.34% -1.38%
1999 -3.43% -2.21%
1998 -4.56% -2.56%
1997 -2.94% -4.08%
1996 -1.7% -4.53%
1995 -1.63% -4.38%
1994 -2.68% -8.09%
1993 -5.46% -8.54%
1992 -3.94% -7.09%
1991 -3.76% -4.85%
1990 -3.94% -3.82%
1989 -5.5% -8.3%
1988 -6.5% -3.29%
1987 -7.7% -6.36%
1986 -2.7% -5.69%
1985 -9.8% -4.86%
1984 -25.4% -5.24%
1983 -19.8% -5.3%
1982 -15.9% -3.88%
1981 -12.3% -3.72%
1980 -15.3% -1.91%
1979 -11.2% -4.65%
1978 -9.97% -5.42%
1977 -11.2% -5.52%
1976 -1.15% -4.19%
1975 -2.33% -2.62%
1974 -1.87% -1.5%
1973 -3.72% -4.54%
1972 -3.69% -5.39%
1971 -3.67% -1.96%
1970 -1.92% -3.19%
1969 -4.16% -3.94%
1968 -5.67% -3.38%
1967 -4.29% -3.8%
1966 -3.55% -3.04%
1965 -4.12% -3.15%
1964 -2.68% -1.19%
1963 -3.02% -2.26%
1962 -2.8% -1.4%
1961 -2.81% -3.25%
1960 -3.35% -2.36%
1959 -4.32% -4.4%
1958 -2.95% -3.5%
1957 -1.11% -2.8%
1956 -0.11% -2.12%
1955 0.33% -2.9%
1954 0.006% -2.53%
1953 -0.48% -3.72%
1952 -0.94% -4.14%
1951 -0.42% -0.4%
1950 -1.17% -2.33%
1949 - -6.87%
1948 - -6.03%
1947 - -1.82%
1946 - -4.03%
1945 - -7.41%
1944 - -8.94%
1943 - -8.49%
1942 - -9.08%
1941 - -7.3%
1940 - -10.9%
1939 - -2.96%
1938 - -3.91%
1937 - -2.16%
1936 - -2.58%
1935 - -3.2%
1934 - -3.29%
1933 - -3.31%
1932 - -4.72%
1931 - -5.31%
1930 - -5.19%
1929 - -4.41%
1928 - -3.29%
1927 - -3.79%
1926 - -4.76%
1925 - -4.92%
1924 - -4.72%
1923 - -5.53%
1922 - -4.51%
1921 - -5.38%
1920 - -5.52%
1919 - -2.6%
1918 - -3.7%
1917 - -3.52%
1916 - -2.57%
1915 - -10.7%
1914 - -11.6%
1913 - -4.15%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/south-africa | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to South Africa's deficit of $24.7B, or 5.78% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while South Africa ran a deficit in 64 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.82% of GDP for South Africa.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

South Africa
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia South Africa
2025 19.5% 3.21%
2024 5.1% 4.36%
2023 2.58% 6.08%
2022 1.75% 7.04%
2021 0.74% 4.62%
2020 0.94% 3.23%
2019 1.84% 4.1%
2018 2.27% 4.51%
2017 2.82% 5.19%
2016 3.62% 6.6%
2015 4.06% 4.52%
2014 5.77% 6.13%
2013 5.74% 5.78%
2012 4.52% 5.74%
2011 9.88% 5%
2010 2.5% 4.07%
2009 3.35% 7.24%
2008 14% 9.91%
2007 8.71% 6.18%
2006 4.28% 3.24%
2005 5.39% 2.06%
2004 4.44% -0.69%
2003 3.34% 5.68%
2002 0.93% 9.49%
2001 1.59% 5.7%
2000 4.61% 5.34%
1999 2.16% 5.18%
1998 7.67% 6.88%
1997 4.71% 8.6%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/south-africa | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 5.34% in South Africa. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 3.21% in South Africa.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Wood & paper products $901K
Raw materials & minerals $554K
Raw agricultural goods $485K
Metals $239K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $37K
Miscellaneous $9K
Animal & marine products $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K
Machinery & equipment $3K
South Africa
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $580K
Raw materials & minerals $543K
Chemicals & pharma $148K
Raw agricultural goods $89K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $74K
Metals $49K
Wood & paper products $29K
Animal & marine products $13K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K

Balance of trade

Bolivia South Africa
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
-$1.81B
2025
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
135/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$104B
2025
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$116B
2025
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$21.8B
2025
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$18.1B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
29.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
31.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia South Africa
Economic freedom 42.4 58.6
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 110/197
Property rights 20.2 48.8
Government integrity 27.1 46.7
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 64.6
Tax burden 86.4 65.4
Government spending 56.3 68.4
Fiscal health 0.8 45.3
Business freedom 53.6 67.9
Labor freedom 52.2 70.8
Monetary freedom 67.1 75.8
Trade freedom 60.6 68.8
Investment freedom 15 40
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
South Africa
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia South Africa
2026 42.4 58.6
2025 44.1 57.3
2024 43.5 55.3
2023 43.4 55.7
2022 43 56.2
2021 42.7 59.7
2020 42.8 58.8
2019 42.3 58.3
2018 44.1 63
2017 47.7 62.3
2016 47.4 61.9
2015 46.8 62.6
2014 48.4 62.5
2013 47.9 61.8
2012 50.2 62.7
2011 50 62.7
2010 49.4 62.8
2009 53.6 63.8
2008 53.1 63.4
2007 54.2 63.5
2006 57.8 63.7
2005 58.4 62.9
2004 64.5 66.3
2003 64.3 67.1
2002 65.1 64
2001 68 63.8
2000 65 63.7
1999 65.6 63.3
1998 68.8 64.3
1997 65.1 63.2
1996 65.2 62.5
1995 56.8 60.7

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/south-africa | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 58.6 for South Africa, ranking 110/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia South Africa
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
63.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
24.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
2.83%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$406B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$15,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$76B
2025
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
35/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
-$1.85B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$2.33B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
-$1.26B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
5.74%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
37.9%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
13.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1913–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.