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Economy of Bolivia vs Venezuela compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Bolivia has a GDP of $64.8B compared to $99.7B for Venezuela, ranking 88/197 and 78/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bolivia has $54.9B in government debt (84.8% of GDP), compared to $308B (309% of GDP) in Venezuela.

Bolivia vs Venezuela GDP by year

Bolivia
Venezuela
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bolivia Venezuela
2025 $64,768,947,525 $99,661,244,156
2024 $54,881,327,453 $120,566,112,397
2023 $52,340,206,946 $102,377,501,186
2022 $50,959,081,954 $89,013,251,021
2021 $47,877,892,402 $56,615,026,263
2020 $42,313,784,081 $42,837,965,907
2019 $49,056,643,589 $73,014,157,108
2018 $48,414,038,842 $101,987,075,929
2017 $45,927,439,595 $115,892,475,743
2016 $33,941,126,194 $112,948,035,495
2015 $33,000,198,249 $125,249,941,854
2014 $32,996,188,017 $214,838,755,022
2013 $30,659,338,886 $258,512,396,298
2012 $27,084,497,482 $371,846,610,182
2011 $23,963,164,697 $316,482,190,800
2010 $19,649,723,722 $393,192,354,511
2009 $17,339,992,194 $329,787,628,928
2008 $16,674,276,286 $315,953,388,511
2007 $13,120,108,008 $230,364,012,576
2006 $11,451,844,902 $183,477,522,124
2005 $9,549,122,905 $145,513,489,652
2004 $8,773,451,752 $112,451,400,425
2003 $8,082,399,640 $83,620,628,582
2002 $7,905,485,146 $92,893,587,734
2001 $8,141,516,928 $122,911,036,747
2000 $8,397,855,485 $117,146,466,003
1999 $8,285,064,435 $97,972,842,462
1998 $8,497,494,652 $91,336,763,255
1997 $7,925,736,821 $85,837,678,560
1996 $7,396,949,126 $70,543,211,119
1995 $6,715,161,732 $77,389,487,770
1994 $5,981,222,859 $58,418,666,667
1993 $5,734,699,489 $60,037,460,783
1992 $5,643,868,749 $60,416,519,620
1991 $5,343,262,457 $53,453,444,787
1990 $4,867,582,598 $48,606,952,195
1989 $4,715,973,437 $43,536,709,104
1988 $4,597,612,362 $60,226,413,793
1987 $4,347,956,338 $48,029,034,483
1986 $3,959,382,833 $60,516,123,711
1985 $5,377,276,555 $61,965,466,667
1984 $6,169,483,225 $59,867,743,468
1983 $5,422,656,823 $67,556,279,070
1982 $5,594,126,369 $67,736,744,186
1981 $5,891,598,695 $66,327,441,860
1980 $4,537,479,608 $59,116,511,628
1979 $4,421,336,383 $48,310,930,233
1978 $3,758,220,890 $39,316,279,070
1977 $3,227,436,282 $36,210,697,674
1976 $2,731,984,008 $31,419,534,884
1975 $2,404,697,651 $27,464,651,163
1974 $2,100,249,875 $26,100,930,233
1973 $1,262,968,516 $17,035,581,395
1972 $1,257,615,645 $13,977,727,273
1971 $1,095,622,896 $12,986,590,909
1970 $1,017,003,367 $11,561,111,111
1969 $929,629,630 $10,285,111,111
1968 $857,912,458 $10,034,444,444
1967 $755,808,081 $9,250,000,000
1966 $669,191,919 $8,781,333,333
1965 $604,377,104 $8,427,777,778
1964 $544,023,569 $8,192,413,793
1963 $482,828,283 $9,608,717,288
1962 $448,400,673 $8,814,309,884
1961 $410,101,010 $8,067,267,031
1960 $377,020,202 $7,663,938,303

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bolivia vs Venezuela by year

Bolivia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Venezuela
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bolivia Venezuela
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $5,148 - $3,495 -
2024 $4,421 $12,878 $4,244 -
2023 $4,275 $12,892 $3,617 -
2022 $4,219 $12,307 $3,155 -
2021 $4,011 $11,202 $2,005 -
2020 $3,581 $9,581 $1,506 -
2019 $4,203 $11,005 $2,523 -
2018 $4,207 $10,758 $3,422 -
2017 $4,048 $10,420 $3,792 -
2016 $3,036 $9,242 $3,671 -
2015 $2,996 $8,757 $4,097 -
2014 $3,041 $8,629 $7,101 -
2013 $2,870 $8,069 $8,642 -
2012 $2,576 $7,184 $12,582 -
2011 $2,316 $6,598 $10,844 $21,241
2010 $1,930 $6,245 $13,646 $20,236
2009 $1,731 $6,024 $11,597 $20,562
2008 $1,693 $5,890 $11,262 $21,402
2007 $1,355 $5,537 $8,332 $20,236
2006 $1,203 $5,244 $6,739 $18,399
2005 $1,020 $4,938 $5,432 $16,511
2004 $953 $4,663 $4,269 $14,757
2003 $893 $4,433 $3,230 $12,359
2002 $888 $4,304 $3,652 $13,375
2001 $930 $4,205 $4,920 $14,714
2000 $976 $4,113 $4,776 $14,174
1999 $979 $3,991 $4,071 $13,623
1998 $1,022 $3,988 $3,870 $14,568
1997 $970 $3,822 $3,711 $14,655
1996 $922 $3,645 $3,113 $13,824
1995 $853 $3,494 $3,487 $13,890
1994 $774 $3,331 $2,689 $13,370
1993 $757 $3,177 $2,825 $13,702
1992 $760 $3,036 $2,907 $13,652
1991 $734 $2,981 $2,633 $12,880
1990 $683 $2,797 $2,452 $11,628
1989 $675 - $2,250 -
1988 $673 - $3,191 -
1987 $650 - $2,611 -
1986 $604 - $3,376 -
1985 $838 - $3,549 -
1984 $982 - $3,520 -
1983 $882 - $4,079 -
1982 $930 - $4,202 -
1981 $1,001 - $4,228 -
1980 $788 - $3,874 -
1979 $785 - $3,257 -
1978 $683 - $2,727 -
1977 $600 - $2,585 -
1976 $520 - $2,309 -
1975 $468 - $2,078 -
1974 $418 - $2,034 -
1973 $257.2 - $1,367 -
1972 $261.9 - $1,155 -
1971 $233.4 - $1,106 -
1970 $221.6 - $1,015 -
1969 $207.1 - $932 -
1968 $195.5 - $938 -
1967 $176.1 - $893 -
1966 $159.3 - $876 -
1965 $147.1 - $869 -
1964 $135.2 - $874 -
1963 $122.6 - $1,060 -
1962 $116.2 - $1,007 -
1961 $108.5 - $954 -
1960 $101.8 - $939 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

Bolivia's GDP per capita is $5,148, ranking 121/197, compared to $3,495 in Venezuela, ranking 138/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bolivia ranks 122nd at $12,878, while Venezuela ranks 93rd at $21,241.

Economic indicators

Bolivia Venezuela
Gross domestic product
$64.8B
2025
$99.7B
2025
GDP rank
88/197
2025
78/197
2025
GDP growth
-1.58%
2024-2025
1.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$5,148
2025
$3,495
2025
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2025
138/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$12,878
2024
$21,241
2011
GDP per capita PPP rank
122/197
2024
93/197
2011
Government debt
$54.9B
2025
$308B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.8%
2025
309%
2025
Government debt per person
$4,364
2025
$10,790
2025
Government debt per person rank
93/185
2025
58/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,410
2026
$2,659
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$3.98B
2002
Number of billionaires n/a
1
2026
Income share by richest 10%
30.6%
2024
33.2%
2006
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
1.2%
2006
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.2%
2025
20.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
19.5%
2024-2025
252%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.26%
2025
58.9%
2026
Unemployment rate
2.73%
2024
7.53%
2020
Population
12837312
28692435

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bolivia
Spending

Debt
Venezuela
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bolivia Venezuela
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 32.2% 84.8% 20.3% 309%
2024 33.5% 83.2% 17.5% 169.1%
2023 33.5% 78.3% 13.1% 138.5%
2022 31.2% 69.2% 15.1% 164.4%
2021 29.4% 68.7% 13.1% 254.2%
2020 31.9% 67.5% 11.2% 337%
2019 30.1% 48.9% 21% 206%
2018 31.4% 44.2% 37.9% 175.3%
2017 31.6% 41.9% 21.8% 133.6%
2016 32.9% 38.2% 19.7% 138.4%
2015 37% 34% 22.9% 129.8%
2014 34.9% 31.8% 31.6% 84.9%
2013 30.4% 31% 36.5% 85.4%
2012 31.3% 30.7% 38% 58.4%
2011 30.6% 30.5% 39.4% 52.5%
2010 27.5% 32.8% 31.1% 37.7%
2009 28.9% 34.1% 33.3% 27.6%
2008 31.1% 32.4% 34.9% 20.3%
2007 28.9% 35.5% 35.9% 26.4%
2006 26.6% 48.6% 39.3% 25.7%
2005 29.5% 73.2% 33.5% 34.9%
2004 29% 80.6% 31.9% 41.8%
2003 28.6% 85.5% 32.2% 56%
2002 29.6% 77.2% 31% 48.2%
2001 28.6% 74.4% 31.9% 30.7%
2000 26.2% 66.5% 28.3% 27.7%
1999 26.3% 61.7% 26.1% 29.6%
1998 26.8% 61.2% 28.8% 30.7%
1997 25.3% 64.6% 31% 34.8%
1996 23.3% 72.4% 27.7% 45.9%
1995 23.1% 81.7% 32.9% 45.9%
1994 23.9% 87.6% 42.2% 63.9%
1993 24.3% 83.8% 27.7% 57.7%
1992 22.6% 92.4% 30.6% 54.8%
1991 21.6% 92.8% 33.9% 62.2%
1990 20.4% 102.9% 31.9% 63.3%
1989 24.4% 98% 32.5% 61.8%
1988 24% 115.9% 33.2% 46.3%
1987 24.4% 145.3% 25.1% 58.3%
1986 22.2% 149% 21.5% 45.9%
1985 21.8% 205.2% 20.3% 34.1%
1984 29% 166.5% 19.7% 36.4%
1983 32.1% 157.3% 25.3% 21.4%
1982 25% 155.4% 29% 18.6%
1981 16.6% 121.7% 29.6% 18.9%
1980 19.8% 100% 22% 16.6%
1979 18% 92% 22.3% 19.2%
1978 17.3% 82.5% 29.2% 16.6%
1977 18.6% 82.4% 30.6% 12.7%
1976 16.8% 68.9% 26.6% 9.64%
1975 14.4% 56.2% 33.8% 8.31%
1974 14.2% 52.7% 35.3% 7.72%
1973 14.1% 80.9% 20% 9.78%
1972 11.8% 77.7% 21.3% 10.6%
1971 11.3% 65.7% 19.6% 9.64%
1970 10% 63.9% 19.5% 10.6%
1969 12.3% - 21% 9.91%
1968 14.1% - 19.8% 7.84%
1967 13.1% - 19.8% 6.74%
1966 12.9% - 19.1% 5.84%
1965 12.9% - 18.7% 5.46%
1964 10.8% - 17.9% 4.95%
1963 10.8% - 18.7% 6.3%
1962 10.2% - 17.6% 7.24%
1961 10.7% - 11.8% 8.79%
1960 10.1% - 23.7% 8.28%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government spending was $20.8B, accounting for 32.2% of its GDP, while Venezuela spent $20.2B, or 20.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.8% in Bolivia and 309% in Venezuela, ranking 36/185 and 1/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bolivia

Venezuela
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bolivia Venezuela
2025 -11.6% -5.84%
2024 -8.7% -3.67%
2023 -9.46% -1.25%
2022 -6.15% -5.29%
2021 -7.87% -5.85%
2020 -11% -6.63%
2019 -6.04% -10.9%
2018 -6.8% -31%
2017 -6.42% -13.3%
2016 -5.95% -8.46%
2015 -5.76% -8.06%
2014 -2.88% -9.81%
2013 0.51% -10.4%
2012 1.49% -9.86%
2011 0.72% -8.24%
2010 1.42% -4.74%
2009 2.29% -8.69%
2008 3.1% -3.46%
2007 -1.37% -2.82%
2006 3.99% -1.6%
2005 -2% 4.09%
2004 -4.97% 2.47%
2003 -7.04% 0.17%
2002 -7.82% -1.48%
2001 -6.11% -4.59%
2000 -3.34% 4.45%
1999 -3.43% 0.74%
1998 -4.56% -4.49%
1997 -2.94% 2.58%
1996 -1.7% 7.94%
1995 -1.63% -5.86%
1994 -2.68% -11.2%
1993 -5.46% -2.92%
1992 -3.94% -6.37%
1991 -3.76% -2.28%
1990 -3.94% 3.84%
1989 -5.5% -0.91%
1988 -6.5% -9.24%
1987 -7.7% -7.47%
1986 -2.7% 0.82%
1985 -9.8% 6.97%
1984 -25.4% 5.33%
1983 -19.8% 1.24%
1982 -15.9% -0.17%
1981 -12.3% 4.74%
1980 -15.3% 4.41%
1979 -11.2% -3.07%
1978 -9.97% -5.44%
1977 -11.2% -4.69%
1976 -1.15% 1.65%
1975 -2.33% 0.88%
1974 -1.87% 2.76%
1973 -3.72% 1.98%
1972 -3.69% 0.42%
1971 -3.67% 0.78%
1970 -1.92% -1.22%
1969 -4.16% -2.17%
1968 -5.67% -0.32%
1967 -4.29% 0.51%
1966 -3.55% 0.23%
1965 -4.12% 0.39%
1964 -2.68% 1.91%
1963 -3.02% 1.92%
1962 -2.8% 2.14%
1961 -2.81% -1.91%
1960 -3.35% -4.08%
1959 -4.32% -4.98%
1958 -2.95% -4.86%
1957 -1.11% 6.7%
1956 -0.11% 0.76%
1955 0.33% 0.38%
1954 0.006% 1.84%
1953 -0.48% 0.03%
1952 -0.94% -0.5%
1951 -0.42% -0.24%
1950 -1.17% -0.23%
1949 - 0.15%
1948 - 1.27%
1947 - 0.09%
1946 - -0.9%
1945 - 2.9%
1944 - 1.85%
1943 - -0.27%
1942 - 0.2%
1941 - 0.01%
1940 - -1.07%
1939 - -0.78%
1938 - 0.68%
1937 - 0.73%
1936 - -0.52%
1935 - -2.23%
1934 - 1.34%
1933 - 1.03%
1932 - 0.51%
1931 - 1.02%
1930 - -2.03%
1929 - -0.34%
1928 - -0.68%
1927 - 1.55%
1926 - 0.14%
1925 - 0.54%
1924 - 0.37%
1923 - 1.32%
1922 - 1.57%
1921 - -0.97%
1920 - -1.75%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

In 2025, Bolivia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.51B, equivalent to 11.6% of GDP. This compares to Venezuela's deficit of $5.82B, or 5.84% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Bolivia recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Venezuela ran a deficit in 40 years. On average, Bolivia posted an annual deficit equal to 5.3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.64% of GDP for Venezuela.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bolivia

Venezuela
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bolivia Venezuela
2025 19.5% 252%
2024 5.1% 49.4%
2023 2.58% 338%
2022 1.75% 186.5%
2021 0.74% 1,589%
2020 0.94% 2,355%
2019 1.84% 19,906%
2018 2.27% 65,374%
2017 2.82% 438%
2016 3.62% 254.9%
2015 4.06% 121.7%
2014 5.77% 62.2%
2013 5.74% 40.6%
2012 4.52% 21.1%
2011 9.88% 26.1%
2010 2.5% 28.2%
2009 3.35% 26%
2008 14% 31.4%
2007 8.71% 18.7%
2006 4.28% 13.7%
2005 5.39% 16%
2004 4.44% 21.7%
2003 3.34% 31.1%
2002 0.93% 22.4%
2001 1.59% 12.5%
2000 4.61% 16.2%
1999 2.16% 23.6%
1998 7.67% 35.8%
1997 4.71% 50%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Bolivia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.79%, compared with 3,150% in Venezuela. In 2025, inflation was 19.5% in Bolivia and 252% in Venezuela.

Top exports between countries

Bolivia
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.29M
Wood & paper products $1.41M
Raw materials & minerals $776K
Raw agricultural goods $610K
Chemicals & pharma $291K
Machinery & equipment $165K
Textiles & consumer goods $164K
Animal & marine products $86K
Miscellaneous $36K
Venezuela
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $278K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

Bolivia Venezuela
Current account balance
-$1.22B
2025
-$3.87B
2016
Current account balance ranking
124/190
2025
155/190
2016
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.88%
2025
-3.43%
2016
Goods imports
$9.23B
2025
$16.3B
2016
Goods exports
$9.56B
2025
$27.4B
2016
Service imports
$2.25B
2025
$9.47B
2016
Service exports
$1.21B
2025
$1.28B
2016
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
10.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.4%
2024
14.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bolivia Venezuela
Economic freedom 42.4 27.3
Economic freedom ranking 184/197 194/197
Property rights 20.2 0
Government integrity 27.1 6.9
Judicial effectiveness 29.5 5.1
Tax burden 86.4 73.4
Government spending 56.3 93
Fiscal health 0.8 29.1
Business freedom 53.6 31.1
Labor freedom 52.2 35.5
Monetary freedom 67.1 0
Trade freedom 60.6 43.2
Investment freedom 15 0
Financial freedom 40 10

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bolivia
Venezuela
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bolivia Venezuela
2026 42.4 27.3
2025 44.1 27.6
2024 43.5 28.1
2023 43.4 25.8
2022 43 24.8
2021 42.7 24.7
2020 42.8 25.2
2019 42.3 25.9
2018 44.1 25.2
2017 47.7 27
2016 47.4 33.7
2015 46.8 34.3
2014 48.4 36.3
2013 47.9 36.1
2012 50.2 38.1
2011 50 37.6
2010 49.4 37.1
2009 53.6 39.9
2008 53.1 44.7
2007 54.2 47.9
2006 57.8 44.6
2005 58.4 45.2
2004 64.5 46.7
2003 64.3 54.8
2002 65.1 54.7
2001 68 54.6
2000 65 57.4
1999 65.6 56.1
1998 68.8 54
1997 65.1 52.8
1996 65.2 54.5
1995 56.8 59.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bolivia is 42.4, ranking 184/197, compared to 27.3 for Venezuela, ranking 194/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bolivia Venezuela
Services, % of GDP
53.4%
2024
51.7%
2014
Industry, % of GDP
31.3%
2024
37.2%
2014
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.83%
2024
5.03%
2014
GNI, Atlas method
$55.6B
2025
$110B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$12,530
2025
$20,840
2011
Total reserves including gold
$580M
2025
$9.79B
2017
Total reserves ranking
155/177
2025
80/177
2017
Net foreign direct investment
-$464M
2025
-$27M
2016
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$358M
2024
$1.63B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$133M
2024
$2.6B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.41%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
37.7%
2024
33.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.9%
2024
5.93%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bolivia/venezuela | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1920–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2013–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.