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Economy of Chile vs Tonga compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Chile has a GDP of $330B compared to $591M for Tonga, ranking 45/197 and 191/197 by economy size, respectively.

Chile has $138B in government debt (41.7% of GDP), compared to $256M (37% of GDP) in Tonga.

Chile vs Tonga GDP by year

Chile
Tonga
1x
Year GDP, current $
Chile Tonga
2024 $330,267,137,372 -
2023 $335,518,054,098 $591,139,749
2022 $301,226,575,540 $556,514,555
2021 $315,325,547,162 $519,306,353
2020 $254,042,159,309 $506,571,468
2019 $278,285,058,719 $506,031,239
2018 $295,857,562,992 $493,530,783
2017 $276,154,259,981 $459,976,850
2016 $249,344,863,928 $420,828,262
2015 $242,450,355,831 $437,525,514
2014 $259,560,978,224 $440,997,738
2013 $277,395,018,842 $451,788,498
2012 $267,024,782,487 $471,122,971
2011 $251,382,573,894 $414,143,828
2010 $217,051,209,239 $366,887,375
2009 $171,777,900,624 $312,415,028
2008 $179,894,594,475 $344,438,844
2007 $172,491,076,034 $298,519,623
2006 $153,843,518,171 $292,232,703
2005 $122,294,145,163 $261,823,805
2004 $99,075,985,774 $230,678,011
2003 $76,492,579,644 $202,246,591
2002 $70,264,045,939 $182,764,281
2001 $71,574,739,561 $181,117,230
2000 $78,339,750,721 $204,848,488
1999 $75,578,685,736 $199,208,718
1998 $81,990,010,704 $191,504,893
1997 $85,741,415,285 $214,991,452
1996 $78,584,098,984 $222,100,576
1995 $73,820,425,702 $208,871,666
1994 $57,438,273,591 $195,990,986
1993 $49,934,943,321 $138,489,884
1992 $46,538,895,686 $137,066,291
1991 $38,232,330,917 $132,201,141
1990 $33,428,580,448 $113,563,822
1989 $30,101,767,991 $106,344,855
1988 $26,174,858,614 $106,657,267
1987 $22,605,488,851 $81,667,133
1986 $19,197,818,085 $68,195,856
1985 $17,933,557,360 $60,058,663
1984 $19,974,595,028 $64,248,355
1983 $20,629,678,694 $60,863,964
1982 $19,710,229,067 $62,068,161
1981 $35,180,322,211 $62,242,013
1980 $29,586,676,576 $53,260,077
1979 $22,249,574,628 $44,667,002
1978 $16,373,093,554 $41,567,472
1977 $14,272,711,437 $34,139,388
1976 $10,523,479,089 $30,036,417
1975 $7,812,161,793 $32,506,742
1974 $16,584,311,220 -
1973 $17,237,336,173 -
1972 $12,057,501,635 -
1971 $10,999,807,567 -
1970 $9,261,006,540 -
1969 $8,456,519,044 -
1968 $7,286,820,526 -
1967 $7,145,068,068 -
1966 $7,256,882,086 -
1965 $6,183,988,944 -
1964 $6,065,708,668 -
1963 $5,702,520,146 -
1962 $5,765,971,144 -
1961 $4,948,564,551 -
1960 $4,211,103,677 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/tonga | CC BY

GDP per capita in Chile vs Tonga by year

Chile
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tonga
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Chile Tonga
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $16,710 $36,181 - -
2023 $17,067 $33,145 $5,652 $7,803
2022 $15,406 $30,932 $5,298 $7,296
2021 $16,207 $29,090 $4,923 $6,929
2020 $13,115 $25,351 $4,792 $6,676
2019 $14,496 $25,612 $4,789 $6,473
2018 $15,659 $25,305 $4,675 $6,393
2017 $14,880 $24,295 $4,366 $6,229
2016 $13,650 $23,257 $3,988 $5,920
2015 $13,434 $22,468 $4,124 $5,472
2014 $14,530 $22,554 $4,137 $5,336
2013 $15,684 $22,201 $4,219 $5,120
2012 $15,242 $21,366 $4,384 $4,996
2011 $14,487 $20,122 $3,850 $4,855
2010 $12,633 $17,918 $3,416 $4,465
2009 $10,099 $15,951 $2,914 $4,384
2008 $10,683 $16,376 $3,218 $4,600
2007 $10,346 $16,698 $2,797 $4,316
2006 $9,319 $15,511 $2,750 $4,327
2005 $7,480 $12,550 $2,478 $4,315
2004 $6,121 $11,612 $2,195 $4,235
2003 $4,773 $10,708 $1,936 $4,231
2002 $4,431 $10,133 $1,759 $4,171
2001 $4,564 $9,776 $1,754 $3,955
2000 $5,053 $9,376 $1,995 $3,834
1999 $4,934 $8,839 $1,952 $3,636
1998 $5,420 $8,850 $1,889 $3,527
1997 $5,742 $8,510 $2,136 $3,434
1996 $5,334 $7,895 $2,215 $3,410
1995 $5,081 $7,232 $2,084 $3,347
1994 $4,012 $6,476 $1,957 $3,088
1993 $3,541 $6,061 $1,383 $2,882
1992 $3,352 $5,563 $1,370 $2,716
1991 $2,798 $4,886 $1,323 $2,652
1990 $2,488 $4,444 $1,139 $2,416
1989 $2,278 - $1,070 -
1988 $2,014 - $1,078 -
1987 $1,767 - $830 -
1986 $1,525 - $696 -
1985 $1,447 - $613 -
1984 $1,636 - $656 -
1983 $1,715 - $621 -
1982 $1,663 - $633 -
1981 $3,012 - $636 -
1980 $2,571 - $545 -
1979 $1,962 - $458 -
1978 $1,465 - $428 -
1977 $1,297 - $353 -
1976 $971 - $315 -
1975 $732 - $349 -
1974 $1,579 - - -
1973 $1,667 - - -
1972 $1,185 - - -
1971 $1,099 - - -
1970 $941 - - -
1969 $874 - - -
1968 $766 - - -
1967 $764 - - -
1966 $790 - - -
1965 $686 - - -
1964 $686 - - -
1963 $658 - - -
1962 $679 - - -
1961 $594 - - -
1960 $516 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/tonga | CC BY

Chile's GDP per capita is $16,710, ranking 65/197, compared to $5,652 in Tonga, ranking 115/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Chile ranks 63rd at $36,181, while Tonga ranks 144th at $7,803.

Economic indicators

Chile Tonga
Gross domestic product
$330B
2024
$591M
2023
GDP rank
45/197
2024
191/197
2023
GDP growth
2.64%
2023-2024
2.79%
2022-2023
GDP per capita
$16,710
2024
$5,652
2023
GDP per capita rank
65/197
2024
115/197
2023
GDP per capita, PPP
$36,181
2024
$7,803
2023
GDP per capita PPP rank
63/197
2024
144/197
2023
Government debt
$138B
2024
$256M
2023
Debt-to-GDP ratio
41.7%
2024
37%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,960
2024
$2,445
2023
Government debt per person rank
68/185
2024
111/185
2023
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,247
2026
$3,886
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$262B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
81,274
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
6
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
34.5%
2022
22%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2022
4%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
26.7%
2024
51.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.3%
2023-2024
3.18%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.76%
2024
1.65%
2023
Population
19977856
103309

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Chile
Spending

Debt
Tonga
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Chile Tonga
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 26.7% 41.7% 51.3% 37%
2023 27.4% 39.4% 48.2% 43.3%
2022 26.7% 37.9% 44.4% 43.2%
2021 33.6% 36.4% 44.6% 43%
2020 29.1% 32.4% 37.9% 42.6%
2019 26.5% 28.3% 39.9% 42.8%
2018 25.6% 25.8% 39.6% 45.8%
2017 25.5% 23.7% 39.7% 44.7%
2016 25.4% 21.1% 37.2% 49.4%
2015 25% 17.4% 37.4% 51.1%
2014 23.9% 15% 31.5% 47.4%
2013 23.1% 12.8% 34.3% 48.9%
2012 23.1% 11.9% 32% 60%
2011 22.9% 11.1% 32.6% 51.9%
2010 23.5% 8.61% 28.4% 44.7%
2009 25% 5.84% 23.9% 39.7%
2008 21.8% 4.92% 24% 34%
2007 19.3% 3.9% 23.2% 37.8%
2006 18.7% 5.02% 25.6% 39.6%
2005 20.2% 7.04% 19.8% 43.3%
2004 20.8% 10.3% 19.3% 52.2%
2003 22.2% 12.6% 20% 56.2%
2002 23.2% 15% 21.3% 60.7%
2001 23.2% 14.3% 19.1% 53.4%
2000 22.9% 13.1% 20% 43.6%
1999 23.7% 13.3% 18.8% 38.4%
1998 21.9% 12.1% - -
1997 20.6% 12.8% - -
1996 20.6% 14.6% - -
1995 19.4% 17.2% - -
1994 20.6% 22.6% - -
1993 21.1% 28% - -
1992 20.8% 30.3% - -
1991 21.2% 37% - -
1990 20.9% 50.3% - -
1989 19.8% 51.9% - -
1988 21.3% 71.2% - -
1987 22.9% 81.6% - -
1986 26.6% 88.4% - -
1985 28.5% 79.8% - -
1984 30% 56.6% - -
1983 29.2% 45.5% - -
1982 30.1% 20.3% - -
1981 26.4% 14% - -
1980 23.8% 17.4% - -
1979 24.8% 23.2% - -
1978 29.4% 26% - -
1977 30% 16.5% - -
1976 30% 19.5% - -
1975 33.6% 28.4% - -
1974 32.3% 18.8% - -
1973 30.8% 11.1% - -
1972 35% 10.1% - -
1971 27.2% 20% - -
1970 21.1% 26.3% - -
1969 18.7% 21.5% - -
1968 19.3% 17.9% - -
1967 19.1% 14.9% - -
1966 20.5% 12.6% - -
1965 20.5% 12.6% - -
1964 17.8% 9.6% - -
1963 18.9% 9.23% - -
1962 21.3% 6.99% - -
1961 19.5% 7.97% - -
1960 19.7% 7.02% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/tonga | CC BY

In 2024, Chile's government spending was $88.3B, accounting for 26.7% of its GDP, while Tonga spent $285M, or 51.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 41.7% in Chile and 37% in Tonga, ranking 129/185 and 142/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Chile

Tonga
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Chile Tonga
2024 -2.82% 4.17%
2023 -2.27% 6.14%
2022 1.36% -0.1%
2021 -7.53% -0.87%
2020 -7.1% 5.25%
2019 -2.73% 3.28%
2018 -1.48% 2.92%
2017 -2.63% 3.58%
2016 -2.66% 1.47%
2015 -2.09% -2.75%
2014 -1.5% 6.38%
2013 -0.47% -1.3%
2012 0.68% -1.74%
2011 1.43% -6.02%
2010 -0.36% -1.22%
2009 -4.26% 6.85%
2008 3.93% 2.14%
2007 7.95% 5.39%
2006 7.51% 1.34%
2005 4.57% 4.23%
2004 2.05% 4.23%
2003 -0.42% 2.37%
2002 -1.17% 2.59%
2001 -0.49% 2.23%
2000 -0.69% 1.35%
1999 -2.02% 1.55%
1998 0.39% -
1997 2.04% -
1996 2.07% -
1995 3.09% -
1994 1.43% -
1993 1.41% -
1992 2.09% -
1991 1.54% -
1990 2.24% -
1989 5.31% -
1988 4.07% -
1987 2.36% -
1986 -0.92% -
1985 -2.22% -
1984 -2.95% -
1983 -2.67% -
1982 -1.02% -
1981 2.56% -
1980 5.41% -
1979 4.82% -
1978 -0.11% -
1977 -1.11% -
1976 -0.48% -
1975 -0.41% -
1974 -5.79% -
1973 -7.32% -
1972 -12.7% -
1971 -7.98% -
1970 -1.22% -
1969 0.6% -
1968 -0.79% -
1967 -0.64% -
1966 -1.88% -
1965 -1.64% -
1964 -2.24% -
1963 -3.29% -
1962 -4.31% -
1961 -2.89% -
1960 -3.14% -
1959 1.56% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 -0.71% -
1956 -1.3% -
1955 -2.79% -
1954 -2.84% -
1953 -4.05% -
1952 -1.82% -
1951 -0.71% -
1950 -0.92% -
1949 1.71% -
1948 2.56% -
1947 -0.2% -
1946 0.12% -
1945 0.73% -
1944 0.25% -
1943 0.81% -
1942 1.51% -
1941 1.9% -
1940 2.64% -
1939 1.74% -
1938 1.25% -
1937 1.42% -
1936 2.62% -
1935 4.23% -
1934 2.42% -
1933 1.76% -
1932 -0.32% -
1931 -2.73% -
1930 1.47% -
1929 1.89% -
1928 4.11% -
1927 -0.17% -
1926 -3.23% -
1925 2.44% -
1924 3.68% -
1923 2.87% -
1922 -0.23% -
1921 -0.57% -
1920 -1.8% -
1919 -2.53% -
1918 0.71% -
1917 0.49% -
1916 0.98% -
1915 -2.13% -
1914 -2.67% -
1913 -2.23% -
1912 -3.29% -
1911 -3.32% -
1910 -3.17% -
1909 -2.26% -
1908 -0.84% -
1907 -2.39% -
1906 -2.8% -
1905 -1.31% -
1904 -1.6% -
1903 -1.35% -
1902 -3.65% -
1901 -3.93% -
1900 -1.89% -
1899 -0.78% -
1898 -3.84% -
1897 -1.78% -
1896 -5.36% -
1895 -2.31% -
1894 0.82% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -1.33% -
1891 -6.72% -
1890 -3.65% -
1889 -2.71% -
1888 -0.58% -
1887 -4% -
1886 -5.17% -
1885 -2.46% -
1884 -3.23% -
1883 -3.57% -
1882 -2.86% -
1881 -1.83% -
1880 -2% -
1879 -4.34% -
1878 -2.27% -
1877 -3.88% -
1876 -3.17% -
1875 -3.73% -
1874 -4.75% -
1873 -1.94% -
1872 -1.78% -
1871 -2.38% -
1870 -1.83% -
1869 -1.07% -
1868 -2.85% -
1867 -4.31% -
1866 -5.72% -
1865 -1.95% -
1864 -1.07% -
1863 -0.26% -
1862 -0.13% -
1861 -0.5% -
1860 -0.07% -
1859 -1.6% -
1858 -1.37% -
1857 -0.3% -
1856 0.11% -
1855 0.1% -
1854 -0.2% -
1853 0.27% -
1852 0.68% -
1851 -0.39% -
1850 0.35% -
1849 0.6% -
1848 -0.25% -
1847 0.04% -
1846 0.36% -
1845 -0.21% -
1844 0.48% -
1843 0.69% -
1842 1.1% -
1841 0.31% -
1840 0.34% -
1839 0.25% -
1838 -0.21% -
1837 -0.05% -
1836 -0.17% -
1835 -0.58% -
1834 -0.39% -
1833 -0.45% -
1832 -0.57% -
1831 -0.77% -
1830 -0.51% -
1829 -0.06% -
1828 -0.3% -
1827 0.07% -
1826 -0.08% -
1825 0.05% -
1824 -0.37% -
1823 0.98% -
1822 1.28% -
1821 -0.19% -
1820 0.64% -
1819 0.16% -
1818 1.52% -
1817 0.94% -
1816 1.21% -
1815 1.53% -
1814 1.91% -
1813 2.34% -
1812 2.79% -
1811 3.24% -
1810 3.64% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/tonga | CC BY

In 2023, Chile's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.63B, equivalent to 2.27% of GDP. This compares to Tonga's surplus of $36.3M, or 6.14% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, Chile recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Tonga ran a deficit in 7 years. On average, Chile posted an annual deficit equal to 0.42% of GDP, compared to surplus of 1.97% of GDP for Tonga.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Chile

Tonga
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Chile Tonga
2024 4.3% 3.18%
2023 7.58% 6.35%
2022 11.6% 11%
2021 4.52% 5.64%
2020 3.05% -0.35%
2019 2.56% 1.18%
2018 2.43% 5.03%
2017 2.18% 7.52%
2016 3.79% 2.58%
2015 4.35% -1.05%
2014 4.72% 2.51%
2013 1.79% 0.78%
2012 3.01% 1.15%
2011 3.34% 6.27%
2010 1.41% 3.53%
2009 0.35% 1.43%
2008 8.72% 10.4%
2007 4.41% 5.84%
2006 3.39% 6.15%
2005 3.05% 8.67%
2004 1.05% 11%
2003 2.81% 11.6%
2002 2.49% 10.4%
2001 3.57% 8.29%
2000 3.84% 6.33%
1999 3.34% 4.46%
1998 5.11% 3.27%
1997 6.13% 2.12%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/tonga | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Chile has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.89%, compared with 5.19% in Tonga. In 2024, inflation was 4.3% in Chile and 3.18% in Tonga.

Top exports between countries

Chile
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $624K
Tonga
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

Chile Tonga
Current account balance
-$4.85B
2024
-$43.5M
2024
Current account balance ranking
166/190
2024
83/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.47%
2024
-7.93%
2023
Goods imports
$78.1B
2024
$232M
2024
Goods exports
$99.2B
2024
$10.8M
2024
Service imports
$21.1B
2024
$161M
2024
Service exports
$12B
2024
$93.6M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.1%
2024
64.9%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.7%
2024
14.7%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Chile Tonga
Economic freedom 74.3 58.9
Economic freedom ranking 20/197 107/197
Property rights 69.7 71.1
Government integrity 67.8 45.1
Judicial effectiveness 90.3 64.9
Tax burden 72.5 85.6
Government spending 78.2 31
Fiscal health 94.1 97.3
Business freedom 78.5 59.2
Labor freedom 56.8 55.9
Monetary freedom 75.1 61
Trade freedom 78 75.4
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 70 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

Chile
Tonga
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Chile Tonga
2026 74.3 58.9
2025 73.2 58.5
2024 71.4 59.2
2023 71.1 60
2022 74.4 60.8
2021 75.2 57.5
2020 76.8 58.8
2019 75.4 57.7
2018 75.2 63.1
2017 76.5 63
2016 77.7 59.6
2015 78.5 59.3
2014 78.7 58.2
2013 79 56
2012 78.3 57
2011 77.4 55.8
2010 77.2 53.4
2009 78.3 54.1
2008 78.6 -
2007 77.7 -
2006 78 -
2005 77.8 -
2004 76.9 -
2003 76 -
2002 77.8 -
2001 75.1 -
2000 74.7 -
1999 74.1 -
1998 74.9 -
1997 75.9 -
1996 72.6 -
1995 71.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/tonga | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Chile is 74.3, ranking 20/197, compared to 58.9 for Tonga, ranking 107/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Chile Tonga
Services, % of GDP
56.1%
2024
50%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
30.1%
2024
14.9%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.91%
2024
19%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$311B
2024
$619M
2023
GNI per capita, PPP
$34,320
2024
$8,400
2023
Total reserves including gold
$44.4B
2024
$377M
2024
Total reserves ranking
45/177
2024
163/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$8.93B
2024
$13.3M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
-$12.1M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$3.59B
2024
$1.25M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.76%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
6.5%
2022
20.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
25.9%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  7. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  8. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.