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Economy of Chile vs Kiribati compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Chile has a GDP of $330B compared to $308M for Kiribati, ranking 45/197 and 192/197 by economy size, respectively.

Chile has $138B in government debt (41.7% of GDP), compared to $30.5M (9.92% of GDP) in Kiribati.

Chile vs Kiribati GDP by year

Chile
Kiribati
1x
Year GDP, current $
Chile Kiribati
2024 $330,267,137,372 $307,862,564
2023 $335,518,054,098 $288,610,748
2022 $301,226,575,540 $270,040,453
2021 $315,325,547,162 $285,259,881
2020 $254,042,159,309 $220,898,020
2019 $278,285,058,719 $216,985,388
2018 $295,857,562,992 $233,514,717
2017 $276,154,259,981 $222,875,736
2016 $249,344,863,928 $206,467,819
2015 $242,450,355,831 $191,559,399
2014 $259,560,978,224 $200,287,282
2013 $277,395,018,842 $201,730,861
2012 $267,024,782,487 $207,001,546
2011 $251,382,573,894 $195,970,140
2010 $217,051,209,239 $165,458,433
2009 $171,777,900,624 $140,177,384
2008 $179,894,594,475 $147,017,895
2007 $172,491,076,034 $138,054,946
2006 $153,843,518,171 $112,338,353
2005 $122,294,145,163 $113,895,437
2004 $99,075,985,774 $104,085,892
2003 $76,492,579,644 $96,105,619
2002 $70,264,045,939 $74,743,869
2001 $71,574,739,561 $64,935,850
2000 $78,339,750,721 $74,910,527
1999 $75,578,685,736 $77,323,978
1998 $81,990,010,704 $74,905,706
1997 $85,741,415,285 $80,205,807
1996 $78,584,098,984 $81,456,854
1995 $73,820,425,702 $68,596,395
1994 $57,438,273,591 $67,055,334
1993 $49,934,943,321 $58,953,596
1992 $46,538,895,686 $61,491,369
1991 $38,232,330,917 $41,247,792
1990 $33,428,580,448 $36,534,295
1989 $30,101,767,991 $37,645,319
1988 $26,174,858,614 $38,278,810
1987 $22,605,488,851 $29,554,413
1986 $19,197,818,085 $25,993,009
1985 $17,933,557,360 $26,126,615
1984 $19,974,595,028 $34,394,167
1983 $20,629,678,694 $31,000,546
1982 $19,710,229,067 $32,742,713
1981 $35,180,322,211 $35,267,489
1980 $29,586,676,576 $33,157,723
1979 $22,249,574,628 $34,466,197
1978 $16,373,093,554 $36,563,965
1977 $14,272,711,437 $31,335,459
1976 $10,523,479,089 $33,246,817
1975 $7,812,161,793 $44,547,454
1974 $16,584,311,220 $69,256,489
1973 $17,237,336,173 $25,645,040
1972 $12,057,501,635 $15,314,346
1971 $10,999,807,567 $12,356,134
1970 $9,261,006,540 $11,560,877
1969 $8,456,519,044 -
1968 $7,286,820,526 -
1967 $7,145,068,068 -
1966 $7,256,882,086 -
1965 $6,183,988,944 -
1964 $6,065,708,668 -
1963 $5,702,520,146 -
1962 $5,765,971,144 -
1961 $4,948,564,551 -
1960 $4,211,103,677 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/kiribati | CC BY

GDP per capita in Chile vs Kiribati by year

Chile
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kiribati
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Chile Kiribati
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $16,710 $36,181 $2,289 $3,702
2023 $17,067 $33,145 $2,178 $3,486
2022 $15,406 $30,932 $2,070 $3,329
2021 $16,207 $29,090 $2,222 $3,020
2020 $13,115 $25,351 $1,752 $2,711
2019 $14,496 $25,612 $1,751 $2,763
2018 $15,659 $25,305 $1,913 $2,672
2017 $14,880 $24,295 $1,853 $2,562
2016 $13,650 $23,257 $1,743 $2,463
2015 $13,434 $22,468 $1,640 $2,311
2014 $14,530 $22,554 $1,737 $2,084
2013 $15,684 $22,201 $1,772 $2,049
2012 $15,242 $21,366 $1,844 $1,896
2011 $14,487 $20,122 $1,771 $1,786
2010 $12,633 $17,918 $1,522 $1,724
2009 $10,099 $15,951 $1,317 $1,718
2008 $10,683 $16,376 $1,411 $1,735
2007 $10,346 $16,698 $1,353 $1,792
2006 $9,319 $15,511 $1,123 $1,728
2005 $7,480 $12,550 $1,162 $1,617
2004 $6,121 $11,612 $1,083 $1,579
2003 $4,773 $10,708 $1,021 $1,578
2002 $4,431 $10,133 $810 $1,605
2001 $4,564 $9,776 $719 $1,591
2000 $5,053 $9,376 $845 $1,638
1999 $4,934 $8,839 $887 $1,526
1998 $5,420 $8,850 $874 $1,593
1997 $5,742 $8,510 $953 $1,535
1996 $5,334 $7,895 $986 $1,519
1995 $5,081 $7,232 $844 $1,518
1994 $4,012 $6,476 $838 $1,469
1993 $3,541 $6,061 $748 $1,431
1992 $3,352 $5,563 $792 $1,421
1991 $2,798 $4,886 $540 $1,139
1990 $2,488 $4,444 $488 $1,192
1989 $2,278 - $515 -
1988 $2,014 - $536 -
1987 $1,767 - $424 -
1986 $1,525 - $382 -
1985 $1,447 - $393 -
1984 $1,636 - $527 -
1983 $1,715 - $483 -
1982 $1,663 - $519 -
1981 $3,012 - $568 -
1980 $2,571 - $542 -
1979 $1,962 - $573 -
1978 $1,465 - $611 -
1977 $1,297 - $520 -
1976 $971 - $548 -
1975 $732 - $730 -
1974 $1,579 - $1,131 -
1973 $1,667 - $422 -
1972 $1,185 - $256.2 -
1971 $1,099 - $210.7 -
1970 $941 - $201 -
1969 $874 - - -
1968 $766 - - -
1967 $764 - - -
1966 $790 - - -
1965 $686 - - -
1964 $686 - - -
1963 $658 - - -
1962 $679 - - -
1961 $594 - - -
1960 $516 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/kiribati | CC BY

Chile's GDP per capita is $16,710, ranking 65/197, compared to $2,289 in Kiribati, ranking 152/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Chile ranks 63rd at $36,181, while Kiribati ranks 169th at $3,702.

Economic indicators

Chile Kiribati
Gross domestic product
$330B
2024
$308M
2024
GDP rank
45/197
2024
192/197
2024
GDP growth
2.64%
2023-2024
5.27%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$16,710
2024
$2,289
2024
GDP per capita rank
65/197
2024
152/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$36,181
2024
$3,702
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
63/197
2024
169/197
2024
Government debt
$138B
2024
$30.5M
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
41.7%
2024
9.92%
2024
Government debt per person
$6,960
2024
$226.9
2024
Government debt per person rank
68/185
2024
181/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,247
2026
$1,967
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$262B
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
81,274
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
6
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
34.5%
2022
22.8%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2022
4%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
26.7%
2024
98.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.3%
2023-2024
2.5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.76%
2024
2.79%
2023
Population
19977856
139020

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Chile
Spending

Debt
Kiribati
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Chile Kiribati
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 26.7% 41.7% 98.1% 9.92%
2023 27.4% 39.4% 95.3% 11.4%
2022 26.7% 37.9% 87.5% 16.3%
2021 33.6% 36.4% 84% 17.3%
2020 29.1% 32.4% 102.2% 21%
2019 26.5% 28.3% 108.3% 19%
2018 25.6% 25.8% 108.8% 19%
2017 25.5% 23.7% 92.1% 20.2%
2016 25.4% 21.1% 99% 21.2%
2015 25% 17.4% 90.9% 18.8%
2014 23.9% 15% 101.2% 8.97%
2013 23.1% 12.8% 78% 8.86%
2012 23.1% 11.9% 83.9% 8.13%
2011 22.9% 11.1% 80.9% 8.8%
2010 23.5% 8.61% 75.7% 9.43%
2009 25% 5.84% 74.7% 10.3%
2008 21.8% 4.92% 79.4% 13.9%
2007 19.3% 3.9% 77.3% 11.1%
2006 18.7% 5.02% 82.1% 12.9%
2005 20.2% 7.04% 95.6% 12.1%
2004 20.8% 10.3% 103.8% 13.6%
2003 22.2% 12.6% 84.4% 12.3%
2002 23.2% 15% 96.9% 13.3%
2001 23.2% 14.3% 101.3% 17%
2000 22.9% 13.1% 66% 12.7%
1999 23.7% 13.3% 77.6% 11.8%
1998 21.9% 12.1% 74.7% 9.81%
1997 20.6% 12.8% 70.9% 10.7%
1996 20.6% 14.6% 68.4% 11%
1995 19.4% 17.2% 69.6% 12.3%
1994 20.6% 22.6% 54.6% 12.3%
1993 21.1% 28% 55.3% 10.9%
1992 20.8% 30.3% 65.9% 7.31%
1991 21.2% 37% 82.1% 8.43%
1990 20.9% 50.3% 105.5% 7.72%
1989 19.8% 51.9% - -
1988 21.3% 71.2% - -
1987 22.9% 81.6% - -
1986 26.6% 88.4% - -
1985 28.5% 79.8% - -
1984 30% 56.6% - -
1983 29.2% 45.5% - -
1982 30.1% 20.3% - -
1981 26.4% 14% - -
1980 23.8% 17.4% - -
1979 24.8% 23.2% - -
1978 29.4% 26% - -
1977 30% 16.5% - -
1976 30% 19.5% - -
1975 33.6% 28.4% - -
1974 32.3% 18.8% - -
1973 30.8% 11.1% - -
1972 35% 10.1% - -
1971 27.2% 20% - -
1970 21.1% 26.3% - -
1969 18.7% 21.5% - -
1968 19.3% 17.9% - -
1967 19.1% 14.9% - -
1966 20.5% 12.6% - -
1965 20.5% 12.6% - -
1964 17.8% 9.6% - -
1963 18.9% 9.23% - -
1962 21.3% 6.99% - -
1961 19.5% 7.97% - -
1960 19.7% 7.02% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/kiribati | CC BY

In 2024, Chile's government spending was $88.3B, accounting for 26.7% of its GDP, while Kiribati spent $302M, or 98.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 41.7% in Chile and 9.92% in Kiribati, ranking 129/185 and 180/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Chile

Kiribati
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Chile Kiribati
2024 -2.82% -22%
2023 -2.27% 0.13%
2022 1.36% -18.3%
2021 -7.53% -10.8%
2020 -7.1% 3.57%
2019 -2.73% 10.8%
2018 -1.48% 5.18%
2017 -2.63% 34.1%
2016 -2.66% 20.1%
2015 -2.09% 42.5%
2014 -1.5% 35%
2013 -0.47% 11.8%
2012 0.68% -5.43%
2011 1.43% -17.6%
2010 -0.36% -7.8%
2009 -4.26% -8.56%
2008 3.93% -15.8%
2007 7.95% -12.5%
2006 7.51% -12.3%
2005 4.57% -9.96%
2004 2.05% -19.2%
2003 -0.42% -8.93%
2002 -1.17% 3.13%
2001 -0.49% -10.9%
2000 -0.69% -0.03%
1999 -2.02% -1.81%
1998 0.39% 14.6%
1997 2.04% 5.92%
1996 2.07% -20.2%
1995 3.09% -5.14%
1994 1.43% 0.74%
1993 1.41% 6.27%
1992 2.09% 0.79%
1991 1.54% 3.87%
1990 2.24% -4.62%
1989 5.31% -
1988 4.07% -
1987 2.36% -
1986 -0.92% -
1985 -2.22% -
1984 -2.95% -
1983 -2.67% -
1982 -1.02% -
1981 2.56% -
1980 5.41% -
1979 4.82% -
1978 -0.11% -
1977 -1.11% -
1976 -0.48% -
1975 -0.41% -
1974 -5.79% -
1973 -7.32% -
1972 -12.7% -
1971 -7.98% -
1970 -1.22% -
1969 0.6% -
1968 -0.79% -
1967 -0.64% -
1966 -1.88% -
1965 -1.64% -
1964 -2.24% -
1963 -3.29% -
1962 -4.31% -
1961 -2.89% -
1960 -3.14% -
1959 1.56% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 -0.71% -
1956 -1.3% -
1955 -2.79% -
1954 -2.84% -
1953 -4.05% -
1952 -1.82% -
1951 -0.71% -
1950 -0.92% -
1949 1.71% -
1948 2.56% -
1947 -0.2% -
1946 0.12% -
1945 0.73% -
1944 0.25% -
1943 0.81% -
1942 1.51% -
1941 1.9% -
1940 2.64% -
1939 1.74% -
1938 1.25% -
1937 1.42% -
1936 2.62% -
1935 4.23% -
1934 2.42% -
1933 1.76% -
1932 -0.32% -
1931 -2.73% -
1930 1.47% -
1929 1.89% -
1928 4.11% -
1927 -0.17% -
1926 -3.23% -
1925 2.44% -
1924 3.68% -
1923 2.87% -
1922 -0.23% -
1921 -0.57% -
1920 -1.8% -
1919 -2.53% -
1918 0.71% -
1917 0.49% -
1916 0.98% -
1915 -2.13% -
1914 -2.67% -
1913 -2.23% -
1912 -3.29% -
1911 -3.32% -
1910 -3.17% -
1909 -2.26% -
1908 -0.84% -
1907 -2.39% -
1906 -2.8% -
1905 -1.31% -
1904 -1.6% -
1903 -1.35% -
1902 -3.65% -
1901 -3.93% -
1900 -1.89% -
1899 -0.78% -
1898 -3.84% -
1897 -1.78% -
1896 -5.36% -
1895 -2.31% -
1894 0.82% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -1.33% -
1891 -6.72% -
1890 -3.65% -
1889 -2.71% -
1888 -0.58% -
1887 -4% -
1886 -5.17% -
1885 -2.46% -
1884 -3.23% -
1883 -3.57% -
1882 -2.86% -
1881 -1.83% -
1880 -2% -
1879 -4.34% -
1878 -2.27% -
1877 -3.88% -
1876 -3.17% -
1875 -3.73% -
1874 -4.75% -
1873 -1.94% -
1872 -1.78% -
1871 -2.38% -
1870 -1.83% -
1869 -1.07% -
1868 -2.85% -
1867 -4.31% -
1866 -5.72% -
1865 -1.95% -
1864 -1.07% -
1863 -0.26% -
1862 -0.13% -
1861 -0.5% -
1860 -0.07% -
1859 -1.6% -
1858 -1.37% -
1857 -0.3% -
1856 0.11% -
1855 0.1% -
1854 -0.2% -
1853 0.27% -
1852 0.68% -
1851 -0.39% -
1850 0.35% -
1849 0.6% -
1848 -0.25% -
1847 0.04% -
1846 0.36% -
1845 -0.21% -
1844 0.48% -
1843 0.69% -
1842 1.1% -
1841 0.31% -
1840 0.34% -
1839 0.25% -
1838 -0.21% -
1837 -0.05% -
1836 -0.17% -
1835 -0.58% -
1834 -0.39% -
1833 -0.45% -
1832 -0.57% -
1831 -0.77% -
1830 -0.51% -
1829 -0.06% -
1828 -0.3% -
1827 0.07% -
1826 -0.08% -
1825 0.05% -
1824 -0.37% -
1823 0.98% -
1822 1.28% -
1821 -0.19% -
1820 0.64% -
1819 0.16% -
1818 1.52% -
1817 0.94% -
1816 1.21% -
1815 1.53% -
1814 1.91% -
1813 2.34% -
1812 2.79% -
1811 3.24% -
1810 3.64% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/kiribati | CC BY

In 2024, Chile's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $9.3B, equivalent to 2.82% of GDP. This compares to Kiribati's deficit of $67.7M, or 22% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Chile recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while Kiribati ran a deficit in 19 years. On average, Chile posted an annual surplus equal to 0.09% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.38% of GDP for Kiribati.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Chile

Kiribati
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Chile Kiribati
2024 4.3% 2.5%
2023 7.58% 9.3%
2022 11.6% 5.3%
2021 4.52% 2.1%
2020 3.05% 2.6%
2019 2.56% -1.8%
2018 2.43% 0.6%
2017 2.18% 0.4%
2016 3.79% 1.9%
2015 4.35% 0.6%
2014 4.72% 2.1%
2013 1.79% -1.5%
2012 3.01% -3%
2011 3.34% 1.5%
2010 1.41% -3.9%
2009 0.35% 9.8%
2008 8.72% 13.7%
2007 4.41% 3.6%
2006 3.39% -1%
2005 3.05% -0.4%
2004 1.05% -0.7%
2003 2.81% 1.6%
2002 2.49% 3.2%
2001 3.57% 6%
2000 3.84% 0.4%
1999 3.34% 1.8%
1998 5.11% 3.7%
1997 6.13% 2.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/kiribati | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Chile has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.89%, compared with 2.25% in Kiribati. In 2024, inflation was 4.3% in Chile and 2.5% in Kiribati.

Balance of trade

Chile Kiribati
Current account balance
-$4.85B
2024
-$59.5M
2024
Current account balance ranking
166/190
2024
85/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.47%
2024
-19.3%
2024
Goods imports
$78.1B
2024
$227M
2024
Goods exports
$99.2B
2024
$8.49M
2024
Service imports
$21.1B
2024
$108M
2024
Service exports
$12B
2024
$7M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.1%
2024
94.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.7%
2024
6.27%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Chile Kiribati
Economic freedom 74.3 50.8
Economic freedom ranking 20/197 158/197
Property rights 69.7 69.6
Government integrity 67.8 50.5
Judicial effectiveness 90.3 54.6
Tax burden 72.5 72.6
Government spending 78.2 0
Fiscal health 94.1 19.8
Business freedom 78.5 60.2
Labor freedom 56.8 65.3
Monetary freedom 75.1 76.7
Trade freedom 78 80
Investment freedom 60 30
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Chile
Kiribati
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Chile Kiribati
2026 74.3 50.8
2025 73.2 50.9
2024 71.4 51.3
2023 71.1 58.8
2022 74.4 59.2
2021 75.2 44.4
2020 76.8 45.2
2019 75.4 47.3
2018 75.2 50.8
2017 76.5 50.9
2016 77.7 46.2
2015 78.5 46.4
2014 78.7 46.3
2013 79 45.9
2012 78.3 46.9
2011 77.4 44.8
2010 77.2 43.7
2009 78.3 45.7
2008 78.6 -
2007 77.7 -
2006 78 -
2005 77.8 -
2004 76.9 -
2003 76 -
2002 77.8 -
2001 75.1 -
2000 74.7 -
1999 74.1 -
1998 74.9 -
1997 75.9 -
1996 72.6 -
1995 71.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/kiribati | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Chile is 74.3, ranking 20/197, compared to 50.8 for Kiribati, ranking 158/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Chile Kiribati
Services, % of GDP
56.1%
2024
67.1%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
30.1%
2024
11.5%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.91%
2024
27.2%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$311B
2024
$493M
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$34,320
2024
$6,060
2024
Total reserves including gold
$44.4B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
45/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$8.93B
2024
-$8.06M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$12.5B
2024
$8.07M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$3.59B
2024
$16.4K
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
6.5%
2022
5.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
25.8%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  7. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.