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Economy of Chile vs Montenegro compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Chile has a GDP of $357B compared to $9.23B for Montenegro, ranking 45/197 and 155/197 by economy size, respectively.

Chile has $149B in government debt (41.8% of GDP), compared to $6.19B (67.1% of GDP) in Montenegro.

Chile vs Montenegro GDP by year

Chile
Montenegro
1x
Year GDP, current $
Chile Montenegro
2025 $357,371,159,575 $9,232,801,465
2024 $329,260,633,699 $8,274,290,506
2023 $335,802,745,366 $7,643,318,276
2022 $301,099,244,104 $6,259,721,790
2021 $315,507,493,783 $5,822,908,964
2020 $254,103,710,483 $4,734,192,593
2019 $278,308,438,545 $5,483,622,632
2018 $295,857,562,992 $5,433,469,311
2017 $276,154,259,981 $4,803,964,684
2016 $249,344,863,928 $4,357,467,226
2015 $242,450,355,831 $4,010,884,107
2014 $259,560,978,224 $4,579,635,404
2013 $277,395,018,842 $4,422,097,042
2012 $267,024,782,487 $4,071,828,832
2011 $251,382,573,894 $4,507,127,585
2010 $217,051,209,239 $4,136,936,244
2009 $171,777,900,624 $4,159,063,347
2008 $179,894,594,475 $4,559,410,049
2007 $172,491,076,034 $3,682,586,459
2006 $153,843,518,171 $2,719,979,875
2005 $122,294,145,163 $2,258,016,380
2004 $99,075,985,774 $2,077,046,942
2003 $76,492,579,644 $1,708,196,981
2002 $70,264,045,939 $1,286,314,054
2001 $71,574,739,561 $1,159,869,246
2000 $78,339,750,721 $984,293,044
1999 $75,578,685,736 $828,950,327
1998 $81,990,010,704 $854,261,161
1997 $85,741,415,285 $838,288,806
1996 $78,584,098,984 -
1995 $73,820,425,702 -
1994 $57,438,273,591 -
1993 $49,934,943,321 -
1992 $46,538,895,686 -
1991 $38,232,330,917 -
1990 $33,428,580,448 -
1989 $30,101,767,991 -
1988 $26,174,858,614 -
1987 $22,605,488,851 -
1986 $19,197,818,085 -
1985 $17,933,557,360 -
1984 $19,974,595,028 -
1983 $20,629,678,694 -
1982 $19,710,229,067 -
1981 $35,180,322,211 -
1980 $29,586,676,576 -
1979 $22,249,574,628 -
1978 $16,373,093,554 -
1977 $14,272,711,437 -
1976 $10,523,479,089 -
1975 $7,812,161,793 -
1974 $16,584,311,220 -
1973 $17,237,336,173 -
1972 $12,057,501,635 -
1971 $10,999,807,567 -
1970 $9,261,006,540 -
1969 $8,456,519,044 -
1968 $7,286,820,526 -
1967 $7,145,068,068 -
1966 $7,256,882,086 -
1965 $6,183,988,944 -
1964 $6,065,708,668 -
1963 $5,702,520,146 -
1962 $5,765,971,144 -
1961 $4,948,564,551 -
1960 $4,211,103,677 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/montenegro | CC BY

GDP per capita in Chile vs Montenegro by year

Chile
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Montenegro
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Chile Montenegro
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $17,995 - $14,817 -
2024 $16,659 $36,181 $13,270 $34,063
2023 $17,082 $33,145 $12,258 $31,863
2022 $15,399 $30,932 $10,038 $28,050
2021 $16,216 $29,090 $9,316 $23,690
2020 $13,118 $25,351 $7,555 $20,625
2019 $14,497 $25,612 $8,749 $23,706
2018 $15,659 $25,305 $8,674 $21,084
2017 $14,880 $24,295 $7,674 $19,357
2016 $13,650 $23,257 $6,968 $18,030
2015 $13,434 $22,468 $6,421 $16,092
2014 $14,530 $22,554 $7,342 $15,276
2013 $15,684 $22,201 $7,103 $14,692
2012 $15,242 $21,366 $6,552 $13,793
2011 $14,487 $20,122 $7,266 $14,347
2010 $12,633 $17,918 $6,679 $13,612
2009 $10,099 $15,951 $6,727 $12,976
2008 $10,683 $16,376 $7,390 $13,802
2007 $10,346 $16,698 $5,979 $12,452
2006 $9,319 $15,511 $4,423 $10,440
2005 $7,480 $12,550 $3,676 $8,314
2004 $6,121 $11,612 $3,386 $7,841
2003 $4,773 $10,708 $2,790 $7,340
2002 $4,431 $10,133 $2,109 $7,100
2001 $4,564 $9,776 $1,910 $6,772
2000 $5,053 $9,376 $1,627 $6,004
1999 $4,934 $8,839 $1,368 $5,684
1998 $5,420 $8,850 $1,406 $6,170
1997 $5,742 $8,510 $1,375 $5,798
1996 $5,334 $7,895 - -
1995 $5,081 $7,232 - -
1994 $4,012 $6,476 - -
1993 $3,541 $6,061 - -
1992 $3,352 $5,563 - -
1991 $2,798 $4,886 - -
1990 $2,488 $4,444 - -
1989 $2,278 - - -
1988 $2,014 - - -
1987 $1,767 - - -
1986 $1,525 - - -
1985 $1,447 - - -
1984 $1,636 - - -
1983 $1,715 - - -
1982 $1,663 - - -
1981 $3,012 - - -
1980 $2,571 - - -
1979 $1,962 - - -
1978 $1,465 - - -
1977 $1,297 - - -
1976 $971 - - -
1975 $732 - - -
1974 $1,579 - - -
1973 $1,667 - - -
1972 $1,185 - - -
1971 $1,099 - - -
1970 $941 - - -
1969 $874 - - -
1968 $766 - - -
1967 $764 - - -
1966 $790 - - -
1965 $686 - - -
1964 $686 - - -
1963 $658 - - -
1962 $679 - - -
1961 $594 - - -
1960 $516 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/montenegro | CC BY

Chile's GDP per capita is $17,995, ranking 67/197, compared to $14,817 in Montenegro, ranking 71/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Chile ranks 63rd at $36,181, while Montenegro ranks 65th at $34,063.

Economic indicators

Chile Montenegro
Gross domestic product
$357B
2025
$9.23B
2025
GDP rank
45/197
2025
155/197
2025
GDP growth
2.46%
2024-2025
2.74%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$17,995
2025
$14,817
2025
GDP per capita rank
67/197
2025
71/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$36,181
2024
$34,063
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
63/197
2024
65/197
2024
Government debt
$149B
2025
$6.19B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
41.8%
2025
67.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$7,517
2025
$9,942
2025
Government debt per person rank
68/185
2025
61/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$10,041
2026
$12,768
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$487B
2025
$3.79B
2012
Number of millionaires
81,274
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
6
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
34.3%
2024
24.7%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2024
2.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
26.4%
2025
43.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
4.21%
2024-2025
3.9%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.89%
2025
11.5%
2024
Population
19992079
613759

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Chile
Spending

Debt
Montenegro
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Chile Montenegro
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 26.4% 41.8% 43.9% 67.1%
2024 26.7% 41.7% 44.1% 60.8%
2023 27.4% 39.4% 40.4% 59.6%
2022 26.7% 37.9% 42.2% 70.3%
2021 33.6% 36.4% 45.1% 86.2%
2020 29.1% 32.4% 54.9% 108.4%
2019 26.5% 28.3% 44.4% 79.6%
2018 25.6% 25.8% 47.8% 72.9%
2017 25.5% 23.7% 47.6% 66.9%
2016 25.4% 21.1% 47.7% 66.7%
2015 25% 17.4% 46.9% 69.5%
2014 23.9% 15% 44.3% 63.6%
2013 23.1% 12.8% 46.3% 59.2%
2012 23.1% 11.9% 45.9% 57.1%
2011 22.9% 11.1% 45.7% 49%
2010 23.5% 8.61% 46.7% 45.1%
2009 25% 5.84% 51.5% 43.9%
2008 21.8% 4.92% 51.2% 34.2%
2007 19.3% 3.9% 43.9% 31.8%
2006 18.7% 5.02% 42.6% 36.7%
2005 20.2% 7.04% 38.2% 38.6%
2004 20.8% 10.3% 40% 45.4%
2003 22.2% 12.6% 43.3% 48.6%
2002 23.2% 15% 37.5% 85.7%
2001 23.2% 14.3% - -
2000 22.9% 13.1% - -
1999 23.7% 13.3% - -
1998 21.9% 12.1% - -
1997 20.6% 12.8% - -
1996 20.6% 14.6% - -
1995 19.5% 17.3% - -
1994 20.6% 22.6% - -
1993 21.2% 28.1% - -
1992 20.9% 30.5% - -
1991 21.2% 37.1% - -
1990 21% 50.3% - -
1989 19.8% 51.9% - -
1988 21.3% 71.2% - -
1987 22.9% 81.6% - -
1986 26.6% 88.4% - -
1985 28.5% 79.8% - -
1984 30% 56.6% - -
1983 29.2% 45.5% - -
1982 30.1% 20.3% - -
1981 26.4% 14% - -
1980 23.8% 17.4% - -
1979 24.8% 23.2% - -
1978 29.4% 26% - -
1977 30% 16.5% - -
1976 30% 19.5% - -
1975 33.6% 28.4% - -
1974 32.3% 18.8% - -
1973 30.8% 11.1% - -
1972 35% 10.1% - -
1971 27.2% 20% - -
1970 21.1% 26.3% - -
1969 18.7% 21.5% - -
1968 19.3% 17.9% - -
1967 19.1% 14.9% - -
1966 20.5% 12.6% - -
1965 20.5% 12.6% - -
1964 17.8% 9.6% - -
1963 18.9% 9.23% - -
1962 21.3% 6.99% - -
1961 19.5% 7.97% - -
1960 19.7% 7.02% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/montenegro | CC BY

In 2025, Chile's government spending was $94.2B, accounting for 26.4% of its GDP, while Montenegro spent $4.05B, or 43.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 41.8% in Chile and 67.1% in Montenegro, ranking 126/185 and 63/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Chile

Montenegro
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Chile Montenegro
2025 -2.78% -3.61%
2024 -2.82% -3.44%
2023 -2.27% 0.38%
2022 1.36% -4.05%
2021 -7.53% -1.37%
2020 -7.1% -10.9%
2019 -2.73% -1.74%
2018 -1.48% -6.3%
2017 -2.63% -6.89%
2016 -2.66% -6.21%
2015 -2.09% -6.03%
2014 -1.5% -0.7%
2013 -0.47% -4.54%
2012 0.68% -5.87%
2011 1.43% -6.79%
2010 -0.36% -4.88%
2009 -4.26% -6.74%
2008 3.93% -2.3%
2007 7.95% 8.44%
2006 7.51% 4.34%
2005 4.57% -1.42%
2004 2.05% -2.45%
2003 -0.42% -4.06%
2002 -1.17% -1.44%
2001 -0.49% -
2000 -0.69% -
1999 -2.02% -
1998 0.39% -
1997 2.04% -
1996 2.07% -
1995 3.1% -
1994 1.44% -
1993 1.42% -
1992 2.11% -
1991 1.54% -
1990 2.25% -
1989 5.31% -
1988 4.07% -
1987 2.36% -
1986 -0.92% -
1985 -2.22% -
1984 -2.95% -
1983 -2.67% -
1982 -1.02% -
1981 2.56% -
1980 5.41% -
1979 4.82% -
1978 -0.11% -
1977 -1.11% -
1976 -0.48% -
1975 -0.41% -
1974 -5.79% -
1973 -7.32% -
1972 -12.7% -
1971 -7.98% -
1970 -1.22% -
1969 0.6% -
1968 -0.79% -
1967 -0.64% -
1966 -1.88% -
1965 -1.64% -
1964 -2.24% -
1963 -3.29% -
1962 -4.31% -
1961 -2.89% -
1960 -3.14% -
1959 1.56% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 -0.71% -
1956 -1.3% -
1955 -2.79% -
1954 -2.84% -
1953 -4.05% -
1952 -1.82% -
1951 -0.71% -
1950 -0.92% -
1949 1.71% -
1948 2.56% -
1947 -0.2% -
1946 0.12% -
1945 0.73% -
1944 0.25% -
1943 0.81% -
1942 1.51% -
1941 1.9% -
1940 2.64% -
1939 1.74% -
1938 1.25% -
1937 1.42% -
1936 2.62% -
1935 4.23% -
1934 2.42% -
1933 1.76% -
1932 -0.32% -
1931 -2.73% -
1930 1.47% -
1929 1.89% -
1928 4.11% -
1927 -0.17% -
1926 -3.23% -
1925 2.44% -
1924 3.68% -
1923 2.87% -
1922 -0.23% -
1921 -0.57% -
1920 -1.8% -
1919 -2.53% -
1918 0.71% -
1917 0.49% -
1916 0.98% -
1915 -2.13% -
1914 -2.67% -
1913 -2.23% -
1912 -3.29% -
1911 -3.32% -
1910 -3.17% -
1909 -2.26% -
1908 -0.84% -
1907 -2.39% -
1906 -2.8% -
1905 -1.31% -
1904 -1.6% -
1903 -1.35% -
1902 -3.65% -
1901 -3.93% -
1900 -1.89% -
1899 -0.78% -
1898 -3.84% -
1897 -1.78% -
1896 -5.36% -
1895 -2.31% -
1894 0.82% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -1.33% -
1891 -6.72% -
1890 -3.65% -
1889 -2.71% -
1888 -0.58% -
1887 -4% -
1886 -5.17% -
1885 -2.46% -
1884 -3.23% -
1883 -3.57% -
1882 -2.86% -
1881 -1.83% -
1880 -2% -
1879 -4.34% -
1878 -2.27% -
1877 -3.88% -
1876 -3.17% -
1875 -3.73% -
1874 -4.75% -
1873 -1.94% -
1872 -1.78% -
1871 -2.38% -
1870 -1.83% -
1869 -1.07% -
1868 -2.85% -
1867 -4.31% -
1866 -5.72% -
1865 -1.95% -
1864 -1.07% -
1863 -0.26% -
1862 -0.13% -
1861 -0.5% -
1860 -0.07% -
1859 -1.6% -
1858 -1.37% -
1857 -0.3% -
1856 0.11% -
1855 0.1% -
1854 -0.2% -
1853 0.27% -
1852 0.68% -
1851 -0.39% -
1850 0.35% -
1849 0.6% -
1848 -0.25% -
1847 0.04% -
1846 0.36% -
1845 -0.21% -
1844 0.48% -
1843 0.69% -
1842 1.1% -
1841 0.31% -
1840 0.34% -
1839 0.25% -
1838 -0.21% -
1837 -0.05% -
1836 -0.17% -
1835 -0.58% -
1834 -0.39% -
1833 -0.45% -
1832 -0.57% -
1831 -0.77% -
1830 -0.51% -
1829 -0.06% -
1828 -0.3% -
1827 0.07% -
1826 -0.08% -
1825 0.05% -
1824 -0.37% -
1823 0.98% -
1822 1.28% -
1821 -0.19% -
1820 0.64% -
1819 0.16% -
1818 1.52% -
1817 0.94% -
1816 1.21% -
1815 1.53% -
1814 1.91% -
1813 2.34% -
1812 2.79% -
1811 3.24% -
1810 3.64% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/montenegro | CC BY

In 2025, Chile's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $9.94B, equivalent to 2.78% of GDP. This compares to Montenegro's deficit of $334M, or 3.61% of GDP.

Over the past 24 years, Chile recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Montenegro ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Chile posted an annual deficit equal to 0.53% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.27% of GDP for Montenegro.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Chile

Montenegro
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Chile Montenegro
2025 4.21% 3.9%
2024 4.3% 3.3%
2023 7.58% 8.6%
2022 11.6% 13%
2021 4.52% 2.4%
2020 3.05% -0.3%
2019 2.56% 0.4%
2018 2.43% 2.6%
2017 2.18% 2.4%
2016 3.79% -0.3%
2015 4.35% 1.5%
2014 4.72% -0.7%
2013 1.79% 2.2%
2012 3.01% 4.1%
2011 3.34% 3.5%
2010 1.41% 0.4%
2009 0.35% 3.6%
2008 8.72% 9%
2007 4.41% 3.4%
2006 3.39% 2.1%
2005 3.05% 3.4%
2004 1.05% 3.1%
2003 2.81% 7.5%
2002 2.49% 19.7%
2001 3.57% 23.7%
2000 3.84% 29.9%
1999 3.34% -
1998 5.11% -
1997 6.13% -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (2000–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/montenegro | CC BY

Over the past 26 years, Chile has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.79%, compared with 5.86% in Montenegro. In 2025, inflation was 4.21% in Chile and 3.9% in Montenegro.

Top exports between countries

Chile
Export category Export value
Miscellaneous $176K
Raw agricultural goods $64K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $20K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K
Montenegro
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Chile Montenegro
Current account balance
-$4.35B
2025
-$1.88B
2025
Current account balance ranking
161/190
2025
140/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.22%
2025
-20.4%
2025
Goods imports
$86.5B
2025
$4.91B
2025
Goods exports
$110B
2025
$663M
2025
Service imports
$21.9B
2025
$1.24B
2025
Service exports
$13B
2025
$3.07B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
30.4%
2025
65.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
40.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Chile Montenegro
Economic freedom 74.3 63.8
Economic freedom ranking 20/197 78/197
Property rights 69.7 60.9
Government integrity 67.8 49.9
Judicial effectiveness 90.3 51.5
Tax burden 72.5 88.7
Government spending 78.2 47.6
Fiscal health 94.1 86.2
Business freedom 78.5 68.4
Labor freedom 56.8 59.4
Monetary freedom 75.1 75.2
Trade freedom 78 78.4
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Chile
Montenegro
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Chile Montenegro
2026 74.3 63.8
2025 73.2 63.8
2024 71.4 59.7
2023 71.1 60.9
2022 74.4 57.8
2021 75.2 63.4
2020 76.8 61.5
2019 75.4 60.5
2018 75.2 64.3
2017 76.5 62
2016 77.7 64.9
2015 78.5 64.7
2014 78.7 63.6
2013 79 62.6
2012 78.3 62.5
2011 77.4 62.5
2010 77.2 63.6
2009 78.3 58.2
2008 78.6 -
2007 77.7 -
2006 78 -
2005 77.8 -
2004 76.9 -
2003 76 43.5
2002 77.8 46.6
2001 75.1 -
2000 74.7 -
1999 74.1 -
1998 74.9 -
1997 75.9 -
1996 72.6 -
1995 71.2 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/chile/montenegro | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Chile is 74.3, ranking 20/197, compared to 63.8 for Montenegro, ranking 78/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Chile Montenegro
Services, % of GDP
55.5%
2025
63.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
31.4%
2025
11.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.45%
2025
3.37%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$337B
2025
$8.82B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$35,730
2025
$35,700
2025
Total reserves including gold
$49.4B
2025
$2.2B
2025
Total reserves ranking
48/177
2025
126/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$5.83B
2025
-$601M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.1B
2024
$599M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.04B
2024
$67.8M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
15%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
6.5%
2022
20%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.1%
2025
26.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.