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Economy of Cape Verde vs Chile compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cape Verde has a GDP of $2.73B compared to $330B for Chile, ranking 172/197 and 45/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cape Verde has $3.03B in government debt (111.2% of GDP), compared to $138B (41.7% of GDP) in Chile.

Cape Verde vs Chile GDP by year

Cape Verde
Chile
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cape Verde Chile
2024 $2,725,414,151 $330,267,137,372
2023 $2,504,525,549 $335,518,054,098
2022 $2,247,003,344 $301,226,575,540
2021 $2,051,842,619 $315,325,547,162
2020 $1,821,565,614 $254,042,159,309
2019 $2,252,177,124 $278,285,058,719
2018 $2,205,099,507 $295,857,562,992
2017 $1,996,741,540 $276,154,259,981
2016 $1,849,789,986 $249,344,863,928
2015 $1,749,857,620 $242,450,355,831
2014 $2,041,930,125 $259,560,978,224
2013 $2,028,910,915 $277,395,018,842
2012 $1,913,081,210 $267,024,782,487
2011 $2,046,817,987 $251,382,573,894
2010 $1,824,751,468 $217,051,209,239
2009 $1,852,334,575 $171,777,900,624
2008 $1,959,620,648 $179,894,594,475
2007 $1,649,621,739 $172,491,076,034
2006 $1,107,571,458 $153,843,518,171
2005 $972,241,677 $122,294,145,163
2004 $924,940,012 $99,075,985,774
2003 $813,260,469 $76,492,579,644
2002 $620,507,387 $70,264,045,939
2001 $563,090,490 $71,574,739,561
2000 $539,227,278 $78,339,750,721
1999 $592,416,703 $75,578,685,736
1998 $521,910,561 $81,990,010,704
1997 $490,608,658 $85,741,415,285
1996 $501,979,270 $78,584,098,984
1995 $487,148,994 $73,820,425,702
1994 $406,580,652 $57,438,273,591
1993 $490,417,390 $49,934,943,321
1992 $357,160,985 $46,538,895,686
1991 $319,827,059 $38,232,330,917
1990 $306,890,963 $33,428,580,448
1989 $267,448,571 $30,101,767,991
1988 $264,308,140 $26,174,858,614
1987 $235,253,065 $22,605,488,851
1986 $190,651,168 $19,197,818,085
1985 $137,728,205 $17,933,557,360
1984 $132,019,039 $19,974,595,028
1983 $138,476,176 $20,629,678,694
1982 $140,630,679 $19,710,229,067
1981 $139,468,209 $35,180,322,211
1980 $142,246,815 $29,586,676,576
1979 - $22,249,574,628
1978 - $16,373,093,554
1977 - $14,272,711,437
1976 - $10,523,479,089
1975 - $7,812,161,793
1974 - $16,584,311,220
1973 - $17,237,336,173
1972 - $12,057,501,635
1971 - $10,999,807,567
1970 - $9,261,006,540
1969 - $8,456,519,044
1968 - $7,286,820,526
1967 - $7,145,068,068
1966 - $7,256,882,086
1965 - $6,183,988,944
1964 - $6,065,708,668
1963 - $5,702,520,146
1962 - $5,765,971,144
1961 - $4,948,564,551
1960 - $4,211,103,677

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/chile | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cape Verde vs Chile by year

Cape Verde
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Chile
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cape Verde Chile
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $5,192 $11,195 $16,710 $36,181
2023 $4,795 $10,242 $17,067 $33,145
2022 $4,323 $9,481 $15,406 $30,932
2021 $3,971 $7,685 $16,207 $29,090
2020 $3,539 $6,853 $13,115 $25,351
2019 $4,381 $8,646 $14,496 $25,612
2018 $4,295 $7,916 $15,659 $25,305
2017 $3,893 $7,936 $14,880 $24,295
2016 $3,609 $7,351 $13,650 $23,257
2015 $3,415 $6,773 $13,434 $22,468
2014 $3,986 $6,417 $14,530 $22,554
2013 $3,961 $6,367 $15,684 $22,201
2012 $3,737 $6,318 $15,242 $21,366
2011 $4,002 $6,384 $14,487 $20,122
2010 $3,579 $6,039 $12,633 $17,918
2009 $3,660 $5,901 $10,099 $15,951
2008 $3,909 $6,011 $10,683 $16,376
2007 $3,325 $5,567 $10,346 $16,698
2006 $2,257 $4,758 $9,319 $15,511
2005 $2,004 $4,324 $7,480 $12,550
2004 $1,929 $3,969 $6,121 $11,612
2003 $1,718 $3,551 $4,773 $10,708
2002 $1,329 $3,388 $4,431 $10,133
2001 $1,223 $3,217 $4,564 $9,776
2000 $1,190 $3,124 $5,053 $9,376
1999 $1,327 $2,714 $4,934 $8,839
1998 $1,187 $2,443 $5,420 $8,850
1997 $1,134 $2,182 $5,742 $8,510
1996 $1,180 $1,963 $5,334 $7,895
1995 $1,165 $1,762 $5,081 $7,232
1994 $991 $1,540 $4,012 $6,476
1993 $1,220 $1,291 $3,541 $6,061
1992 $908 $1,186 $3,352 $5,563
1991 $832 $1,069 $2,798 $4,886
1990 $817 $1,044 $2,488 $4,444
1989 $727 - $2,278 -
1988 $729 - $2,014 -
1987 $658 - $1,767 -
1986 $541 - $1,525 -
1985 $396 - $1,447 -
1984 $385 - $1,636 -
1983 $410 - $1,715 -
1982 $423 - $1,663 -
1981 $425 - $3,012 -
1980 $440 - $2,571 -
1979 - - $1,962 -
1978 - - $1,465 -
1977 - - $1,297 -
1976 - - $971 -
1975 - - $732 -
1974 - - $1,579 -
1973 - - $1,667 -
1972 - - $1,185 -
1971 - - $1,099 -
1970 - - $941 -
1969 - - $874 -
1968 - - $766 -
1967 - - $764 -
1966 - - $790 -
1965 - - $686 -
1964 - - $686 -
1963 - - $658 -
1962 - - $679 -
1961 - - $594 -
1960 - - $516 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/chile | CC BY

Cape Verde's GDP per capita is $5,192, ranking 118/197, compared to $16,710 in Chile, ranking 65/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cape Verde ranks 129th at $11,195, while Chile ranks 63rd at $36,181.

Economic indicators

Cape Verde Chile
Gross domestic product
$2.73B
2024
$330B
2024
GDP rank
172/197
2024
45/197
2024
GDP growth
7.24%
2023-2024
2.64%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$5,192
2024
$16,710
2024
GDP per capita rank
118/197
2024
65/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,195
2024
$36,181
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
129/197
2024
63/197
2024
Government debt
$3.03B
2024
$138B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.2%
2024
41.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$5,776
2024
$6,960
2024
Government debt per person rank
76/185
2024
68/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,576
2026
$10,247
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$262B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
81,274
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
6
2025
Income share by richest 10%
32.3%
2015
34.5%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2015
2.3%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
26.1%
2024
26.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1%
2023-2024
4.3%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.5%
2024
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2019
8.76%
2024
Population
530391
19977856

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cape Verde
Spending

Debt
Chile
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cape Verde Chile
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 26.1% 111.2% 26.7% 41.7%
2023 25.7% 117.5% 27.4% 39.4%
2022 26.6% 127.6% 26.7% 37.9%
2021 30.8% 149.5% 33.6% 36.4%
2020 34.5% 144.3% 29.1% 32.4%
2019 27.5% 109.8% 26.5% 28.3%
2018 27.5% 112.3% 25.6% 25.8%
2017 28% 113% 25.5% 23.7%
2016 26.6% 115.6% 25.4% 21.1%
2015 28.7% 115.7% 25% 17.4%
2014 27.8% 105.7% 23.9% 15%
2013 30.9% 93.5% 23.1% 12.8%
2012 31.6% 82.9% 23.1% 11.9%
2011 30.3% 71.6% 22.9% 11.1%
2010 35.7% 73.5% 23.5% 8.61%
2009 30.6% 58.8% 25% 5.84%
2008 27.6% 57.5% 21.8% 4.92%
2007 27.1% 59.6% 19.3% 3.9%
2006 28.4% 66.2% 18.7% 5.02%
2005 26.2% 66.7% 20.2% 7.04%
2004 26.3% 67.8% 20.8% 10.3%
2003 23.4% 65.6% 22.2% 12.6%
2002 28.5% 64.7% 23.2% 15%
2001 24.2% 62.2% 23.2% 14.3%
2000 36.7% 71.9% 22.9% 13.1%
1999 35% 66.4% 23.7% 13.3%
1998 29.8% 72.9% 21.9% 12.1%
1997 34.8% 79.3% 20.6% 12.8%
1996 38.9% 85.7% 20.6% 14.6%
1995 44.5% 74.3% 19.4% 17.2%
1994 48.1% 73.4% 20.6% 22.6%
1993 - - 21.1% 28%
1992 - - 20.8% 30.3%
1991 - - 21.2% 37%
1990 - - 20.9% 50.3%
1989 - - 19.8% 51.9%
1988 - - 21.3% 71.2%
1987 - - 22.9% 81.6%
1986 - - 26.6% 88.4%
1985 - - 28.5% 79.8%
1984 - - 30% 56.6%
1983 - - 29.2% 45.5%
1982 - - 30.1% 20.3%
1981 - - 26.4% 14%
1980 - - 23.8% 17.4%
1979 - - 24.8% 23.2%
1978 - - 29.4% 26%
1977 - - 30% 16.5%
1976 - - 30% 19.5%
1975 - - 33.6% 28.4%
1974 - - 32.3% 18.8%
1973 - - 30.8% 11.1%
1972 - - 35% 10.1%
1971 - - 27.2% 20%
1970 - - 21.1% 26.3%
1969 - - 18.7% 21.5%
1968 - - 19.3% 17.9%
1967 - - 19.1% 14.9%
1966 - - 20.5% 12.6%
1965 - - 20.5% 12.6%
1964 - - 17.8% 9.6%
1963 - - 18.9% 9.23%
1962 - - 21.3% 6.99%
1961 - - 19.5% 7.97%
1960 - - 19.7% 7.02%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/chile | CC BY

In 2024, Cape Verde's government spending was $711M, accounting for 26.1% of its GDP, while Chile spent $88.3B, or 26.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.2% in Cape Verde and 41.7% in Chile, ranking 16/185 and 129/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cape Verde

Chile
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cape Verde Chile
2024 -1.07% -2.82%
2023 -0.28% -2.27%
2022 -4.25% 1.36%
2021 -7.51% -7.53%
2020 -9.29% -7.1%
2019 -1.62% -2.73%
2018 -2.36% -1.48%
2017 -2.63% -2.63%
2016 -2.73% -2.66%
2015 -4.16% -2.09%
2014 -6.93% -1.5%
2013 -8.49% -0.47%
2012 -9.36% 0.68%
2011 -6.98% 1.43%
2010 -9.6% -0.36%
2009 -5.32% -4.26%
2008 -1.42% 3.93%
2007 -0.86% 7.95%
2006 -4.32% 7.51%
2005 -4.69% 4.57%
2004 -2.98% 2.05%
2003 -3.63% -0.42%
2002 -6.14% -1.17%
2001 -5.03% -0.49%
2000 -15.5% -0.69%
1999 -10.9% -2.02%
1998 -3.16% 0.39%
1997 -10.2% 2.04%
1996 -11.2% 2.07%
1995 -11.1% 3.09%
1994 -12.8% 1.43%
1993 - 1.41%
1992 - 2.09%
1991 - 1.54%
1990 - 2.24%
1989 - 5.31%
1988 - 4.07%
1987 - 2.36%
1986 - -0.92%
1985 - -2.22%
1984 - -2.95%
1983 - -2.67%
1982 - -1.02%
1981 - 2.56%
1980 - 5.41%
1979 - 4.82%
1978 - -0.11%
1977 - -1.11%
1976 - -0.48%
1975 - -0.41%
1974 - -5.79%
1973 - -7.32%
1972 - -12.7%
1971 - -7.98%
1970 - -1.22%
1969 - 0.6%
1968 - -0.79%
1967 - -0.64%
1966 - -1.88%
1965 - -1.64%
1964 - -2.24%
1963 - -3.29%
1962 - -4.31%
1961 - -2.89%
1960 - -3.14%
1959 - 1.56%
1958 - -0.1%
1957 - -0.71%
1956 - -1.3%
1955 - -2.79%
1954 - -2.84%
1953 - -4.05%
1952 - -1.82%
1951 - -0.71%
1950 - -0.92%
1949 - 1.71%
1948 - 2.56%
1947 - -0.2%
1946 - 0.12%
1945 - 0.73%
1944 - 0.25%
1943 - 0.81%
1942 - 1.51%
1941 - 1.9%
1940 - 2.64%
1939 - 1.74%
1938 - 1.25%
1937 - 1.42%
1936 - 2.62%
1935 - 4.23%
1934 - 2.42%
1933 - 1.76%
1932 - -0.32%
1931 - -2.73%
1930 - 1.47%
1929 - 1.89%
1928 - 4.11%
1927 - -0.17%
1926 - -3.23%
1925 - 2.44%
1924 - 3.68%
1923 - 2.87%
1922 - -0.23%
1921 - -0.57%
1920 - -1.8%
1919 - -2.53%
1918 - 0.71%
1917 - 0.49%
1916 - 0.98%
1915 - -2.13%
1914 - -2.67%
1913 - -2.23%
1912 - -3.29%
1911 - -3.32%
1910 - -3.17%
1909 - -2.26%
1908 - -0.84%
1907 - -2.39%
1906 - -2.8%
1905 - -1.31%
1904 - -1.6%
1903 - -1.35%
1902 - -3.65%
1901 - -3.93%
1900 - -1.89%
1899 - -0.78%
1898 - -3.84%
1897 - -1.78%
1896 - -5.36%
1895 - -2.31%
1894 - 0.82%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -1.33%
1891 - -6.72%
1890 - -3.65%
1889 - -2.71%
1888 - -0.58%
1887 - -4%
1886 - -5.17%
1885 - -2.46%
1884 - -3.23%
1883 - -3.57%
1882 - -2.86%
1881 - -1.83%
1880 - -2%
1879 - -4.34%
1878 - -2.27%
1877 - -3.88%
1876 - -3.17%
1875 - -3.73%
1874 - -4.75%
1873 - -1.94%
1872 - -1.78%
1871 - -2.38%
1870 - -1.83%
1869 - -1.07%
1868 - -2.85%
1867 - -4.31%
1866 - -5.72%
1865 - -1.95%
1864 - -1.07%
1863 - -0.26%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.5%
1860 - -0.07%
1859 - -1.6%
1858 - -1.37%
1857 - -0.3%
1856 - 0.11%
1855 - 0.1%
1854 - -0.2%
1853 - 0.27%
1852 - 0.68%
1851 - -0.39%
1850 - 0.35%
1849 - 0.6%
1848 - -0.25%
1847 - 0.04%
1846 - 0.36%
1845 - -0.21%
1844 - 0.48%
1843 - 0.69%
1842 - 1.1%
1841 - 0.31%
1840 - 0.34%
1839 - 0.25%
1838 - -0.21%
1837 - -0.05%
1836 - -0.17%
1835 - -0.58%
1834 - -0.39%
1833 - -0.45%
1832 - -0.57%
1831 - -0.77%
1830 - -0.51%
1829 - -0.06%
1828 - -0.3%
1827 - 0.07%
1826 - -0.08%
1825 - 0.05%
1824 - -0.37%
1823 - 0.98%
1822 - 1.28%
1821 - -0.19%
1820 - 0.64%
1819 - 0.16%
1818 - 1.52%
1817 - 0.94%
1816 - 1.21%
1815 - 1.53%
1814 - 1.91%
1813 - 2.34%
1812 - 2.79%
1811 - 3.24%
1810 - 3.64%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/chile | CC BY

In 2024, Cape Verde's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $29.1M, equivalent to 1.07% of GDP. This compares to Chile's deficit of $9.3B, or 2.82% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Cape Verde recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Chile ran a deficit in 18 years. On average, Cape Verde posted an annual deficit equal to 6.02% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.13% of GDP for Chile.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cape Verde

Chile
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cape Verde Chile
2024 1% 4.3%
2023 3.7% 7.58%
2022 7.9% 11.6%
2021 1.9% 4.52%
2020 0.6% 3.05%
2019 1.1% 2.56%
2018 1.3% 2.43%
2017 0.8% 2.18%
2016 -1.4% 3.79%
2015 0.1% 4.35%
2014 -0.2% 4.72%
2013 1.5% 1.79%
2012 2.5% 3.01%
2011 4.5% 3.34%
2010 2.1% 1.41%
2009 1% 0.35%
2008 6.8% 8.72%
2007 4.4% 4.41%
2006 4.8% 3.39%
2005 0.4% 3.05%
2004 -1.9% 1.05%
2003 1.2% 2.81%
2002 1.9% 2.49%
2001 3.7% 3.57%
2000 -2.4% 3.84%
1999 4.3% 3.34%
1998 4.4% 5.11%
1997 8.6% 6.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/chile | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cape Verde has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 3.89% in Chile. In 2024, inflation was 1% in Cape Verde and 4.3% in Chile.

Top exports between countries

Cape Verde
Export category Export value
Chile
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $271K
Machinery & equipment $25K
Wood & paper products $23K
Animal & marine products $5K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Metals $1K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

Cape Verde Chile
Current account balance
$107M
2024
-$4.85B
2024
Current account balance ranking
67/190
2024
166/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.91%
2024
-1.47%
2024
Goods imports
$1.17B
2024
$78.1B
2024
Goods exports
$328M
2024
$99.2B
2024
Service imports
$298M
2024
$21.1B
2024
Service exports
$830M
2024
$12B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
54%
2024
30.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.5%
2024
33.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cape Verde Chile
Economic freedom 71.4 74.3
Economic freedom ranking 32/197 20/197
Property rights 72.7 69.7
Government integrity 63.3 67.8
Judicial effectiveness 77.1 90.3
Tax burden 84.4 72.5
Government spending 79.5 78.2
Fiscal health 74.4 94.1
Business freedom 78.9 78.5
Labor freedom 59.5 56.8
Monetary freedom 80.4 75.1
Trade freedom 66.6 78
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cape Verde
Chile
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cape Verde Chile
2026 71.4 74.3
2025 68.7 73.2
2024 62.9 71.4
2023 65.8 71.1
2022 66.7 74.4
2021 63.8 75.2
2020 63.6 76.8
2019 63.1 75.4
2018 60 75.2
2017 56.9 76.5
2016 66.5 77.7
2015 66.4 78.5
2014 66.1 78.7
2013 63.7 79
2012 63.5 78.3
2011 64.6 77.4
2010 61.8 77.2
2009 61.3 78.3
2008 57.9 78.6
2007 56.5 77.7
2006 58.6 78
2005 57.8 77.8
2004 58.1 76.9
2003 56.1 76
2002 57.6 77.8
2001 56.3 75.1
2000 51.9 74.7
1999 50.7 74.1
1998 48 74.9
1997 47.7 75.9
1996 49.7 72.6
1995 - 71.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/chile | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cape Verde is 71.4, ranking 32/197, compared to 74.3 for Chile, ranking 20/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cape Verde Chile
Services, % of GDP
68.7%
2024
56.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
10.7%
2024
30.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.92%
2024
3.91%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.6B
2024
$311B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$34,320
2024
Total reserves including gold
$783M
2024
$44.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
144/177
2024
45/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$89.2M
2024
-$8.93B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$110M
2024
$12.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$20.8M
2024
$3.59B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.69%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
24.8%
2023
6.5%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.4%
2024
23.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.